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Unit 2 Slides for Students
Safety Equipment
• Eye Protection / Goggles
• Gloves
• Aprons
• Eye Wash Stations
• Fire alarm/ fire extinguisher
What To Wear
• Goggles/safety glasses
• Closed-toe shoes
• Clothing made of natural fibers
• Long hair pulled back
• Glasses vs. contact lenses
Do not wear:
1. Sandals
2. Jewelry
3. Loose fitting/
baggy clothes
Safety Rules 1. Follow all instructions from your teacher; NEVER use chemicals or equipment in a
different way than directed
2. Goggles on at all times until permission is given by teacher
3. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times
4. Do not touch equipment or supplies unless told to do so
5. No food, drinks, or gum allowed in the lab;
6. NEVER taste or smell a chemical unless directed; Assume every chemical is dangerous
7. Report all accidents, improper behavior, & damaged equipment to your teacher immediately
8. Keep work area neat
9. Keep electrical cords out of the way; Never used damaged cords; turn off before unplugging
10. Cut away from body and only on surface (not in hands)
Lab Equipment
• Beaker
• Erlenmeyer Flask
• Test Tube
• Graduated Cylinder
• Pipette
• Forceps
• Scalpel
• Probe
• Microscope
PLACE VALUE
Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones Tenths Hundredths Thousandths
Hundred
Millions Ten Millions Millions
Hundred
Thousands
Ten
Thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Greater than one-whole Less than one-whole
? ?????
KILO
1000
Units HECTO
100
Units
DEKA
10
Units DECI
0.1
Unit CENTI
0.01
Unit MILLI
0.001
Unit Meters
Liters
Grams
The Ladder
Place Value
KILO
1000
Units HECTO
100
Units
DEKA
10
Units DECI
0.1 =
Unit
CENTI
0.01 =
Unit MILLI
0.001 =
Unit Meters
Liters
Grams
The “Metric Ladder”
1
10 1
100
1
1000
Be able to write this from memory on Wednesday
Death by Chocolate Milk?
Measurement Systems! Customary/ English
(USA)
Metric
(Most other countries)
Length (how long, wide or
high) Inch, foot, yard, mile
Micrometer, millimeter,
centimeter, decimeter,
METER, kilometer…
Volume or
Capacity (how much
something holds)
Gallon, quart, pint, cup milliliter, liter,cubic centimeter,
CUBIC METER…
Mass (how much
matter)
troy, avoirdupois Milligram, centigram, gram,
KILOGRAM…
Weight (how heavy/
Force from gravity)
Ounce, pound, ton Newton (1 )
1 N ≈ 4oz
4 N ≈ 1 lb
Temperature (how hot or cold) Fahrenheit Celsius, KELVIN
kg∙m
s2
• Pages x-xii
Units of Measure
• Customary System
• International System/Metric System
• Pages x-xii
Safety Equipment
• Eye Protection / Goggles
• Gloves
• Aprons
• Eye Wash Stations
• Fire alarm/ fire extinguisher
What To Wear
• Goggles/safety glasses
• Closed-toe shoes
• Clothing made of natural fibers
• Long hair pulled back
• Glasses vs. contact lenses
Do not wear:
1. Sandals
2. Jewelry
3. Loose fitting/
baggy clothes
Safety Rules 1. Follow all instructions from your teacher; NEVER use chemicals or equipment in a
different way than directed
2. Goggles on at all times until permission is given by teacher
3. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times
4. Do not touch equipment or supplies unless told to do so
5. No food, drinks, or gum allowed in the lab;
6. NEVER taste or smell a chemical unless directed; Assume every chemical is dangerous
7. Report all accidents, improper behavior, & damaged equipment to your teacher immediately
8. Keep work area neat
9. Keep electrical cords out of the way; Never used damaged cords; turn off before unplugging
10. Cut away from body and only on surface (not in hands)
Lab Equipment
• Beaker
• Erlenmeyer Flask
• Test Tube
• Graduated Cylinder
• Pipette
• Forceps
• Scalpel
• Probe
• Microscope
KILO
1000
Units
HECTO
100
Units
DEKA
10
Units DECI
0.1
Unit
CENTI
0.01
Unit
MILLI
0.001
Unit Meters
Liters
Grams
The Ladder
P. 55 # 1-5 1. The length multiplied by the width of an object is the AREA of the object
2. The measure of the amount of matter in an object is the MASS of the object.
3. The METER is the SI unit most often used to measure LENGTH.
4. Two benefits of the SI system are that it is USED BY SCIENTISTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, and
it is BASED ON THE NUMBER 10, and IT PROVIDES A COMMON “LANGUAGE” OF MEASUREMENT
5. Water freezes a 0 DEGREES CELSIUS.
Mass ≠ Weight
Mass – a measure of the amount of matter in an object
Weight – a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object
You are here!
Mass, Weight & Newtons, MASS
•A measure of the amount of matter in an object;
mass is NOT the same as weight
WEIGHT
•A measure of the force of gravity on an object;
weight is NOT the same as mass
•If you visit another planet does your mass
change? Your weight? http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html
How many cookies are needed to make 1 Newton
of force?
Area & Volume
Area =
length x width = l x w
“SQUARE” units (ex. cm2 or m2 or km2 )
Volume =
length x width x height = l x w x h
“CUBIC” units (ex. cm3 or m3 or km3)
l
w
l w
h
Finding Volume
• How would you find the volume of an object like this?
P. 87 #1-4, 7 1. Volume is the amount of space taken up by matter. Density is the amount of matter in a given volume. Mass is the amount of matter an object contains. 2. I would use a meter to express the height of my desk. 3. Mass and density are related because in order to calculate density, the mass and the volume of an object must be known. Density tells how much mass is in a certain volume. 4. Normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit and 37 degrees Celsius. 7.Area is called a derived quantity because two basic quantities—length and width—must be combined to calculate it.
Factor-Label Method
To use, you must know how many units “go in to”
other units
Using the Graduated Cylinder
Using the Graduated Cylinder to Find Volume of Irregularly Shaped Object
1. Find the meniscus
2. Record the starting volume at the BOTTOM of
the meniscus
3. Drop 1 rock into the graduated cylinder
4. Record the ending volume
5. Subtract the starting volume from the ending
volume
6. You now have the volume of the rock
Remember that 1 mL = 1 cm3
Density • Ratio of mass to volume
• D = m / v Units: g/cm3 kg/m3
• A dense object has a large mass compared to a small volume
What is a Dichotomous Key?
• Dichotomous means "divided in two parts".
• A method for determining the identity of something (like the name of an insect, a plant, or a rock) by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the item.
Electron Microscope Images
Types of Microscopes Handout
3-D image
The Light Microscope
Measurement Tools
• Balances •Dual-pan balance •Triple beam balance
• Scales
•Spring Scale •Digital Scale
• Graduated Cylinder
• Thermometer / Temp. Probe
• Meter Stick / Metric Ruler
• Caliper
• Stop Watch
These measure MASS
These measure
FORCE (“weight”)
Homework: Metric
Conversions
KILO
1000
Units HECTO
100
Units
DEKA
10
Units DECI
0.1
Unit CENTI
0.01
Unit MILLI
0.001
Unit Meters
Liters
Grams
The Ladder
Mass Weight
MASS
•A measure of the amount of matter in an object;
mass is NOT the same as weight
•Measured in g, kg, mg, cg, etc.
“WEIGHT”
•A measure of the force of gravity on an object;
weight is NOT the same as mass
•Measured in N
Mass
• The amount of matter in an object
• How do you measure mass?
– Balances!
• Dual Tray Balance
• Triple Beam Balance
How many “fig newtons” make a real NEWTON?
Factor-Label Method
To use, you must know how many units “go in to”
other units
KILO
1000
Units HECTO
100
Units
DEKA
10
Units DECI
0.1 =
Unit
CENTI
0.01 =
Unit MILLI
0.001 =
Unit Meters
Liters
Grams
The “Metric Ladder”
1
10 1
100
1
1000
“King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk” Draw the complete metric ladder from memory
How many hours in 90 minutes?
How many centimeters in 2 meters?
Weight
• A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object
• What is the difference between weight and mass?
• How do you measure weight? – SCALES
• SPRING SCALES!
• DIGITAL SCALES!
Volume
• The amount of space taken up by an object – Units: mL or L for liquids / cm3 or m3 for solids
• How calculate for a rectangular prism?
Volume = length x height x width
• How calculate for an irregularly shaped object?
Dichotomous
Key Examples
Calculate using the factor-label-method. Show problem set up & steps. Circle your answer.
LENGTH EXAMPLES: 553 millimeters to meters 11.5 feet to meters
1) 2.5 meters to millimeters
2) 20 decimeters to meters
3) 10 feet to meters (recall that 1 meter=3.28 feet)
4) 12 inches to meters
Know:
Find:
Solve:
Know:
Find:
Solve:
Know:
Find:
Solve:
Know:
Find:
Solve:
SI Unit for LENGTH
1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters (mm)
1 decimeter (dm) = 10 centimeters
1 meter (m) = 10 decimeters
1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters
1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters (mm)
1 decimeter (dm) = 10 centimeters
1 meter (m) = 10 decimeters
1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters
Metric
1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters =1,000 millimeters
METER
Metric Prefixes
deca- / deka- means x10
hecto- means x100
kilo- means x1000
deci- means one tenth
centi- means one hundredth
milli- means one thousandth
Base Unit: METERS, LITERS, GRAMS
REFERENCE TOOL FOR METRIC/SI CAPACITY
1000 Liters (L)
1 meter (m)
1 m
ete
r (m
)
1 cubic
meter
(m3)
1 m x 1m x 1m = 1 m3 = 1000 L
(Use same approach for 1 cm3 = 1 mL)
1. When moving it, always carry with both hands. Grasp the arm with one hand and place the other hand
under the base for support.
2. Turn the revolving nosepiece so that the lowest power objective lens is "clicked" into position.
3. Place the microscope slide on the stage and fasten it with the stage clips. You can push down on the back
end of the stage clip to open it.
4. Using the coarse adjustment, lower the objective lens down as far as it will go without touching the
slide! Note: Look at the slide and lens from the side when doing this (see Figure 2).
5. Look through the eyepiece and adjust the illuminator (or mirror) and diaphragm (Figure 3) for the greatest
amount of light.
6. Slowly turn the coarse adjustment so that the objective lens goes up (away from the slide).
Continue until the image comes into focus. Use the fine adjustment, if available, for fine focusing.
7. Move the microscope slide around so that the image is in the center of the field of view and readjust the
mirror, illuminator or diaphragm for the clearest image.
8. You should be able to change to the next objective lenses with only slight focusing adjustment. Use the fine
adjustment, if available. If you cannot focus on your specimen, repeat steps 4 through 7 with the higher
power objective lens in place. DO NOT ALLOW THE LENS TO TOUCH THE SLIDE!
9. The proper way to use a monocular microscope is to look through the eyepiece with one eye and keep the
other eye open (this helps avoid eye strain). If you have to close one eye when looking into the microscope,
it's ok. Remember, everything is upside down and backwards. When you move the slide to the right,
the image goes to the left!
10. Do not touch the glass part of the lenses with your fingers. Use only special lens paper to clean the
lenses. (read the page on keeping your microscope clean)
11. When finished, raise the tube, click the low power lens into position and remove the slide.
How To Use a Light Microscope
Source: http://www.microscope-microscope.org/basic/how-to-use-a-microscope.htm
The Light Microscope
REFERENCE TOOL FOR LENGTH M
easu
res
of L
engt
h
1 foot (ft.) = 12 inches (in.)
1 yard (yd) = 3 feet
1 yard = 36 inches
1 mile (mi.) = 1,760 yards
1 mile = 5,280 feet
1 foot (ft.) = 12 inches (in.)
1 yard (yd) = 3 feet
1 yard = 36 inches
1 mile (mi.) = 1,760 yards
1 mile = 5,280 feet
Customary (U.S.)
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
• A method for determining the identity of something (like the name of an insect, a plant,
or a rock) by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the item. Dichotomous means "divided in two parts".
MAKE ONE!
Precision vs. Accuracy
REFERENCE TOOL FOR CUSTOMARY CAPACITY
GQPC C
PC C QP
CC
PCC
QPC C
PC CQP
C C
PC C
Cus
tom
ary
Cap
acity
Mea
sure
s
1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts
1 gallon = 8 pints
1 gallon = 16 cups
1 quart (qt) = 2 pints
1 pint (pt) = 2 cups (c)
1 quart = 4 cups
1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts
1 gallon = 8 pints
1 gallon = 16 cups
1 quart (qt) = 2 pints
1 pint (pt) = 2 cups (c)
1 quart = 4 cups
= = =
GQPC C
PC C QP
CC
PCC
QPC C
PC CQPC C
PC CQP
C C
PC CQPC C
PC C
Cus
tom
ary
Cap
acity
Mea
sure
s
1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts
1 gallon = 8 pints
1 gallon = 16 cups
1 quart (qt) = 2 pints
1 pint (pt) = 2 cups (c)
1 quart = 4 cups
1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts
1 gallon = 8 pints
1 gallon = 16 cups
1 quart (qt) = 2 pints
1 pint (pt) = 2 cups (c)
1 quart = 4 cups
= = =
Customary Units
• 1 Yard = ___Feet?
• 1 Foot = ___Inches?
• 1 Gallon =___Quarts?
• 1 Pound = ___Ounces?
Equivalent Units 1
1
1 m
1 m
100 cm
100 cm 1 X
X = = = =
(ANYTHING divided by itself always equals one)
= 150 cm 150 cm
1 (Any number is equal to that number divided by one)
300 cm ∙ 1 m
1 ∙ 100 cm
300 cm ∙ 1 m
1 ∙ 100 cm (Any unit divided by itself “cancels” both units)
3 m X 300 ∙1 m
1∙100 = 300 cm
1 m
100 cm
300 cm
1 X
1 m
100 cm = =
300 m
100 = = =
1
1
1 m
1 m
100 cm
100 cm 1 X
X = = = =
(ANYTHING divided by itself always equals one)
30 dm
1 X
1 m
10 dm 3 m 14 lb
1 X
1 kg
2.2 lb = 14 kg
2.2 = 6.4 kg
= 1 kg
2.2 lb
2.2 lb
1 kg
How do we make measurements?
• Precision
• Accuracy
Measures of Weight
Customary (US)
2000 lb = 1 Ton
1 lb = 16 oz
Metric (Rest of world)
1000 gram = 1 kilogram
What is Scientific Notation?
• 2,000 = 2.0 x 103
• 0.001 = 1.0 x 10-3
• 75,000,000 = 7.5 x 107
• 0.000045 = 4.5 x 10-5
Customary SI
Length
Volume
Mass
Temperature
Time
If given…
Customary Unit Multiply By
To get..
Metric/SI Unit
Yard 0.91 Meters
Foot 0.30 Meters
Quart 0.95 Liters
Pounds 0.45 Kilograms
Converting SI Units
Kilometers Meters
Meters Centimeters
Centimeters Meters
Grams Kilograms
Seconds Minutes
Celsius Kelvin