Unit 2 Section BUnit 2 Section BUnit 2 Section BUnit 2 Section B

Green Spaces in Cities

Contents

• Reading skill

• Text understanding

Questions answering

• Notes to the text

• Vocabulary

• Assignment

Find Out Word Meanings

By definitionBy definitionBy helping words: By helping words: that is, meaning, that is, meaning, such as, or …such as, or …By the opposite of the wordBy your own experiencesBy sentences before or after the By sentences before or after the sentencesentenceBy examplesBy word part clues

Tips

Definition

• The female mosquito is a vampire and lives on blood.

吸血昆虫

Exercise I

Examples

• Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machines, refrigerators and color televisions.

•家用电器

Synonyms ( 同义词 ):

• Mother was tall, fat, and middle-aged. The principal of the school was an old woman, almost as chubby as Mother, but much shorter. 胖的

Antonym ( 反义词 )

• Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person, who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends. Unlike its plant-eating relative, the polar bears is tygradic.

好交际的

•食肉的

Context clues

• The type of meter is called multimeter, which is used to measure electricity.

万用表

Common knowledge

• Smoking has been shown to be extremely kroon to the health. In January and February, the gradsfig months of the year, people tried to stay indoors as much as possible.

危险的

•最冷的

Word part clues

• They overestimated the interviewee’s ability and asked him a lot of difficult questions.

过高估计

Exercise II

1. Children in the cities had few options, fewer choices of places to play. A) sth. to choose B) sth. to offer C) sth. to give D) sth. to readClue? “… , fewer choices of …”

2. Psychologists have been studying the changes people experience when they leave rural areas and move into urban environments.

A) forest B) surrounding city C) countryside D) city

Clue? “… rural areas”

3. Without grass and trees and bushes and, yes, dirt and mud to get dirty in, children miss an important part of childhood. A) sth. very easy to do B) wet earth C) money paid for a child D) a quality of being loveable

Clue? “… dirt … dirty …”

4. They want to build more parks, but land in cities is quite costly. So they look for land that no one else wants.

A) expensive B) cheap C) excellent D) poor

Clue? “So they look for land that no one else wants.”

5. In Flagstaff, Arizona, a thousand miles of bike trails lead into the San Francisco Peaks, the highest summit in the state. A) summer residence B) military post C) mountain top D) lakeside beach

Clue? “… Peaks”“…, the highest”

Questions Answering

Text Understanding

1. Remember the places where you used to play in your childhood? With the help of the text, say something about them.

Tipsopen field; vacant lot; group of trees; …

2. Make a comparison on the living conditions between the rural areas and the urban:

Tipsapartment buildings; private space; pile; …

3. What does the psychologists’ study show?

1) What do people need for better mental health?

Green spaces.

2) What is now recognized and understood as a problem?

The lack of green spaces.

City Planners’ Solutions

?

?

?

?

Tips: costly; clean up; trees; hold; soil; …

Use the unused land

Conservation projects

Tips: protect; public resources; complete; …

Tips: green belt; environmental university; excursions; …

Green belt

Comparable projects

Tips: park; biking and walking trails; link; …

4. How do city planners solve the problems?

Sentence Structure

Paraphrase

Notes to the text

1. However, they just don’t have as much fun asas much fun as children in small towns. (L11). (L11)

e.g. She is as good a student as Mary. Sam drank as much coffee as Tom.

as + adj.( 原形 ) +

(a/an) + n.( 可数 )( 单 / 复数 )

＋ as

n.( 不可数 )

Sentence Structure and Paraphrase

• 2. Without grass and trees and bushes and, yes, dirt and mud to get dirty in, children miss an important part of childhood. (L.11)

• Meaning: If there were not the grass, trees or bushes where children could play and if children didn’t have the chance to become dirty because of playing with dirt and mud, they would fail to enjoy their childhood fully.

没有了青草、没有了树木、没有了灌木，还有 , 没有了弄脏他们手脚和衣服的污物泥土，孩子们就失去了童年生活中的一个重要组成部分。

3. However, tending window boxes isn’t the same as being an amateur gardener and growing peas, tomatoes and salad greens in a backyard garden. (L15)

For the balance of the sentence, gerund phrases are used both before and after the pattern “the same as …”.

但是侍弄窗前花坛与做一个业余园丁、在后花园里种种豌豆、西红柿和做色拉用的绿叶蔬菜可大不一样。

4. In Portland, Maine, the land along the old train tracks near the coast has become a green belt of trails between areas characterized by housing developments and those characterized by downtown businesses. (L32)

…, the land

… has become a green belt of

along the old train tracksnear the coast

between and

tra ils

areas characterized by housing developments

those(areas) characterized by downtown businesses

Word Using

Word Using

Word Using

Word Using

Word Using

Word Using

Word UsingWord Using

Vocabulary

vacant a. (L1)

not occupied

e.g.

Are there any rooms vacant in this hotel?

近义词empty blank hollow

vain barren

empty

常用语 , 指“空间内无人无物的”an empty room空房间（屋内无人无物）

blank

指“表面上没任何东西”或“表面是空白的”a blank wall无门（窗等）的墙

hollow

empty 与 hollow 的含义很近，很难辨别其细微差异，常常可以换用。empty (or hollow) talk 空谈

vain空虚的； 毫无价值、毫无意义；或在绝对意义上毫无价值，而在相对意义上却有价值。换句话说，一般认为无价值、无意义的东西，却是某些人拼命追求的对象。佛教徒把人间的一切一概视为“四大皆空”。这个“空”字应用 vain 来表示。in vain 徒劳

barren

“ 空洞，无效，无结果”barren efforts无效的努力writing barren of insight缺乏洞察力的作品a barren land贫瘠的土地

2. 公司的最高职位仍旧空着。2. 公司的最高职位仍旧空着。2. The top post in the company was still

vacant.

2. The top post in the company was still

vacant.

1.她的脸上是一片茫然的神色。1.她的脸上是一片茫然的神色。1. She has a vacant look on her face. 1. She has a vacant look on her face.

option n. (L4)

choice

Translation I have little option but to go.

我没有选择，只能走。optional (a.)optional subject（选修科目）

required subject（必修科目）

option 常常侧重于已经被权威等所 授予的一种选择能力或自由

近义词choice: 指在一系列人或事中有很大的自由进 行的选择。alternative: 强调在只有两种可能性或者行为 方式之间所作的选择。preference: 指基于个人价值观、偏见或偏好 上的选择。selection: 含有可供选择的许多不同的人或物 的意思。election: 特别强调选择时使用判断力。

The store offers a wide choice of fruits and vegetables.

e.g.

We were offered our preference of wines.

商店提供许多可供选择的水果和蔬菜。

我们可以选择自己喜欢的葡萄酒。

The Minister suggested community service as an alternative to imprisonment.

部长建议可以选择以社区服务代替监禁。

e.g. Parents should exercise care in their selection of the movies their young children see.家长们在为他们年幼的孩子们挑选所看的电影时应小心谨慎。The university recommends the election of courses in composition and literature.

校方建议选择有关写作与文学的课程。

literally ad. (L7)

If a word or expression is translated literally, its most simple or basic meaning is translated.参考词汇：figuratively ：“比喻地， 象征地”

What is the literal meaning of “honey”? And, what is its figurative meaning?

1. 在某些发展中的国家 , 越来越多的人向市区迁移。

1. 在某些发展中的国家 , 越来越多的人向市区迁移。

In some developing countries more and

more people are migrating to urban

areas.

In some developing countries more and

more people are migrating to urban

areas.

urban: a.a. of, located in or living in a city of, located in or living in a city or town or town 都市的，位于都市的，住在都都市的，位于都市的，住在都市的市的

2. 这些照片是一位业余摄影师拍的。2. 这些照片是一位业余摄影师拍的。2. The pictures were taken by an amateur

photographer.

2. The pictures were taken by an amateur photographer.

1. 劳顿本是个业余歌手，直到 40 岁才成为专业歌手。

1. 劳顿本是个业余歌手，直到 40 岁才成为专业歌手。

1. Lawton was an amateur singer until the

age of 40, when he turned professional.

1. Lawton was an amateur singer until the

age of 40, when he turned professional.

amateur: n. taking part in an activity for taking part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job, or (of an activity) pleasure, not as a job, or (of an activity) done for pleasure, not as a job done for pleasure, not as a job 业余的，业余的，非专业的非专业的

1. 这辆汽车修理起来费用太高了。1. 这辆汽车修理起来费用太高了。1. It would be too costly to repair the car.1. It would be too costly to repair the car.

costly: a. a. costing much; expensive costing much; expensive 昂贵昂贵的，代价高的的，代价高的

后缀 -ly, 加上名词作形容词

bodily a. 身体上的 cowardly a. 胆小的 earthly a. 大地的 fortnightl

y a. 隔周的 friendly a. 友善的 leisurely a. 悠闲的 monthly a. 每月的 saintly a. 像圣徒的 timely a. 合时的 worldly a. 现世的

bodily a. 身体上的 cowardly a. 胆小的 earthly a. 大地的 fortnightl

y a. 隔周的 friendly a. 友善的 leisurely a. 悠闲的 monthly a. 每月的 saintly a. 像圣徒的 timely a. 合时的 worldly a. 现世的

2. 许多社会组织都在协力往受水灾最严重的地区运送食物。

2. 许多社会组织都在协力往受水灾最严重的地区运送食物。

2. A number of societies are coordinating their efforts to send out food to the area worst affected by the flood.

2. A number of societies are coordinating their efforts to send out food to the area worst affected by the flood.

1. 我们必须齐心协力去帮助穷人。1. 我们必须齐心协力去帮助穷人。1. We must coordinate our efforts to help

the poor.

1. We must coordinate our efforts to help

the poor.

coordinate one’s efforts to do sth.: work twork t

ogether efficiently ogether efficiently 齐心协力齐心协力

2. 对自然资源的保护是保证我们将来有足够的能源的一种办法。

2. 对自然资源的保护是保证我们将来有足够的能源的一种办法。

2. Conservation is one way to make sure we

have enough energy in the future.

2. Conservation is one way to make sure we

have enough energy in the future.

1. 节省能源不但有利于环境，还能减少你的燃料支出。

1. 节省能源不但有利于环境，还能减少你的燃料支出。

1. As well as helping the environment,

energy conservation reduces your fuel

bills.

1. As well as helping the environment,

energy conservation reduces your fuel

bills.

conservation: nn. prevention of loss, waste, . prevention of loss, waste,

damage, destroying, etc.damage, destroying, etc. 保护，保存保护，保存 , , 节节省省

2. 重视考试是那里的教育制度的特点。2. 重视考试是那里的教育制度的特点。2. The education approach there is

characterized by an emphasis on success in exams.

2. The education approach there is characterized by an emphasis on success in exams.

1. 色彩明亮是他早期绘画的特点。1. 色彩明亮是他早期绘画的特点。1. Bright colors characterize his early

paintings.

1. Bright colors characterize his early

paintings.

characterize: vv. 1. be common to (sb./sth.. 1. be common to (sb./sth.

))

成为成为 ············ 的特征，以的特征，以 ············ 为特征为特征

2. 在她的小说中，她将这一年度归纳为一个充满变化的时期。

2. 在她的小说中，她将这一年度归纳为一个充满变化的时期。

2. In her novel, she characterizes the whole

year as a period of changes.

2. In her novel, she characterizes the whole

year as a period of changes.

1. 作者把书中的中心人物描绘成一个懦弱的人。

1. 作者把书中的中心人物描绘成一个懦弱的人。

1. The author characterizes the central

figure as a coward.

1. The author characterizes the central

figure as a coward.

characterize: vv. 2. describe … by stating it. 2. describe … by stating its main qualities s main qualities 描绘描绘 (( 人或物的人或物的 ) ) 特征，特征，归纳（人或物的）特征归纳（人或物的）特征

Assignment

• Review Unit 2 B.

• Finish the related written exercises.