Unit 2 Revision PowerPointRemember to answer the correct sections!

Living with Natural HazardsInvestigating Global Tourism

Living with Natural Hazards

TROPICAL STORMS

What are tropical storms?

There are three types of tropical storms:

• Hurricanes• Typhoons • Cyclones These are the different terms used, butthey all mean the same!!

What is a tropical storm?• Tropical storms are large areas of low pressure or extreme depressions• Depressions bring very wet and windy conditions. Depressions occur all throughout the year,

but are most common around Autumn into Winter. Depressions also bring lots of clouds with them (try to remember a Depression as a depressingly wet and windy day!!!)

• The opposite to a Depression is an Anti-Cyclone. Anti-cyclones bring calm weather with clear skies. You can also experience an anti-cyclone all throughout the year. During the summer months, anti-cyclones bring very hot weather with very little cloud and no rain, during the winter you usually get clear skies at night which makes it very cold. Usually in winter you will get lots of frost and fog in the morning as the night brought clear skies. Brrrrrrrr!!! Anti-Cyclones are also referred to as areas of High Pressure.

• On satellite images they are shown up as, swirling masses of cloud, with the eye clearly visible at the centre

• The eye of the storm is where you will find the calm and clear area at the centre of the tropical storm.

• THINK: Why do you think that the eye of the storm may be considered as being dangerous to people?

What is a hurricane?

The formation of a tropical storm could appear in two types of question; one involving diagrams and the other asking for a more detailed written response. Make sure that you can tackle both tasks effectively.

EXAM TIP

Where can we find tropical storms?

Images of Haiti, an between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean

The island of Haiti was greatly affected by Hurricane Hanna

Task: 1. Describe what these images show you 2. Using the photos, can you identify the primary and secondary effects?

What is a Storm Surge?

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/storm_surge.shtml

Storm surges: Abnormal rise of the sea along a shore as the result of a storm; sometimes called a tidal surge

Storm surge is simply water that is pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds swirling around the storm.

This advancing surge combines with the normal tides to create the hurricane storm tide.

This rise in water level can cause severe flooding in coastal areas, particularly when the storm tide coincides with the normal high tides.

The level of surge in a particular area is also determined by the slope of the continental shelf. A shallow slope off the coast (right, top picture) will allow a greater surge to inundate coastal communities.

Communities with a steeper continental shelf (right, bottom picture) will not see as much surge inundation, although large breaking waves can still present major problems. Storm tides, waves, and currents in confined harbours severely damage ships, marinas, and pleasure boats.

A storm surge is...

Reducing the damage from tropical storms

In order to reduce the damage from tropical storms, people are advised to follow these three steps:

Forecast Prepare Act

Forecasting and Preparing for Tropical Storms

Did you know?!?! Forecasters analyse large amounts of weather data and use complexcomputer modelling, but still only have a 20-25% chance of knowing exactly where atropical storm will strike 48 hours in advance.

Two large agencies monitor the movement of tropical storms, one is the ‘National Hurricane Centre’ (Atlantic) and the other is the ‘Joint Typhoon Warning Centre’ (Pacific).

Warnings are issued to places where a tropical storm is likely to strike, but it is difficultto predict their movement with complete accuracy. WHY?

Wildfires Warm

Up

What & Where are they?• Wildfires are a major hazard.• Can spread quickly & burn for a long time!• Dead plants mean that the fires will spread

quickly.• Santa Ana Winds – drive the Californian wildfires.• Physical geography (shape) also affects the

spread.• South facing slopes mean that the sun dries

vegetation. • Steep slopes encourage the fire.

CASESTUDY : California – Mainly physical Causes

CASESTUDY: Greece – Mainly Human Causes

CAUSES

Natural• Lightning – Biggest single cause

of wildfires.• Need the right conditions to

develop as smaller strikes die out quicker.

• Spontaneous Heating - is the warming up of material until it catches fire without a spark being present.

• Need large amounts of dead dry plant.

• Volcanic eruptions - with red hot lava and ash.

• Hot & Dry conditions.

Human• Accidents – to blame for

starting many wildfires.• Matches, Campfires,

Cigarettes.• Broken bottles magnify the

sunlight.• Slash & burn, can get out of

control.• Arson is when people set fires

deliberately.• Others include sparks from

train wheels or machinery, military, BBQs & Chimneys.

EFFECTS

Primary• Loss of Life• Injury• Destruction of Property &

Possessions• Burning of Vegetation &

Crops• Water & Air Pollution• Health Problems• Breathing Difficulties

Secondary• Loss of Jobs & Income• Farm Workers & Businesses• Homelessness• Rebuilding of Properties takes a

long time• Insurance increase• Damage to Economy• Tourism disrupted• Restricted access to recreational

areas• Increase risk of soil erosion &

landslides • Increased surface run-off• Loss of habitats

Responses

• Fire-Fighting teams spray them with water & foam.• Aeroplanes & Helicopters can access the area• AIR DROPS • Water & Fire-Retardant chemicals• Large Buckets attached to planes• Fire lines/fire breaks, act as a barrier• Dig trenches or clear areas of ground• Remove dry grasses, bushes, leaves, twigs, which act as fuel for

the fire• Pulaski – cross between a hoe & an axe• Backfire – controlled burning in the path of the fire.

Preventing & Preparing

• Volunteer groups – remove leaves• Controlled burning• EDUCATION! Enhances public awareness• The Smokey Bear campaign• Advice on burning debris- Reducing the risk of sparks- Posters, leaflets, advertisements, - DVD’s sent to schools• Evacuation plans• GIS technologies

Prediction (more to come)

• Changes to wildfire intensity (severity of burning)• Increase in areas experiencing them• Increase in wildfire season• High amount of wildfires coincide with above-average

temperature and early snowmelt• Some scientists believe that climate change, due to global

warming, mean that wildfires will continue to increase• They also believe that areas that don’t currently experience

wildfires will do soon• In areas where they are common they will burn for longer, and

be more intense• These will release stored CO2 into the atmosphere, further

contributing to global warming.

Other Beliefs

• Some believe that periods of increased wildfires are part of a natural cycle

• Higher temperatures & lower rainfall• Detailed studies of wildfires across the globe

to see if changes are permanent

• Cost of damage is increasing• Especially in MEDCs

INSIDE THE EARTH• There are four main layers of

Earth• The inner core is a solid. It is five

times more dense than surface rocks.

• The outer core is a liquid. • The mantle is a semi liquid,

containing low-density material, and is about 2,900 km thick.

• The crust is a solid and is divided into two main types: oceanic crust and continental crust. The crust• The depth of the crust varies

between 6 km and 64 km. • Continental crust is mostly formed

of granite. • Continental crust is less dense than

the oceanic crust. • Because it is denser the oceanic

crust plunges beneath the continental one when they come together.

The crust is solid and varies in size between about 6 to 64km (4 to 40 miles) thick

The mantle is semi liquid at the top solid near the bottom. And is 2,900km (1,800 miles) thick

The outer core is a liquid, 2,000 km (1,240 miles) thick

The inner core is a solid, 2,740km (1,700 miles) thick

Task: Draw an annotated diagram of a cross section through the earth.

As early as 1620 Francis Bacon noted the jigsaw-like ‘fit’ of the continents

In 1912 Wegener put forward the theory of continental drift

He proposed that a ‘super continent’ called Pangea split into Gondwanaland and Laurasia, separated by the Tethys Sea

What was his evidence?

Geology – Geological correspondence between continents, e.g. the Appalachian Mountains of the USA and the mountains of NW Europe

Climatology - Evidence of glaciation in Brazil and India. Coal, sandstone and limestone would not have formed in Britain’s present climate

Biology - Evidence of same fossils from each side of Atlantic Ocean, e.g. Mesosaurus fossils found only in Brazil and South Africa

Source; USGS

Continental Drift

THE WORLD’S MAIN PLATE BOUNDARIES

1

4 1

2

3

18

18

17

5

7

3

10

5 5

3

2

2

3

5

5

2

7

2

Earthquake foci

Destructive zones

Constructive margin

Movement of plates

Collision zone

Uncertain plate boundary

key Plates

A AdriaticB AegeanC Turkish

D Juan de FucaE Cocos

6 Rate of movement(cm per year)

Complete worksheet and stick in your books.

TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARY

Task: Using these slides and page 64 and page 65 of the text book draw annotated diagrams of each plate

boundary.1 Constructive margins(spreading or divergent plates)

Processes• Two plates move apart from each

other.• New oceanic crust is formed,

creating mid ocean ridges.• Volcanic activity is common. • Mid Atlantic Ridge (Europe is

moving away from North America).

2 Destructive margin (subduction zone)

Processes• The oceanic crust moves

towards the continental crust and sinks beneath it due to its greater density.

• Deep sea trenches and island arcs are formed.

• Volcanic activity is common.• Example: Nazca sinks under the

South American plate.

Plate 1 Plate 2

Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Oceanic crustMid-ocean ridgeRift valley

Divergent marginPlate 1 Plate 2

Oceanic trench Continental crust

Asthenosphere

Oceanic crust

Lithosphere

Convergent margin (subduction)

Iceland lies on the plate boundary between the North American and the Eurasian plates. The Island has been created by the divergent plate movement. The photo shows Thingvellir – to the right is the Eurasian plate, and to the left is the North American plate

Iceland

Plates pulling apart

TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARY (CONTINUED)

3 Collision zones Processes

• Two continental crusts collide. • As neither can sink they are

folded up into fold mountains.

• Example: The Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate to form the Himalayas.

4 Conservative margins (passive

margins or transform plates)

Processes• Two plates move sideways past

each other but land is neither destroyed nor created.

• Example: San Andreas fault in California.

Lithosphere

Plate 1 Plate 2

Continental crust

Asthenosphere

Convergent margin (collision)Plate 1 Plate 2

Transform fault

Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Continental crust

Transform fault margin

Tectonic hazards: earthquakes

An earthquake is the shaking of the ground due to a sudden release of energy. What causes this to happen?

The focus is the place where the fracture or break in actually happens inside the crust

The epicentre is the place on the surface, directly above the focus, where the earthquake waves are first felt

Seismic waves spread out from the focusThe further the waves travel the more energy they lose and the less damage they are likely to do

It occurs because there is a fracture (break) or sudden movement in the Earth’s crust. This usually happens because the plates that make up the Earth’s crust are moving.

Task: Draw an annotated diagram which shows what an earthquake is and what causes it.

Why does the damage from an earthquake vary substantiallyfrom one location to another?

The extent of earthquake damage is influenced by: • Magnitude• The time of the day it strikes• The structural materials of the buildings• The duration of the earthquake• The depth of the focus and distance from epicentre• The nature of the underlying material (rock or unconsolidated sediment)• The population (total and density) of the area• The level of economic development / disaster response• The vulnerability of the population• Secondary hazards such as fires, landslides and tsunami. • The occurrence of aftershocks• Other factors may hinder rescue and response efforts, e.g. conflicts, terrain,

weather• Human alterations to the natural environment

Varying impacts

IMPACTS LEDC MEDC

Deaths

Injuries

Damage

Homelessness

Cost

Likely to be high, thousands Probably fairly low

Many, lots from aftershocks and people trying to rescue others

Lower number due to good rescue services and education of people

Extensive, especially to buildings e.g. housing and infrastructure

Structures more likely to be ‘earthquake proof’ and be better built

Potentially a long term problem. Thousands due to poorly built slum areas

Quite low as people are more likely to be insured, so be able to rebuild

Not too high, but more of a problem in an LEDC. More likely to need aid

Very high due to greater amount of possessions, and insurance claims

How does where you live affect the impact of an Earthquake?

Measuring the magnitude of earthquakes Each level goes up by a magnitude of 10.

COPING WITH EARTHQUAKESPeople cope with hazards in a number of ways. • At an individual level three important factors affect how a person copes: • Experience: people with more experience of hazards are better able to

adjust to them.• Levels of wealth: people with more money have more choices open to them.• Personality: is the person a leader or a follower, a risk-taker or very cautious?

The three basic options from which they can choose are:• to do nothing and accept the hazard.• to adjust to living in a hazardous environment.• to leave the area.

The first and last options are the most extreme actions. In most cases, the middle option is used.

How people adjust to the hazard depends on:• the type of hazard.• the risk (probability) of the hazard - several factors influence how people view the risk.• the likely cost (loss) caused by the hazard.

Ways of managing the consequences of a hazard include:• sharing the cost of loss, through insurance or disaster relief.• modifying the hazard event, through building design, building location and emergency

procedures.• improved forecasting and warning.

METHOD EXPLANATION

Rubber block building: The house is built on rubber blocks which absorb the movement in the ground. They separate the house from the ground.

Building held with wire: The building is supported at the top with soft wires that run deep into the ground. This stops the top of the building shaking so it all moves in one go.

LEDC wall: This is a method of strengthening walls, used in LEDC’s. The barbs on the wire stick into the wood and hold it firmly.

LEDC ‘I’ bar: These are used in LEDC’s. They are heavily welded strong steel bars used to support buildings. The problem with these is that small earthquakes and tremors cause micro fractures in the steel, which weakens them for when a big earthquake strikes.

Dome shaped building: The dome is a very safe shape for buildings but it costs a lot and there is a lot of wasted space.

Houses spread apart: Houses in LEDC’s need to be a good space apart so that if an earthquake strikes, it does not produce a ‘domino’ effect.

Chinese house: This house is not directly attached to the floor but if it is built around a bamboo pole, which is in the ground, when an earthquake strikes, the house will simply move around the pole, instead of moving away.

Computerised weight: The computerised weight on the building moves to the opposite side of the building shifts. This will balance the weight, keeping the top of the building straight, to stop it from wobbling.

Cross bracing: Cross bracing is used in LEDC’s. The wall is strengthened at each corner to prevent it from collapsing.

Legs on the house: This method is sometimes used to separate the house from the ground.

LEDC house: In LEDC’s, houses are safest if they are made of light weight materials, such as wood and corrugated iron. The lower the building, the safer it is.

Volcanoes Warm Up

• The plate boundary which causes the most volcanoes.

Plate 1 Plate 2

Oceanic trench Continental crust

Asthenosphere

Oceanic crust

Lithosphere

Destructive margin (subduction)Processes•The oceanic crust moves towards the continental crust and sinks beneath it due to its greater density.•Deep sea trenches and island arcs are formed.•Volcanic activity is common.•Example: Nazca sinks under the South American plate.

Inside the Volcano

• The magma chamber is a collection of magma inside the Earth, below the volcano.

• The main vent is the main outlet for the magma to escape. • Secondary vents are smaller outlets through which magma

escapes. • The crater is created after an eruption blows the top off

the volcano. • An eruption occurs when pressure in the magma chamber

forces magma up the main vent, towards the crater at the top of the volcano. Some magma will also be forced out of the secondary vent at the side of the volcano.

Causes

• Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and ash. They occur at destructive and constructive plate boundaries

• The immediate effects of volcanic eruptions can be devastating, but they may be beneficial in the long term

How They Form

• Magma rises through cracks or weaknesses in the Earth's crust.

• Pressure builds up inside the Earth. • When this pressure is released, eg as a result of

plate movement, magma explodes to the surface causing a volcanic eruption.

• The lava from the eruption cools to form new crust. • Over time, after several eruptions, the rock builds

up and a volcano forms

EFFECTS

Primary• Destroyed by fire• Explosions• Weight of ash• Crops/Livestock destroyed

Secondary• Mudflows• Changes in landscape/climate• Food/water supply• Homelessness• Businesses Close• Insurance Claims• Unemployment• Premiums increase• Tourism depleted

Why Live Near A Volcano

• Geothermal Energy• Tourism• Fertile Soils• Mineral Extraction• Raw Materials

• Would you live near a volcano?

Complete the TableReason For Living

Near A Volcano WHY?Fertile Soils RICH IN MINERALS, WHEN WEATHERED THEY

ARE VERY FERTILE. IDEAL FOR FARMERS TO GROW CROPS.

Geothermal Energy STEAM FROM WATER HEATED BY ROCKS BELOW THE SURFACE DRIVES TURBINES TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY.

Mineral Extraction MANY VALUABLE MINERALS FORM WHEN VOLCANIC ACTIVITY OCCURS.

Raw Materials THE RAW MATERIALS FOR MANY PRODUCTS COME FROM VOLCANOES. THESE INCLUDING BUILDING MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS USED IN INDUSTRY

Tourism VOLCANIC LANDSCAPES CAN HAVE BEAUTIFUL SCENERY THAT ATTRACTS MANY VISITORS.

Case Studies

LEDC – Montserrat

MEDC – Mt. Etna

Mount Etna, MEDC 2001

• Europe’s most active Volcano• NE Coast of Sicily, Italy• Located on Destructive plate boundary

(Eurasian & African plates)• African subducted under the Eurasian plate• 12th July 2001• Gas & Steam escape• Volcanic Bombs• Lava & Pyroclastic Flows (lava reached 1000oc)

Montserrat, LEDC 1997

• Small Island in Caribbean• Poor population who rely on subsistence farming• Before 1995, 12000 people lived there, now less than

5000 live there• Destructive plate boundary, oceanic pushed below

continental• 2/3 of island covered in ash• 50% of island evacuated to North (temporary

accommodation)• 23people died in 1997• The capital – Plymouth – became a ghost town

Primary Effects

• Floods as valleys were blocked with ash

• The airport and port were closed

• Farmland was destroyed

• Forest fires caused by pyroclastic flows

• Many schools and hospitals were destroyed

The Secondary effects of the Eruption

• As most of the southern area was destroyed any remaining inhabitants have had to endure harsh living conditions in the North.

• Transport remains a problem for people travelling to the island as the port and airport remained closed.

• The tourist industry is still suffering with few visitors except for cruise ships looking at the volcano

• Over half the population left the island and have not returned

Responses

• £41 million was given in aid by the British Government.• Money was given to individuals to help them move to

other countries. • Riots occurred as locals complained that the British

were not doing enough to help the island • The MVO (Montserrat Volcano Observatory) was set

up to study the volcano and provide warnings for the future

• A Risk assessment was done to help islanders understand which areas are at risk and reduce problems for the future.

Global Tourism Revision

Warm up

Key words, you need to know....

• Tourism: The short term movement of people to places away from where they live and work, normally for pleasure but also for business.

• Package holiday: A tour where transport, accommodation and food are all included in one price.

• Long haul:A flight over a long distance usually taking more than three hours to get to a location.

• Short haul: A short-flight of three hours or less.

• Mass tourism: Large numbers of people visiting the same area.

Key words

• Specialist holidays:Holidays based on a particular area, interest or activity.

• Fair-trade tourism:Makes sure the benefits go directly to those whose land, natural resources, work, knowledge and culture are being used.

• Event tourism: Travel based around specific events whether sporting, cultural or historical.

• Wilderness: An underdeveloped and isolated environment.

• Describe and explain the pattern show in the graph. Why do you think there is this pattern?

What does this graph show?

Years 1950-2020

The number of tourist internationals

Why the increase in tourism?

• More disposable income• Smaller families mean that holidays are more

affordable• Better technology and transport, such as aircraft• More choices of holiday destinations• More tourist attractions• Package holidays• Ease of booking• Longer paid holidays• Greater car ownership

Tourist AttractionsLook at the following pictures, describe whatyou see and think about why people visit thedestination.

What tourism types do you think exist at these destinations?

• Long haul: a flight over three hours

• Specialist holidays: holidays based on a particular area, interest or activity.

• Specialist holidays: holidays based on a particular area, interest or activity.

• Mass tourism: large numbers of people visiting the same area.

• Honeypot: a place of attractive scenery or historic interest that attracts large numbers of visitors.

• Ecotourism: holidays that do or little or no damage to the natural environment and local community.

Key words

• Infrastructure: Basic networks such as transport, power supplies and telecommunications.

• Heritage tourism: Visiting historical aspects of a country.

• European City of Culture:A city designated by the European Union for one year.

Butler Tourist Resort Life-Cycle ModelWhat is this model showing?

Butler Tourist Resort Life-Cycle Model 1-2

• The basic idea of Butler’s tourist resort life cycle model  is that a destination begins as a relatively unknown and visitors initially come in small numbers restricted by lack of access, facilities, and local knowledge, Exploration . The locals see the opportunities and become involved.

Butler Tourist Resort Life-Cycle Model 3-4

• As more people discover the destination, the word spreads about its attractions and the amenities are increased and improved (Development).  Tourist arrivals then begin to grow rapidly and the consolidation phase begins.

Butler Tourist Resort Life-Cycle Model 5-6

• Tourism is now major part of the local economy but some hotels become old and the destination begins to go downhill. Rowdiness becomes a problem. The resort now becomes unfashionable and numbers begin to fall, (Stagnation),   The rise from Exploration to Stagnation often happens very rapidly, as implied by the exponential nature of the growth curve.

MEDC

Case study:Blackpool

What is Mass tourism?

Talk in a group and think about advantages and disadvantages of mass tourism.

Think about local people, tourists, local businesses, travel companies, hotel owners, the environment etc.

Mass Tourism

Advantages

•Provides good jobs for people who might have been in subsistence agriculture

•New roads, airports, public transport, power supplies are built, which also benefits local people

•Construction jobs building hotels goes to locals, improving the local economy

•Leisure facilities may be open for local people

Disadvantages•Work is often seasonal

•Large travel companies dominate the industry. Money earned often goes to these large foreign companies and not the local economy.

•Most local employees are not paid very well

•Locals can’t afford to use facilities

•Land gets built on and spoiled

•Less farm land left for local food production

Key words

• Conflict: The result of contrasting demands between people.

• Honeypot: A place of attractive scenery or historic interest that attracts large numbers of visitors..

• National parks: Areas set aside to protect the landscape so that it can be enjoyed by visitors now and in the future.

• Resident population: The permanent population living in an area.

UK-National Parks

This is an MEDC tourism Case study

What is a National Park?

Where are they found?

What are the main aims of National Parks?

Key information about national parks

A national park is a large area of land thatis protected by law, to benefit the wholenation.

About 10% of England and Wales has beenturned into National parks.

To provide opportunities for people tounderstand and enjoy the areas.

To conserve the natural beauty, wildlife andcultural heritage of the area.

British National Parks• Northumberland –

moors and forest• North Yorks. Moors –

moors, coast• Peak District – moors,

valleys, limestone• Norfolk Broads –

wetlands• South Downs – chalk

and coast• New Forest –

woodland• Dartmoor – moors,

valleys

• Exmoor – moors, coast

• Brecon Beacons – moors, limestone

• Pembrokeshire Coast – Coast

• Snowdonia – mountains, lakes, coasts

• Yorkshire Dales – moors, valleys, limestone

• Lake district – lakes, mountains, coast.

Keswick: An example of a ‘honeypot’ town.

The Lake District receives around 20 million visitors a year but has a population of just 40,000. Nearly half of these earn their living through tourism.

The Lake District National Park

Advantages of tourism in National Parks

• Tourism creates lots of jobs.• Tourists spend a lot of money in the

areas they visits. • Park and Ride schemes increase

public transport.

Think about why there is conflict in the Lake District National Parks.

Conflicts in Lake District National Park

-Footpath erosion from overcrowded footpaths, spoiling the landscape.

-Farmers don’t like it when footpaths cut through their land.

-Car parks and tourist infrastructure spoil the scenery.

-Tourists may drop litter.

-Honey pot sites can become overcrowded.

-Small roads can’t cope with the traffic, this causes congestion.

-Tourists buying second homes pushes up house prices.

• Conflicts between visitors, some tourists want peace and quiet while other tourists want to use jet ski and motor boats.

•Competition for parking spaces and places in restaurants is often fierce and overcrowding causes stress.

Practice exam question

Describe and explain the conflicts that mayarise from tourism in a National Park area.

(6marks)

How would you answer this question?

What strategies are used to manage conflicts from tourism in The Lake District

?

B & B’s

Speed limits…

Which destination is this?

• I am a popular tourist destination outside of Europe

• The climate is much warmer and drier than the UK

• I am an LEDC country in East Africa.• The capital city is Nairobi.• Wildlife is the main tourist attraction, as

people go on Safari here.

Why is tourism very important to LEDCs?.

Kenya is an LEDC case study

Benefits of tourism

• Earnings from tourism increased to $670 million in 2005 about 12% of GDP (Gross domestic product)

• Employment Over 200, 000 people (10% of the labour force) are directly employed in tourism e.g. as tour guides, porters etc while 300, 000 are employed indirectly e.g. making souvenirs, growing food for tourists, providing transport etc.

• Multiplier effect – The money spent by tourists becomes available to local people who then buy things, improve their houses etc.

• Improved infrastructure roads, airports, water electricity etc also benefits local people.

Disadvantages of tourism

• Visitor numbers and so earnings fluctuate e.g. in 2002 after a bomb at Mombasa numbers plummeted. Kenya lost $1 million per day and there were severe consequences for local employment and incomes. In 200 visitors were advised not to visit Kenya after problems following the elections. This is a problem in LEDCs, which become over dependent on tourism.

• Most profit goes to the foreign tour companies or government e.g. in the Masai Mara Park less than 2% of the money goes to the local people.

• Food is flown in for tourists.

Environmental damage• Coral is a fragile living community and is easily damaged when

boats anchor in the reefs or tourists take pieces as souvenirs

• Minibuses disturb wildlife especially when drivers go off roads to get closer to the animals. Some also ignore poaching rules. Animal numbers have fallen by two thirds in the last 30 years due to destruction of habitats and poaching.

• Minibuses also churn up the ground in the wet season and drivers try new routes to avoid getting stuck. This ruins the vegetation e.g. in the Masai Mara area where there are large numbers of visitors in a small area. In the dry season e.g. in the Amboseli park the wind, minibuses and herds of animals cause mini dust storms which increases soil erosion.

• Balloon safaris disturb the animals.

Social disadvantages

• Social conflicts between local tribes people e.g. the Masai and the Kenyan authorities, which drove them off their land to make way for the wild animals.

• Former Masai warriors forced off their land now have to earn money by entertaining the tourists and selling souvenirs. This is demeaning for them

• Shortage of grazing land coupled with rapid population growth has forced farmers to move to the edge of the parks where lions eat cattle (and people) though the farmers are not allowed to kill the animals.

Key words

• Grassroots: Run by local people to benefit local communities.

• Community tourism: Tourism that has close contact with and mainly benefits, local communities.

• Biodiversity: The number of and variety of plant and animal species that live in a particular area.

Key words• Sustainable:

Meeting the needs of the present population without damaging the environment and local community for future generations.

• Ecotourism: Holidays that do or little or no damage to the natural environment and local community.

• Corporate responsibility:How a company manages its impact on local communities and the environment

• Indigenous: Naturally occurring in a particular place.

“Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

What does sustainable mean?

If we apply this to tourism-what is sustainable tourism?

Sustainable (responsible) tourism

Ecotourism aims to take into account environmental, cultural and social considerations.

Ecotourism is the fastest expanding tourism sector

Ecotourism Facts

Ecotourism is: "Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people."

Eco-tourists want to experience the natural world directly, doing activities like trekking or bird-watching.

Case study: Costa Rica

National Parks in Costa Rica

• There are one hundred and twenty four national parks, biological reserves and wildlife refuges in Costa Rica. Thirty of these are National Parks.

• They cover 2,853,869 acres of land. • They are home to 4% of the world's

total flora and fauna.• They take up no less than 25% of the

nation's territory

Ecotourismin Costa Rica

– Small scale tourist projects that create money for conservation, as well as local jobs

– Around 70% of Costa Rica’s tourists visit protected environments

– In 2000 income from ecotourism reached $1.25 billion

– One example is the canopy walkway across a small reserve where tourists are charged $45 dollars to walk through the canopy.

Key words

• Pollution: Damage caused to water, air, scenery, etc.

• Water table: The upper level of water underground.

• Greenhouse gases:Gases from burning fossil fuels that pollute the air and add to the problem of global warming.

Great Barrier Reef

• The Great Barrier Reef, located off Australia’s eastern coast, is one of the world’s natural wonders. The 2 million visitors it receives each year to come to dive or stay on island resorts, cruising the area on ships or fly over in helicopters and planes.

Great Barrier ReefIt is larger than the Great Wall of China and the only living thing on earth visible from space. The marine park stretches over 3000km (1800 miles) almost parallel to the Queensland coast, from near the coastal town of Bundaberg, up past the tip of Cape York.

Impacts of tourism on the Great Barrier Reef

• Divers, snorkellers and reef walkers can break or abrade corals through physical contact. These impacts are likely to be highest at major tourist destinations or around tourist pontoons.

• In many areas, massive new tourist developments have been built - including airports, marinas, resorts, and golf courses. Overdevelopment for tourism has the same problems as other coastal developments, but often has a greater impact as the tourist developments are located at or near fragile marine ecosystems.

Impacts of tourism on the Great Barrier Reef

• Tourism can also add to the consumption of seafood in an area, putting pressure on local fish populations and sometimes contributing to over fishing.

• Collection of corals, shells, and other marine souvenirs - either by individual tourists, or local people who then sell the souvenirs to tourists - also has a detrimental effect on the local environment.

Management of the Great Barrier Reef

• Any organisation or project wanting to use the reef has to prepare a full report on how the environment will be affected.

• Tourist and tourism companies must obtain permits before diving, camping or fishing in the area.

• Staff at visitor education centres make sure people know how their trips will affect the reef.

• Ten patrol boats check for illegal activity –polluting the reef, for instance, can result in a fine for up to £50,000.

Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Reef zoning

• The whole reef has been surveyed the whole reef map its biodiversity.

• After talking to all reef users the authority produced zoning maps showing where different activities can be carried out.

• There are areas set aside for fishing by tourist and for traditional fishing methods used by the indigenous communities.

Explain how tourism development can damage local environments.(Use the Great Barrier Reef)

There are number of ways in which tourism development can damage the local environment. For example at the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, divers, snorkellers and reef walkers can break or abrade corals through physical contact. Massive influxes of tourists, often to a relatively small area, have a huge impact. Tourists often exploit the environment. They add to the pollution, waste, and water needs of the local population, putting local infrastructure and habitats under enormous pressure.

Use more than one case study...and key facts.

In Kenya, tourist developments have damaged the local environment as minibuses disturb wildlife especially when drivers go off roads to get closer to the animals. Some also ignore poaching rules. Animal numbers have fallen by two thirds in the last 30 years due to destruction of habitats and poaching.

Use plenty of examples of how the environment is exploited

Minibuses also churn up the ground in the wet season and drivers try new routes to avoid getting stuck. This ruins the vegetation e.g. in the Masai Mara area where there are large numbers of visitors in a small area. In the dry season e.g. in the Masai Mara the wind, minibuses and herds of animals cause mini dust storms which increases soil erosion (dust bowl)

Managing the Great Barrier Reef

• Protecting coral reefs and other habitats �such as sea grass from boat anchors

• Damage, poor diving practices, waste disposal, reef walking and collecting

• Protecting turtles and seabirds from disturbance, especially during nesting seasons

• Respecting the cultural importance of the �Great Barrier Reef to the indigenous community.

Managing the Great Barrier Reef

• � Minimising conflicts in access within this multiple use Marine Park

• Informing the community about the �Great Barrier Reef and its World Heritage values

• Encouraging the adoption of best �practices within tourism operations

• Assisting the marine tourism industry to �contribute to management

• Initiatives and monitoring programs.

Finally can tourism reduce the development gap?

• Think about the ways in which we can measure the development gap?

• Can tourism reduce the development gap?

• Think for arguments for and against.• Use case studies such as Kenya and

Costa Rica.

What about the global environmental impacts of tourism?

• Climate change –why?• Pollution-what types?• Coral reef damage-why?

Development indicators

• GDP Gross Domestic Product $The total value of goods and services produced in a year divided by the population.

• Infant Mortality Rate How many babies die before their first birthday per 1000 of births.

 • Number People per doctor

The number of potential patients for every doctor.

• Life ExpectancyThe average age a person can expect to live.

Development indicators• Literacy %

Percentage of adults who can read and write.

• Calorie IntakeThe average number of calories eaten per day. An adult woman needs 2000 and a man 2500 to stay healthy.

• Energy ConsumptionThe number of kilos of coal (or equivalent) used per person per year.

• GNI Gross national Income $This is all of a countries income from abroad and at home divided by the population. Used to be called GNP.

Millennium Development Goals

• The United Nations summit of 2000 agreed 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) to tackle extreme poverty in its many dimensions. These goals are to:

• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

• Achieve universal primary education• Promote gender equality and

empower women• Reduce child mortality

Millennium Development Goals

• Improve maternal health.• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other

diseases.• Ensure environmental sustainability.• Develop a global partnership for

development

Human Development Index

• The United Nations uses the Human development Index as an indicator of development.

• The HDI combines social and economic factors-life expectancy, educational attainment and GNI. Each of these variables is ranked , with 0 as the poorest and 1 as the best.

• The HDI is the average of the three scores and, using the final figure, it is possible to rank countries according to their level of development.

What is the development gap?

• The difference between the rich and the poor.

Arguments for tourism reducing the development gap.

• Increased taxes for governments to spend on improving social and economic conditions.

• More money to spend on infrastructure such as roads, shipping ports and airports in order to increase trade.

• Increased trade attracts more industry and foreign investment.

• Increased business opportunities through the multiplier effect.

• More people working in tourism spend money in their local communities.

• More money is spent in local business-multiplier effect.• People can afford to improve their local conditions and

their quality of life.

Can tourism reduce the development gap? Arguments against it reducing the gap.

• Some countries have an over reliance on tourist incomes. Tourists often move from one destination to another, they are persuaded by the next big thing and often leave countries in debt and rising unemployment.

• Natural disasters also have an effect on tourist numbers. Many tourist destinations in South east Asia were hit by the tsunami wave in December 2004 that killed nearly 300,000 people. On the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean, almost 40 % of the population relies on tourism. As a result of the tsunami, visitor numbers dropped 70%.

Arguments for or against tourism reducing the development gap?

• Since 2000, Kenya’s tourist industry has declined. Terrorist attacks in the Capital Nairobi led to Western governments advising their citizens not to travel there.

• In 2007, things became worse following disputed presidential elections in December 2007 when more than 1,000 people died in rioting and violence.. Tourists stayed away – a 36% fall of numbers in the first half of 2008 meant that the country lost an estimated £500 million.

Consequences of tourismSocial Economic Environmenta

l

Local Kenya, Lake District-conflicts between tourist and local residents.

Blackpool-seasonal jobs .National parks-second homes

Dust bowlFootpath erosion

National Kenya- Large travel companies dominate the industry. Money earned often goes to these large foreign companies and not the local economy and local people don’t feel the benefits.

Blackpool-tourists pay taxes on goods, this money is invested into the national economy-improved infrastructure-public transport.

Large scale damage of coral reef

Global Climate change

Exam tips

• Read the questions carefully.• Make sure that you identify the command words

and the key words in the question.• Use key words such as exploitation and explain

what they mean.• Use key facts and good examples to show a

really good knowledge and understanding of case studies.

• Use more than one case study to show a really good understanding of the issue such as conflict use both Kenya and Lake District National Park.

10 questions recap quiz1. Name 1 reason why international tourism is increasing2. What happens at stage 3 of the Butler model?3. What happens at stage 6 of the Butler model?4. List 2 physical features that attract tourists to the Lake

District5. State 1 conflict in the Lake District6. What is a honey-pot location?7. Name and explain one way in which the development gap is

measured.8. An area that is usually designated by law where development

is limited and planning controlled. The landscape is regarded as unusual and valuable and therefore worth preserving?

9. Tourism that focuses on the environment and the local way of life?

10. A location attracting a large number of tourists who, due to their numbers, place huge pressure on the environment and people?