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Unit 13- Organic Chemistry• Addition reaction• Alcohol• Aldehyde• Alkane• Alkene• Alkyne• Amide• Amine• Amino acid
• Esterification• Ester• Ether• Fermentation• Functional group• Hydrocarbon• Isomer• Ketone• Organic acid
• Organic halide• Polymer• Polymerization• Saponification• Saturated• Substitution
reaction• Unsaturated
What is organic chemistry?
• Organic- containing carbon• Study of carbon and carbon containing
compounds• Carbon compound characteristics:– C almost always forms covalent bonds– Bonds are strong– Aren’t very reactive under ordinary conditions– Can bond to 4 other atoms due to valence electrons
• Therefore can produce a vast number of compounds
Carbon compounds• Allotropes- different forms of an element– Diamond vs. graphite vs. buckminsterfullerene
• Hydrocarbons- alkanes, alkenes, alkynes– Contain just C and H– Can be saturated- all single bonds or
unsaturated- containing a double or triple bond– Can be in a straight line form or ring
Alkanes
• Saturated hydrocarbons• CnH2n+2
• Release E when burned• 5C’s – 12C’s – found in
gas• 10C’s- 16C’s- heating oil• 20+C’s – candle wax• 40+C’s- tar (asphalt)• As # of C’s increases,
boiling point increases
• CH4- Methane– 90% of gas that heats
homes
• C2H6- Ethane– Rest of natural gas
• C3H8- Propane– Heating fuel, grills
• C4H10- Butane– Disposable lighters
Alkenes
• Contain at least 1 double bond
• CnH2n
• Needs to have at least 2 C’s so not methane equivalent
• C2H4- Ethene– Common name-
ethlyene- used in plastics
• C3H6- Propene
• C4H8- Butene
Alkynes
• Contains a triple bond• C2H2n-2
• C2H2- Ethyne– Common name-
acetylene- used in welding
• C3H4- Propyne
• C4H6- Butyne
Isomers • Same molecular formula; different structural
formula• They have different physical and chemical
properties– Greater structural difference= greater difference in
properties• As the number of C’s increases; number of
isomers increase
Both C4H10
Naming hydrocarbons
• Rules of IUPAC- international union of pure and applied chemistry
• If it’s a straight chain: normal; n- preceeds name
• If it’s branched:– Find longest chain and name accordingly• Using Greek prefixes and the correct suffix
– Number starting from nearest double or triple bond or branch
– (If branches) name the groups that make up branches• Alkyl groups- alkane with 1 less hydrogen• Ex: methane (CH4) methyl group (CH3)
– If more than one attached branch; a number prefix is used to indicate the C to which it is attached along with mono, di, tri etc to indicate how many groups are attached• Commas are used separate numbers of carbons to
which groups are attached
What if there’s more than just C and H?
• Functional groups: – Groups of atoms that replace H in a hydrocarbon– Give distinct physical and chemical properties– Table R– Halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,ethers,
esters, organic acids, amides, amines,
Functional groups:
• Halides– Halogen is added– Compound is now called
organic halide or halocarbon
– Named by citing location of halogen
– Used as solvents and pesticices
– Ex: chloromethane
• Alcohols– -OH (hydroxyl group) is
added– Creates polar molecule– Nonelectrolytes– Ends in –ol– Classified as 1o,2o etc
depending on what C the –OH is attached to
– If 2 –OH groups it’s a dihydroxy alcohol- antifreeze
• Aldehydes– -C=O (carbonyl group) is
added– **on end carbon– Ends in –al– Preservatives,
formaldehyde
• Ketones– -C=O (carbonyl group is
added)– **on interior carbon– Ends in –one– Solvents, acetone
• Ethers– R-O-R’– Oxygen bridge in carbon
chain– “R” represents other
atoms– Add ether to end of
name
• Esters– is added– Responsible for odors,
flavors in many foods– Ends in -oate
• Organic acids– -COOH (carboxyl group)
is added– Ends in –oic acid– Strong odors– Weak electrolytes
• Amines– is added– Add amine to end of
name– Vitamins, hormones,
anesthetics, dyes
- Amino acids- contain both amine and carboxyl group to the same C atom
Organic Reactionsoccurs more slowly than inorganic reactions due to covalent bonds
• Combustion
– If there is enough oxygen= complete combustion– If there isn’t enough oxygen= incomplete
combustion• Carbon monoxide is produced
• Substitution – Replace one atom but another atom or group of
atoms– For saturated hydrocarbons – Ex: halogenation
• Addition– Adding 1 or more atoms or groups to an
unsaturated hydrocarbon; at site of double/triple bond
– Ex: hydrogenation• Turn vegetable oil into fat
– Requires catalyst and high heat; hydrogen gas is bubbled into oil
• Esterification– Organic acid + alcohol ester + water– To name: use alkyl group of alcohol and end in –
oate– Fats are derived this way by reacting glycerol with
fatty acids
• Saponification– Ester + inorganic base alcohol + soap
– Soap is the salt of an organic acid and glycerol• Fermentation– Sugars are broken down by yeast enzyme to
produce carbon dioxide and alcohol
• Polymerization– Monomers put together to create polymers– Ex:nylon, rayon, polyethylene, protein,starch,
cellulose– Addition polymerization: joining monomers of
unsaturated compounds– Condensation polymerization: joining monomers
by removing water molecule; creates ester