Unit 12—Chapters 28 – 29The Times They are a Changin (1945 – 1974)

CSS 11.7, 11.8, 11.10, 11.11

2

Brown v. Board

Scottsboro case, 1931• nine black boys sentenced to death for

raping a girl who testified that she had not been raped

• Supreme Court ruled that the absence of blacks on the jury violated the 14thAmendment

Jackie Robinson, 1947• 1st black player in MLB• won Rookie of the year

Army Desegregation, 1948• Truman ordered military desegregated

during Korean War• partly due to a manpower shortage

Emmet Till, 1955• teenage Chicago boy brutally killed for

allegedly whistling at a white woman in Mississippi

• his mother insisted on an open casket which led to international publicity

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954• Supreme Court voted 9-0 that

“separate but equal” inherently unfair and degrading

• NAACP represented by Thurgood Marshall

• a year later, the court ordered states to integrate schools “with all deliberate speed”

• Southern Manifesto promised to block the decision

Little Rock Nine, 1957• Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus

sent the National Guard to bar nine black students from attending Central High School in Little Rock

• Eisenhower sent the 101st Airborne to escort the students to class for a year!

• a showdown of state-federal power

3

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott, 1955• Rosa Parks was thrown in jail in for not

moving to the back of bus• SCLC led a 13-month boycott organizing

carpools (20,000 rides a day), church services, and encouragement

• MLK’s house was bombed, he was sent to jail, and fined $1,000

• White Citizen League membership grew• Bus company lost money (2/3 of its

income)and the courts ordered the buses desegregated

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.• young Baptist minister and leader of SCLC• advocated teachings of Thoreau and

Gandhi• passive resistance and non-violenceSCLC, 1957• SCLC was a middle-class and working

class group in South led by MLK

Civil Rights Act, 1957• est. permanent commission on civil

rights with investigatory powers• Sen. Strom Thurmond (SC) tried to

filibuster it

Congress of Racial Equality, 1942• founded by James Farmer• interracial group in North used

Gandhi tactics to end segregation

Freedom Riders, 1960-1961• whites and blacks sponsored by

CORE tried to ride the Greyhound from DC to New Orleans

• bus torched with Molotov-cocktails• over 300 Freedom Riders arrested• a White observer was beaten

unconscious• Robert Kennedy (AG) sent US

Marshals to ride buses

The only weapon we have in our hands is the weapon of protest…We will be guided by the highest principles of law and order. In spite of our mistreatment, we must not become bitter and end up hating our white brothers.”--Martin Luther King, Jr., December 1955

4

March on WashingtonSNCC, 1960• student-led non-violent resistance• supported Freedom Rides and the Sit-In

movement• 900 went to help registration drives in

Freedom Summer, 1964• 1,000 arrests, 80 beatings, 35 shootingsSit-In Movement, 1960• four black students sat at the counter of a

Woolsworth’s in Greensboro, NC• they refused to leave when they were refused

service• 70,000 followed in other cities, 3,000 were

arrested• after five months they wonOle Miss, 1962• James Meredith was refused admission to Ole

Miss so he returned with 500 federal marshals• violence led to two civilians dead, hundreds

injured, and 166 federals injured• Meredith’s 1966 “March against Fear” across

Mississippi resulted in violence

Birmingham, AL, 1963• King went on voter registration drive

throughout South• marched to Birmingham, the most

segregated city in South• attack dogs, cattle-prods, high-pressure

water hoses used to stop march• King arrested and wrote “Letter from a

Birmingham Jail”

March on Washington, 1963• SNCC, SCLC, and CORE organized

200,000 demonstrators to steps of Lincoln Memorial

• wanted to pressure on Congress to pass legislation

• “I have a dream” speech

Civil Rights Martyrs, 1963• Medgar Evers—shot in his driveway• James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael

Schwerner—civil rights workers killed in Mississippi• Denise McNair, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson and

Addie Mae Collins killed in church bombing

“If an American, because his skin is dark, cannot eat lunch in a restaurant open to the public; if he cannot send his children to the best public school available; if he cannot vote for the public officials who represent him; if in short, he cannot enjoy the full and free life which all of us want, then who among us would be content to have the color of his skin changed and stand in his place?”--JFK, Civil Rights Address, 1963

5

Civil Rights Act

Civil Rights Act, 1964• banned discrimination in most public

facilities (hospitals, schools, theaters, restaurants)

• est. EEOC to eliminate discrimination in hiring

Selma, AL, 1965• blacks were 50% of population but 1%

of voters• MLK led march to Selma but the first

two attempts failed• assaulted by state troopers with tear

gas and whips

George Wallace• “Segregation now! Segregation

tomorrow! Segregation forever!”• segregationist governor of AL• ran for president in 1968 and 1972• shot and paralyzed by Arthur Bremer• took part in re-enactment of march

from Selma to Montgomery in 1995

Voting Rights Act, 1965• banned literacy tests• sent federal registrars to South• 24th Amendment banned poll taxesWatts Riots, 1965• 31 blacks and 3 whites killed in a week

of rioting• 1000+ injured and 4,000+ arrested• extreme poverty seen as cause• similar riots in Newark, NJ and Detroit, MI

in 1967-1968Civil Rights Act, 1968• banned discrimination in renting and

purchasing housingCivil Rights Martyrs, 1968• Martin Luther King, Jr. shot by James Earl

Ray in Memphis, TN• 27,000 protestors arrested• Robert Kennedy shot by Sirhan• Sirhan

6

Black Nationalism

Malcolm X• joined Nation of Islam in 1952 and

dropped his surname• advocated black separatism and

revolution• changed his name to El-Hajj Malik El-

Shabazz and became more peaceful after trip to Mecca in 1964

• killed in NYC by members of the Nation of Islam

Black Panthers, 1966• est. in Oakland, CA by Bobby Seale

and Huey Newton• protected blacks from police brutality

and racism• 10,000 members by 1969 in several

cities• entered the CA capitol armed in 1967

which led to stricter gun laws• ran medical clinics and provided free

food to school children

Black Power, 1966• rejected by both NAACP and SCLC

as racist• rejected “mainstream” American

society• "Black is Beautiful“• black pride led to Afro hairstyles,

African forms of dress, and Kwanzaa• demanded African studies in schools

Stokely Carcmichael• dropped the non-violent from SNCC• denounced US war in Vietnam as

racist• moved with his wife to Guinea, West

Africa

“We declare our right on this earth...to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence by any means necessary.”--Malcolm X, 1964

7

Warren Court

Earl Warren (1954-1969)• appointed chief justice by Ike in 1953• supposed to be conservative, but was

quite liberal• expanded the definition of civil

liberties, gave federal support to the civil rights movement

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954• States could NOT make students go to

separate schools based on race• ended de jure segregation (caused by

laws) but not de facto segregation (caused by circumstance)

Baker v. Carr, 1962• upheld challenge to “gerrymandering”• creating unequal distribution of voters

in congressional districts• called the “one man, one vote”

decision

Mapp v. Ohio, 1961• evidence obtained in violation of 4th

Amendment must be excluded from state and federal courtrooms

• called the “exclusionary rule”Engel v. Vitale, 1962• prayer and devotional Bible readings in

public schools violates separation of church and state

Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964• confession cannot count as evidence if

obtained after person denied permission to see lawyer

Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963• States must provide legal counsel to any

person accused of a felony• Many states only did this for capital crimesMiranda v. Arizona, 1966• person must be informed of constitutional

rights when arrested

8

Johnson Administration1963-1969

Lyndon B. Johnson• incredibly intimidating former Speaker

of House from TX• tried to continue many of Kennedy’s

policies• Robert C. Weaver, first African

American cabinet secretary

Election of 1964• ran against Sen. Barry Goldwater (AZ)

who advocated using nuclear weapons in Vietnam

• “Extremism in the pursuit of liberty is no vice”

Great Society• Johnson’s domestic program tried to

fight poverty and prejudice• created Department of Housing and

Urban Development, 1964

War on Poverty• intended to end poverty of over 35

million

Economic Opportunity Act, 1965• Legislation that put War on Poverty into

motion• Head Start—preschool program• Upward Bound—program to get kids into

college• Job Corps—modeled on CCC to get young

people better jobs through education and training

• FAFSA—loans for collegeVISTA, 1964• like the Peace Corps but for America• meant to raise the standard of living for the

poorMedicare/Medicaid, 1965• health insurance “entitlements” for elderly and

poor

D Lyndon B. Johnson 43,129,566 486R Barry Goldwater 27,178,188 52

Daisy ad

1964

9

Chicano Movement

Immigration and Nationality Act, 1965• ended origin quotas from the 1920s• by 1980s, 80% of immigrants came

from Latin America or Asia• Asian-Americans increased from 1 to

11 million

Jones Act, 1917• granted citizenship to Puerto Ricans• Puerto Ricans jumped from 100,000

to 1 million by the mid 1960s• faced discrimination despite US

citizenship because of language barriers

Operation Wetback, 1954• 3.7 million sent back to Mexico little

effort to distinguish between braceros and illegal migrants

• shifted emphasis of Hispanic groups from civil rights for American citizens to defending rights of all people of Mexican descent

Mendez v. Westminster, 1947• ended segregation of Hispanics in

California• Gov. Warren ended segregation for all

races the next yearChicano Movement, 1960s• more militant demands for recognition of

Hispanic culture and history• Brown Berets, publications, university

classes• by 1980, there were 6 Hispanic

congressmenUnited Farm Workers, 1975• CA recognized right of farmworkers to

unionize• migrant workers tried to form unions but

failed• long hours, low wages, poor housing, no

healthcare, exposure to chemicalsCesar Chavez• led UFW in strikes, boycotts, and hunger

strikes

10

Feminism

Betty Friedan• wrote the Feminine Mystique, 1963• started the women’s rights movement• women sought more in life than being a

housewife• happiness outside marriage and

motherhood (career, hobbies)

Title IX, 1964• Title VII of Civil Rights Act, 1964 bans

discrimination by gender• Title IX of Higher Education Act bans

discrimination in classroom and activities

NOW, 1966• organized politically to right gender

discrimination, abortion rights

Gloria Steinem• radical feminist who thought NOW didn’t

go far enough• started Ms. Magazine in 1972• criticized the Miss America pageant

glass ceiling• idea that a woman/minority could max out

career advancement but could still see white men rising higher

Termination policy, 1953• Congress could terminate the tribal as a

political entity• 60+ tribes were terminated in the 50s and

60s

American Indian Movement (AIM)• took over the BIA office in Washington DC

and Alcatraz• advocated native interests in US• water and mineral rights, self rule, treaty

violations• ended Columbus Day as holiday

Stonewall Riot, 1969• demonstrations in NYC following a police

raid• gay pride parades started the next year to

commemorate the riot

11

Vietnam (JFK and LBJ)

French Indo-China, 1954• US helped French fight communist

Vietminh at a cost pf $1 billion per year after WWII

• French at Dienbeinphu fell to 40,000 Vietminh or NVA soldiers

• it was too close to Korea so Ike stayed out

Geneva Convention, 1954• est. Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) at 17th

parallel• communist North Vietnam under Ho Chi

Minh• Democratic South Vietnam under weak

Ngo Dinh Diem

Flexible Response• Defense Sec. McNamara under JFK

pushed for response to fit situation rather than Ike’s “massive retaliation”

• JFK sent 15,000 military advisors (green berets) to Vietnam

Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 1964• two U.S. destroyers were

supposedly attacked by Vietnamese torpedo boats

• LBJ asked Congress for permission to repel the attack and prevent further aggression

Operation Rolling Thunder, 1965• daily bombing attacks on North

Vietnam continued for 3 years• dropped more bombs on Vietnam

than we did in all of WWII

General William Westmoreland• assured that more troops meant

more stability in Vietnam• regular US troops began arriving in

1965• 184,000 there by the end of the

year

12

CountercultureCounterculture• followed beatniks of 1950s• flower children had new views on sex,

drugs, music, and cultureSDS, 1960• insisted US should focus on poverty rather

than foreign policy• became increasingly more vocal, violent and

anti-warFree Speech Movement, 1964• led by Mario Savio at UC Berkeley• demanded end to ban on political speech on

campus• wanted more control of classesVietnam Veterans Against the War, 1967• six members grew to over 40,000Sen. William Fullbright• one of only 2 senators to vote against

Tonkin Resolution• led criticism of war and encouraged anti-war

rallies

Woodstock, 1969• 400,000 attended for three days of free

love in NY• minds were "open," drugs were used,

and "love" was "free"• the relative harmony was seen as proof

of the movement

Dr. Timothy Leary• “tune in, turn on, and drop out” (LSD)• Harvard professor turned

counterculture messiah advocated drug use

Kent State, 1970• National Guard fired on antiwar

protestors: 4 killed and 8 wounded• college campuses across the nation

closed down• President Nixon “...when dissent turns

to violence it invites tragedy”• 100,000 marched to Washington DC

the next week

America, Love it or Leave it.Hey, hey LBJ, how many kids have you kill today?Eighteen today, dead tomorrowMake love, not warHell no, we won’t goTrust no one over thirty!

13

Vietnam (LBJ)

credibility gap• LBJ did not want Vietnam to turn out

like Korea• media hid truth of war and

Agent Orange• defoliant used on Vietnamese to drive

them from the cover of the forest• many US troops exposed to it as well

Tet Offensive, 1968• Viet Cong caught U.S. by surprise on

Vietnamese New Year by attacking all across South Vietnam

• suffered heavy casualties as U.S. quickly took territory back

• severely undermined support for war in US

My Lai massacre, 1968• U.S. troops led by Lt. William Calley

massacred 300+ Vietnamese villagers

• Calley court-martialed in 1969 and sentenced to life in prison but released in 1974

Pueblo Incident, 1968• North Korea seized a US

intelligence-gathering vessel from open seas

• crew held for a year, North Korea still has the ship

• U.S. reconnaissance plane shot down in April 1969

14

Vietnam (Nixon)

Nixon Doctrine, 1969• promised “peace with honor”• Nixon doctrine warns that financial

not military aid will be given to Asian nations in future

• Vietnamization took out US troops and turned war over to Vietnamese

Cambodian Bombings, 1969• secret bombing raids were made in

Laos and Cambodia to disrupt supplies along Ho Chi Minh Trail

Pentagon Papers, 1972• Daniel Ellsberg, a Vietnam vet

working for the Defense Department, released military’s account of activities in Vietnam to The New York Times

• America found out about secret bombings

• succeeded in eroding public support for the war

War Powers Act, 1973• limited Tonkin Resolution and

presidential authority• President may only commit troops up

to 60 days in field• congressional authority always higher

than president • passed over Nixon’s vetoParis Peace Conference, 1973• formerly ended conflict between US

and North Vietnam• US troops pulled out in 1973• Viet Cong attacked South Vietnam in

1975• Saigon fell and was renamed Ho Chi

Minh CityVietnam War (Aug. 1964-May7, 1975)• 3,403,100 served in the Southeast

Asia Theater 58,202 died, 766 POWs, 2,338 MIA

• $21 billion per year

15

Nixon Administration1969-1973

1968 Democratic Convention• chaos in Chicago as Democrats chose

between Kennedy (MA), McGovern (SD), and Humphrey (MN)

• RFK won CA primary but was shot• Dem. chose Humphrey• Mayor Richard Daley’s police beat

counterculture protestors in the streets

Election 1968• Nixon claimed support of “silent

majority”• Southern Strategy promised to curb

LBJ’s civil rights agenda

Richard Nixon• his enemies list included Jane Fonda

and Barbara Streisand• distrusted the media• Intervened in South Africa, Iran, the

Philippines, Nicaragua, and Chile

Spiro Agnew• VP denied taking $100,000 in bribes• pled no contest to charge of tax

evasion• resigned in 1973 and replaced by

Ford

Burger Court• Nixon appointed four new Supreme

Court justices and chose Warren Burger as the new chief justice

• court became more conservative but did not reverse the Earl Warren court as Nixon hoped

1968

R Richard M. Nixon 31,785,480 301D Hubert Humphrey 31,275,166 191AI George Wallace 9,906,473 46

16

Nixon Administration1973-1974

Détente, 1972• Sec. Henry Kissinger helped “relaxed

tension” with communists• U.S. agreed to sell $750 million of

wheat and corn to USSR, 1972

SALT I, 1972• Strategic Arms Limitations Talks

signed by Nixon and Brezhnev• US and USSR agree to freeze number

of long-range nuclear missiles• both sides had 16,000+ warheads by

1980s

Ping Pong Diplomacy, 1972• Nixon opened diplomatic channels

with the People’s Republic of China under Chou En-Lai

• part of policy to balance growing military strength of the USSR

• divided communists in order to end war in Vietnam

Shuttle Diplomacy, • Kissinger tried to mediate peace in

the Middle East• Egyptians and Israelis agreed to a

cease-fire in the Yom Kippur War, 1973

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 1972• forbade elaborate missile defense

systems• both sides developed MIRVs which

can’t be stopped by an ABM system• Bush announced plans to build an

ABM system in 2001

1972

R Richard M. Nixon 47,169,911 520D George S. McGovern 29,170,383 17

17

WatergateWatergate• investigation of break-in at Watergate

Hotel led to investigation of Nixon’s misuse of presidential power

• more than 30 officials were convicted in the nation’s worst political scandal

Democratic National Convention, 1972• five men arrested trying to bug the offices

of the DNC at the Watergate• one was ex-CIA and two were CubansCREEP• secret campaign fund paid plumbers

$250,000 for Watergate break-in• led to campaign finance laws Senate Select Committee on Presidential

Activities, 1973• Archibald Cox investigated CREEP, the

burglars, and Nixon’s staff for the Senate• John Dean – Nixon kept an enemies list• Alexander Butterfield – Nixon taped

conversions in the oval office

Saturday Night Massacre, 1973• Nixon ordered the Attorney General to fire

Cox, instead he quit in protestNixon Tapes, 1974• 1,200 pages of edited transcripts of the

tapes were given to House Judiciary Committee

• insisted on the tapes, not just the transcripts over

• Nixon refused citing executive privilegeUnited States v. Nixon, 1974• Supreme Court ruled 8-0 that Nixon must

turn over the original tapes• tapes missing 18 ½ minutes of “smoking

gun” testimonyImpeachment, 1974• Democrats led Senate 57-43 and House

259-1761. blocking investigation of Watergate2. not complying with subpoena for tapes• Nixon quit rather than be impeached