Unit 10. Modal Auxiliaries1

Modal auxiliaries L Hong Tho 1

MODAL AUXILIARIES

(Cc tr ng t ) Cc tr ng t (cn gi l tr ng t hnh thi - xem bng sau) dng b ngha thm cho

ng t chnh v tnh cht, mc , kh nng, hnh thi, ... ca hnh ng. Khng dng km vi tr ng t do, does, did, have, has, had, am, is, are, was, were. Cng khng dng tiu t to trc v sau cc tr ng t. Tr ng t hnh thi khng bin i theo ngi hay theo s (s t v s nhiu nh nhau, ngi th nht, th hai hay th ba cng nh nhau). ng t chnh i sau tr ng t cng khng chia (lun dng nguyn th khng c to).

present tense past tense

will

can

may

shall

must (have to)

would (used to)

could

might

should (ought to) (had better)

(had to)

Cc t t trong ngoc l cc ng t bn hnh thi. Chng c vai tr v ngha ging nh cc tr ng t hnh thi nhng v ng php th khng ging, bi v chng bin i theo ngi v s. V d v cch dng tr ng t:

I can swim; she can swim, too. (khng chia theo ngi)

He can swim. (Khng dng: He cans swim hoc He can swims) They will leave now. (Khng dng: They will leaving now hoc They will can leave now.) They have to go now.

He has to go now. (chia theo ngi).

1. Cu ph nh dng tr ng t Trong cu ph nh, thm not vo sau tr ng t, trc ng t chnh:

Ex: John will leave now. => John will not leave now.

He can swim => He can not swim.

Ch khi vit tt: will not => won't; must not => musn't; would not => wouldn't; could not => couldn't; can not => can't.

2. Cu nghi vn dng tr ng t Trong cu hi, t tr ng t u cu:

Ex: John will leave now. => Will he leave now? Yes, he will/ No, he won't

3. Cch s dng could/may/might: Ch kh nng c th xy ra hin ti nhng ngi ni khng dm chc. (C 3 tr ng t u

c gi tr nh nhau). Ex: It might rain tomorrow. = It may rain tomorrow. = It could rain tomorrow.

= It will possibly rain tomorrow = Maybe it will rain tomorrow.

Ch maybe l s kt hp ca c may v be nhng n l mt t v khng phi l tr ng t. N l mt ph t, c ngha nh perhap (c l) 4. Cch s dng Should:

(1) din t mt li khuyn, s gi , s bt buc (nhng khng mnh). Ex: He should study tonight.

One should do exercise daily.

You should go on a diet.

She should see a doctor about her pain.

(2) Din t ngi ni mong mun iu g s xy ra. (Expectation) Ex: It should rain tomorrow. (= I expect it to rain tomorrow)

My check should arrive next week. (= I expect it to arrive next week)

Cc cm t had better, ought to, be supposed to u c ngha tng ng (vi iu kin ng t be trong be supposed to phi chia thi hin ti).


Ex: John ought to study tonight.= John is supposed to study tonight.= John had better study tonight.

5. Cch s dng Must (1) C ngha phi: mang ngha hon ton bt buc (mnh hn should). Vi should (nn),

nhn vt c th la chn c thc hin hnh ng hay khng nhng vi must (phi), h khng c quyn la chn. Ex: George must call his insurance agent today.

A car must have gasoline to run.

A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescripton that are filled.

(Dc s phi gi li bn sao n thuc c bc s k - khi bn thuc cho bnh nhn) An attorney must pass an examination before practicing law.

(Lut s phi qua mt k kim tra trc khi hnh ngh) (2) C ngha hn l, chc : ch mt kt lun logic da trn nhng hin tng xy ra.

Ex: John's lights are out. He must be asleep. (n phng John tt. Anh ta chc ng) The grass is wet. It must be raining.

6. Cch s dng have to - Ngi ta dng have to thay cho must vi ngha bt buc (ngha 1). Qu kh ca n l had

to, tng lai l will have to. Ch rng have to khng phi l mt tr ng t nhng n mang ngha ging nh tr ng t hnh thi must. Ex: We will have to take an exam next week.

George has to call his insurance agent today.

- din t mt ngha v trong qu kh, phi dng had to ch khng c dng must. Ex: George had to call his insurance agent yesterday.

Mrs.Kinsey had to pass an examination before she could practice law.

- Trong cu hi, have to thng c dng thay cho must hi xem bn thn ngi hi bt buc phi lm g hoc din t s bt buc do khch quan em li. Ex: Guest: Do I have to leave a deposit? (Ti c phi t cc khng) Receptionist: No, you needn't. But you have to leave your I.D card. I'm sorry but that's the

way it is.

- Trong vn ni, ngi ta dng have got to, cng c ngha nh have to. Ex: He has got to go to the office tonight.

- c bit, dng nhn mnh cc trng hp c bit: Ex: I have to work everyday except Sunday. But I don't have got to work a full day on Saturday.

7. Dng tr ng t din t tnh hung qu kh (modal + perfective) 7.1 Could, may, might + have + V(3/ed) = c l Din t mt kh nng c th xy ra qu kh song ngi ni khng dm chc.

Ex: It may have rained last night, but I'm not sure.

He could have forgotten the ticket for the concert last night.

I didn't hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.

The cause of death could have been bacteria.

John migh have gone to the movies yesterday.

7.2 Should have + V(3/ed) = L ra phi, l ra nn Ch mt vic l ra phi xy ra trong qu kh nhng v l do no li khng xy ra.

Ex: Maria shouldn't have called John last night. (She did call him)

John should have gone to the post office this morning.

The policeman should have made a report about the burglary.

Chng ta cng c th dng cm t was/were supposed to + [verb in simple form] thay cho should + perfective.

Ex: John was supposed to go to the post office this morning.

The policeman was supposed to make a report about the burglary.

(Anh ta khng lp bin bn v trm)

7.3 Must have + V(3/ed) = chc l , hn l


Ch mt kt lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c xy ra qu kh (ngha 2 ca must phn trn). Ch rng khng bao gi dng cu trc ny vi ngha 1. Ch c dng had to hoc should + perfective hoc be supposed to khi din t mt trch nhim bt buc qu kh. Ex: The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.

(It probably rained last night)

Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied hard.

I didn't hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house

8. Cch dng should trong mt s trng hp c th khc - Din t kt qu ca mt yu t tng tng: S

Ex: If I was asked to work on Sunday I should resign.

- Dng trong mnh c that sau nhng tnh t ch trng thi nh anxious/ sorry/ concerned/ happy/ delighted...: Ly lm ... rng/ ly lm ...v Ex: I'm anxious that she should be well cared for. (Ti lo lng rng liu c y c c sn sc tt khng)

We are sorry that you should feel uncomfortable. (Chng ti ly lm tic v anh thy khng c thoi mi) That you should speak to him like that is quite astonishing

(Ci cch m anh ni vi anh y nh vy qu l ng ngc nhin). - Dng vi if/in case ch mt iu kh c th xy ra, ngi ta a ra kin ch phng

nga. Ex: If you should change your mind, please let me know.

In case he should have forgotten to go to the airport, nobody will be there to meet her.

(Ng nh ng y qun ra sn bay, th s khng c ai n c ta mt) - Dng sau so that/ in order that ch mc ch (Thay cho would/ could)

Ex: He put the cases in the car so that he should be able to make an early start.

She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand.

- Dng trong li yu cu lch s Ex: I should like to make a phone call, if possible. (ti xin php gi in thoi nu ti c th)

- Dng vi imagine/ say/ think... a ra li ngh: Thit tng, cho l Ex: I should imagine it will take about 3 hours. (Ti thit tng cng vic s tn mt 3 gi ng h y).

I should say she's over 40. (Ti cho l b ta ngoi 40) - Dng trong cu hi din t s nghi ng, thiu chc chn

Ex: How should I know? (Lm sao ti bit c kia ch) Why should he thinks that? (sao n li ngh nh vy ch)

- Dng vi cc i t nghi vn nh what/ where/ who din t s ngc nhin, thng dng vi "But". Ex: I was thinking of going to see John when who should appear but John himself.

(Ti ang tnh l n thm John th ngi xut hin li chnh l anh y) What should I find but an enormous spider

(Ci m ti nhn thy li chnh l mt con nhn khng l) NOTES:

Sau tr ng t hnh thi khng bao gi c cc dng [verb-ing], [verb+s], [to + verb] hay thi qu kh ca ng t. Ch c hai cch s dng tr ng t hnh thi:

(1) modal + Vo [simple form of verb]: would be, can go, will have, must see, ...

(2) modal + have + V3(ed) [verb in past participle]: could have gone, would have been,..

Tt nhin trong cch (2), t have chnh l ng t nguyn th khng c to; khng c thay th n bng has hay had.


EXERCISE 1

I. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that bests completes each sentence.

1. You've been working non-stop for ten hours. You _____ be really; tired.

A. should B. must C. would rather D. ought to

2. The fortune-teller predicted that _____ inherit a big fortune before the end of this year.

A. will B. she will C. would D. she would

3. I'm feeling very tired this morning. I _____ have stayed up late last night.

A. couldn't B. shouldn't C. mustn't D. to stopping

4. You'd better _____ working so hard.

A. stop B. to stop C. stopped D. to stopping

5. He helped her, but it was not necessary. He needn't _____ her.

A. help B. to help C. be helping D. have helped

6. " _____ you like to playa game of tennis?" "I'd love to."

A. Could B. Will C. Do D. Would

7. His letter is full of mistakes. He_____ the mistakes carefully before sending it.

A. must have checked B. should have checked

C. could have checked D. can have checked

8. "I bought two bottles of milk." " You _____ have bought milk; we have heaps of it in the house."

A. couldn't B. needn't C. mustn't D. hadn't

9. "I left my bike here and now it's gone." "Someone _____ borrowed it."

A. must have B. should have C. couldn't have D. needn't have

10. "Do you remember reading about it in the newspapers?""No, I _____ abroad at the time."

A. must have been B. must be C. should be D. should have been

11. "The door was open." "It ____been open. I had looked it myself and the key was in my pocket."

A. mustn't have B. must have C. can't have D. shouldn't have

12. The man was found unconscious at the foot of the cliff. He _____ have fallen 200 meters.

A. needn't B. must C. should D. mustn't

13. "I heard their phone ringing." "You _____ phone ringing. They don't have a phone."

A. couldn't B. shouldn't C. mustn't D. needn't

14. When I've passed my driving test, I _____ hire a car from our local garage.

A. will have B. would be able to C. can be able to D. will be able to

15. When the fog lifts, we _____ where we are.

A. could see B. will be able to see C. must have seen D. are seeing

16. You _____ ring the bell; I have a key.

A. may not B. needn't C. mustn't D. couldn't

17. You _____ drink this: it is poison.

A. must B. needn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't

18. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They __ have sailed from South America

on drafts.

A. might B. must C. should D. had

19. She felt ill and _____ leave early.

A. has to B. must C. had to D. ought

20. I want this letter typed, but you _____ do it today. Tomorrow will do.

A. must B. needn't C. couldn't D. mustn't

21. I _____ $20. $10 would have been enough.

A. didn't need gave B. needn't have given C. should have given D. mustn't have given

22. "Did you hear me come in last night?" "No, I _____ asleep."

A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been

23. When I first went to England, I _____ English, but I _____ it.

A. can read / can't speak B. can read / couldn't speak


C. could read / couldn't speak D. could read / can't speak

24. The car plunged into the river. The driver _____ out but the passengers were droWned.

A. is able to get B. could get C. was able to get D. can get

25. If you had to, _____ you go without food for a week?

A. can B. could C. must D. will

26. I got lost and _____ ask a policeman the way.

A. have to B. must have to C. had to D. would

27. We _____ reheat the pie. We can eat it cold.

A. needn't B. must C. mustn't D. should have

28. We _____ forget to shut the lift gates.

A. should B. must C. mustn't D.needn't

29. The swimmer was very tired but he _____ the shore before he collapsed.

A. was able to reach B. can reach C. could reach D. has reached

30. If a letter comes for me, _____ you please forward it to this address?

A. shall B. could C. must D. should

31. The shops here don't deliver. We _____ carry everything home ourselves.

A. might B. must C. have to D. used

32. If you go to a dentist with a private practice, you _____ pay him quite a lot of money.

A. have to B. must have C. ought D. need

33. You _____ talk to other candidates during the exam.

A. shan't B. mustn't C. needn't D. hadn't better

34. You had better _____ your child so much mOIiey. It may spoil him.

A. not give B. not to give C. to not give D. don't give

35. You can phone me, but I'd rather you _____ it to me bye-mail.

A. to send B. send C. sent D. should send

36. The party yesterday was great fun. I think you _____ come.

A. must B. must have C. shoulp D. should have

37. If you had had the right tools, _____ you have repaired the car engine?

A. will B. should C. can D. could

38. We _____ bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain.

A. have to B. needn't C. must D. mustn't

39. Ifhe knew our address, he _____ come and visit us.

A. may B. can C. might D. shall

40. You _____ drive fast; there is a speed limit here.

A. must B. mustn't C. need to D. ought to

41. I knew the town so I _____ advise him where to go.

A can B. could C. was able to D. could be able to

42. I would rather __ a sleep than out for a walk now.

A to have / go B. have / going C. have / go D. to have / to go

43. He _____ healthy, but he takes little exercise.

A should be B. would be C. will be D. must be

44. Sorry, but the manager went out a minute ago. You _____ five minutes earlier.

A should come B. would come C. should have come D. would have come

45. I __ like to see the manager right now.

A will B. shall C. would D. could

46. You had _____ stay out too late.

A rather B. rather not C. better not D. not better

47. They _____ to build an addition to their hotel to accommodate their many guests.

A ought B. must C. should D. might

48. If you want the time, pick up the receiver and dial 8081; you ___ say anything.

A must B. needn't C. mustn't D. have to


49. Tell him he _____ be here by six. I insist on it.

A shall B. must C. has to D. have to

50. The police were suspicious at first but I _____ convince them that we were innocent.

A can B. could C. will be able to D. was able to

II. Choose the underlined part in each sentence (A, B, C or D) that needs correcting.

1. I'd rather to cook the meal than do the washing up.

A B C D

2. The weather was awful so we couldn't be able to go sailing.

A B C D

3. Frank did very well on the test; he should have studied very hard before it.

A B C D

4. He spoke rather quickly but I could able to understand what he said.

A B C D

5. When I was younger I can run ten kilometers every morning.

A B C D

6. It was very dark, but I can make out a figure moving in front.

A B C D

7. The computer went wrong, but luckily Emma is able to put it right again.

A B C D

8. You don't know where the meeting is, isn't it?

A B C D

9. I haven't got the letter Helen sent me and I wonder if it should have been wrongly delivered.

A B C D

10. Jill mustn't have arrived yet, otherwise she would have phoned me.

A B C D

11. I'm sure I would receive a bonus from the company soon.

A B C D

12. I didn't hear the phone ring; I must be in the garden at the time.

A B C D 13. You shouldn't have seen Jeanne yesterday because she's been on holiday abroad for a week now

A B C D

14. You hadn't better tell anyone this information; it's confidential.

A B C D

15. " Would you like to travel by air?" " No, I'd rather to go by train"

A B C D

16. You had better not to keep anything valuable in your hotel room in case it gets lost

A B C D 17. The law requires that anyone working in restaurants must have a medical check-up twice a year

A B C D

18. If only I hadn't been ill then, I'll have helped you solve the problem.

A B C D

19. We'd better follow the instructions on this packet, wouldn't we?

A B C D

20. I would rather you should stop whistling while I'm talking.

A B C D

EXERCISE 2

1. "When do you think the newspaper will come?" - "It _______ to be here any minute now."

A. must B. have C. ought D. will

2. "Did you stayhome last night?" - ''Yes, but I _______ dancing."

A. would rather go B. would rather have gone C. would go D. would rather gone


3. "Can I borrow twenty dollars?" - "No, you know I _______ lend you money any more."

A. might not B. shouldn't have C. won't D. not going to

4. "What time do you expect your parents?" - "They _______ come around 4:00."

A. are B. ought C. should D.can

5. ''Why are you putting on your coat?" - "I _______ go. It's getting late."

A. had better B. ought C. would D. have

6. "Do you like to play tennis?" - "I _______, but now I prefer golf."

A. used to B. used to do C. used to played D. used to playing

7. ''You're a really fast swimmer." - "When I was younger, I _____ a mile in forty minutes."

A. could swim B. should swim C. may swim D. must swim

8. "Do you want to go to Miami by bus or train?" - "I _______ by train."

A. would rather go B. would rather to go C. prefer go D. would rather have gone

9. "I had to take a taxi home from the party last night." - "Oh, that's too bad. You ______ in my car."

A. could have gone B. could go C. can go D. could gone

10. "Did Jose go downtown by car or by train?"

- "He _______ by train because his car was in the mechanics."

A. must go B. has to go C. had gone D. must have gone

11. "Did you want me to give a message to Lou?"

- ''Yes, would he please _______ some bread at the store?"

A. to get B. getting C. get D. gets

12. Many birds will _______ more than 3,000 miles to reach their winter homes.

A. flying B. fly C. be fly D. flew

13. The pen won't write; it _______ out of ink.

A. must run B. must be running C. must have run D. must have ran

14. The line is busy; someone _______ the telephone now.

A. must be using B. must have used C. must use D. must have been using

15. Bob is absent; he _______ sick again now.

A. must have been B. must be C. must be being D. must being

16. He _______ his job because he seems very happy.

A. would like B. can like C. will like D. must like

17. She told me that she'd rather _______ on the committee.

A. not to serve B. not serving C. not serve D. serving not

18. To check for acidity, one had better _______ litmus paper.

A. use B. using C. to use D. useful

19. Would you please_______.

A. not to smoke B. don't smoke C. not smoking D. not smoke

20. Please _______ Xeros copies of copyrighted material without the permission of the publisher.

A. no make B. not make C. don't make D. not to make

EXERCISE 3

1. Tom is sitting at his desk. He's reading his chemistry text because he has a test tomorrow. He ___

A. could study B. should be studying C. will study D. must be studying

2. When Mr. Lee was younger, he _______ work in the garden for hours, but now he has to take

frequent rests because he has emphysema.

A. has got to B. can C. should be able to D. could

3. Jimmy and Maria were mischievous children. They _______ tricks on their teachers, which

always got them into a lot of trouble.

A. could play B. used to play C. could have played D. may have played

4. Robert has a new car. He _______ it for a very good price. He paid 30 percent less than the

regular retail cost.

A. could buy B. had to buy C. was supposed to buy D. was able to buy

5. "_______ you hand me that pair of scissors, please?" - "Certainly."


A. May B. Shall C.Will D. Should

6. "Larry drove all night to get here for his sister's wedding. He _____exhausted by the time he

arrived." - "He was."

A. ought to be B. could be C. must have been D. will have been

7. " _______ taking me downtown on your way to work this morning." - "Not at all."

A. Can you B. Why don't you C. Would you mind D. Could you please

8. "You haven't eaten anything since yesterday afternoon. You ____be really hungry!" - "I am."

A. might B.will C. can D. must

9. "I left a cookie on the table, but now it's gone. What happened to it?"

"I don't know. One of the chidren _______ it."

A. may have eaten B. could eat C. had to eat D. should have eaten

10. My mother permitted me to go out at night. She said, "You _______ go out tonight."

A. may B. have to C. must D. ought to

11. It is possible that she will come to our party tonight. She _______ come here tonight.

A.need B. may C. should D.will

12. They can type. They _______ type.

A. learn how to B. are able to C. know how to D. both B & C

13. He advised me to take an English course. I _______ take it early.

A. should B. shall C. will D. may

14. I'd rather _______ in the field than _______ home.

A. to work / to stay B. work / stay C. working / staying D. worked / stayed

15. As an orphan, he _______ earn his living alone.

A. have to B. has had to C. ought to D. had to

16. They prayed that their daughter _______ be lucky again.

A. may B. will C. could D. might

17. He _______ all that money, so she could save some.

A. didn't need to spend B. needn't have spent

C. shouldn't spend D. oughtn't to spend

18. He spent all that money last week. He _______ so much.

A. didn't need to spend B. shouldn't spend

C. needn't have spent D. didn't have to spend

19. He had to work hard so that he _______ his family.

A. may support B. supported C. can support D. might support

20. They have plenty of time, so they need not_______.

A. be hurry B. to hurry. C. hurry D. to be hurried

EXERCISE 4

1. You're having a sorethroat. You'd better _______ to the doctor.

A. to go B. went C. go D. going

2. I would rather _______ poor but happy than become rich without happiness.

A. being B.be C. to be D.was

3. Sit down please. _______ a cup of tea? .

A. Do you like B. Do you like to drink C. Would you like D. Will you like

15. Must you come when your neighbour calls? - No, I_______.

A. must not B. mustn't C. don't have to D. must not come

4. May I have 2 tickets, please? _______ two tickets, please?

A. You must give me B. You have got to give me

C. Could I have D. You may give me

5. He will have to stay in hospital. That's what he _______

A. has done B. must do C. must be doing D. must have done

6. Do you have tobuy this hat? No, I _______. It isn't necessary.

A. mustn't B. won't C. needn't D. don't need


7. A man can never have too many ties. It's_______.

A. unable B. impossible C. improbable D. incapable

8. It could not tell the difference between Indian music and jazz.

A. might not B. may not C. mustn't D. wasn't able to

9. This plane could get over the mountains if it rose to 10,000 feet.

This means it _______ over the mountains.

A. would succeed in getting B. got C. was able to get D. had got

10. The plane was then able to rise. This means it _______

A. could rise B. might rise C. might succeed in rising D. rose

11. Byrd knew that he would be able to reach the South Pole. It would be_______.

A. impossible B. necessary C. able D. possible.

12. She ought not _______ him but she did.

A. to tell B. to telling C. tell D. to have told

13. I'd rather you _______ that.

A.do B. don't do C. won't do D. didn't do

14. _______ run so fast?

A. Does he need B. Need he to C. Need he D. Needs he

15. 006 didn't need _______ out of his room in Moscow.

A. go B. to going C. going D. to go

16. I could not _______ it even though I had wanted to do so.

A. had bought B. buy C. buying D. have bought

17. I left my pen in this box, but it isn't there now. Someone _______ it.

A. must have taken B. must take C. had to take D. had taken

18. Mary received 100 dollars from her sister. She ____ the ring she wanted. It only costs 10 dollars.

A. buys B. bought C. had bought D. might have bought

19. I lost my honda last week; I hadn't locked it. You _______ it.

A. should lock B. should have locked C. ought to lock D. could lock

20. In 1900 the world had no deaths from rabies. Scientists _______ the wonderful vaccine.

A. had discovered B. discovered C. must have discovered D. should have discovered

21. Mary received 100 dollars from her sister. She __ the computer she wanted. It costs 200 dollars.

A. wouldn't buy B. hadn't bought C. couldn't have bought D. didn't buy

22. Once Relen failed in her exam. She played too much. She _______ too much.

A. shouldn't have played B. should play C. shouldn't play D. wouldn't have played

23. If I had liked that watch, maybe I _______ bought it.

A. will have B. must have C. would have D. shall have

24. Did my sister tell you that I had been to Dalat?

No, she didn't. But she _______.

A. might have B. could have C. would have D. must have

25. The women of this tribe _______ precious ornaments for salt because they didn't have any salt.

A. have traded B. traded C. would have traded D. could trade

26. I took my only son to the park but he didn't like it. You _______ him to the zoo.

A. should take B. had to take C. took D. should have taken

27. We are now wet. You _______ the raincoats with you.

A. should bring B. should have brought C. must bring D. have to bring

28. The yard is wet. It _______ last night.

A. must rain B. must have rain C. must have rained D. had to rain

EXERCISE 3




















8. "You haven't eaten anything since yesterday afternoon. You ____be really hungry!" - "I am."





























EXERCISE 4







A. Do you like B. Do you like to drink C. Would you like D. Will you like15. Must you

come when your neighbour calls? - No, I_______.
























14. _______ run so fast?
































FOCUS 12B: MODAL VERBS 1

1. "When do you think the newspaper will come?" - "It _______ to be here any minute now."

A. must B. have C. ought D. will

2. "Did you walk home by yourself last night?" - "Yes, I did. But I guess I _______."

A. mustn't have B. may not have C. mustn't D. shouldn't have

3. "Have you ever played bridge?" - ''Yes, we ____ all the time when I was in college."

A. would have played B. should have played C. used to play D. used to do

4. "Did you stayhome last night?" - ''Yes, but I _______ dancing."

A. would rather go B. would rather have gone C. would go D. would rather gone

5. "Are you going camping this weekend?"

''Yes, but I have so much work to do that I _______ stay home."

A. may have B. will C. should D. have to

6. "Did John give you the money he owed you?" -"He said he _______, but he didn't."

A.will B. would C. was planning D. would do

7. "Have you seen Jane?"

"No, but she _______ be at her desk."

A. may B. ought C. would D. can

8. "Can I borrow twenty dollars?" - "No, you know I _______ lend you money any more."

A. might not B. shouldn't have C. won't D. not going to

9. John ______ to finish painting the apartment by tomorrow because the new tenants are moving in.

A. must B.have C. is going D.need

10. "I didn't go to class last night because my car broke down." - ''You ____ mine. I wasn't using it."

A. could borrow B. could have borrowed C. may have borrowed D. may borrow

11. "Why are you so mad?"

- ''You _______ me you weren't coming to dinner. I waited for you for two hours."

A. should tell B. should have told C. should told D. should had told

12. "Why didn't you come to yoga classes last night?" - "Because I ______ for my sister until 9:30."

A. must have babysat B. had to babysit

C. must babysit D. have to babysit.

13. "Relen, will you be at the party tonight?"

''Yes, but I have so much homework to do that I really _______."

A. can't B. won't C. mustn't D. shouldn't

14. "What time do you expect your parents?" - "They _______ come around 4:00."


A. are B. ought C. should D.can

15. "Have you seen Marie?" - "She wasn't feeling well_______ gone home?"

A. She might have B. Might she have C. She might has D. She could

16. "Has Tony's plane landed?" - "No, but it _______ here in a few minutes."

A. may have been B. should have been C. have to be D. ought to be

17. ''Why are you putting on your coat?" - "I _______ go. It's getting late."

A. had better B. ought C. would D. have

18. "Do you like to play tennis?" - "I _______, but now I prefer golf."

A. used to B. used to do C. used to played D. used to playing

19. ''You're a really fast swimmer." - "When I was younger, I _____ a mile in forty minutes."

A. could swim B. should swim C. may swim D. must swim

20. "I can't seem to find my purse."

"_______ it at home?"

A. You might have left B. Might you have left C. You must leave D. Maybe you leave

FOCUS 13B: MODAL VERBS 2

1. "Do you want to go to Miami by bus or train?" - "I _______ by train."

A. would rather go B. would rather to go C. prefer go D. would rather have gone

2. "Are you still going to Florida for vacation?"

- "Yes, but I really _______ because I don't have much money."

A. shouldn't B. can't. C. mustn't D. won't

3. "I'm looking for someone to help me get my car out of the snow."

- "I _______ be glad to help you."

A. can B. should C.will D. have to

4. The weather report says that _______ ten inches of snow tomorrow.

A. maybe there are B. maybe will have C. there may be D. we maybe have

5. "_______ to finish his M.A. degree this year?" - ''Yes, or they will cut off his scholarship."

A. Does John have B. Must John C. Will John D. Shouldn't John

6. "I had to take a taxi home from the party last night." - "Oh, that's too bad. You ______ in my car."

A. could have gone B. could go C. can go D. could gone

7. "Do you think it'll snow much longer?" - "It _______ to end soon."

A. may B. should C. is going D. have

8. "Did Jose go downtown by car or by train?"

- "He _______ by train because his car was in the mechanics."

A. must go B. has to go C. had gone D. must have gone

9. "Did you want me to give a message to Lou?"

- ''Yes, would he please _______ some bread at the store?"

A. to get B. getting C. get D. gets

10. "Do you think the performers will be on time?"

"I don't know yet _______."

A. They might have B. They seem C. They might D. They can

11. By the time a baby has reached his first birthday, he should _______ sit up or even stand up.

A. to be able to B. able to C. to be able D. be able to

12. Many birds will _______ more than 3,000 miles to reach their winter homes.

A. flying B. fly C. be fly D. flew

13. The pen won't write; it _______ out of ink.

A. must run B. must be running C. must have run D. must have ran

14. The line is busy; someone _______ the telephone now.

A. must be using B. must have used C. must use D. must have been using

15. Bob is absent; he _______ sick again now.

A. must have been B. must be C. must be being D. must being


16. He _______ his job because he seems very happy.

A. would like B. can like C. will like D. must like

17. She told me that she'd rather _______ on the committee.

A. not to serve B. not serving C. not serve D. serving not

18. To check for acidity, one had better _______ litmus paper.

A. use B. using C. to use D. useful

19. Would you please_______.

A. not to smoke B. don't smoke C. not smoking D. not smoke

20. Please _______ Xeros copies of copyrighted material without the permission of the publisher.

A. no make B. not make C. don't make D. not to make

FOCUS 2C: MODAL VERBS 1

1. AI painted his bedroom black. It looks dark and dreary. He _______ a different color.

A. had to choose B. should have chosen C. must have chosen D. could have been choosing






4. Whenever my parents went out in the evening, I _______ the job of taking care of my younger

brother.

A. would get B. should get C. must have gotten D. had better get

5. Yesterday I _______ to a furniture store, I bought a new lamp there.

A. could go B. went C. could have gone D. ought to have gone







8. "Did you enjoy the picnic?" - "It was okay, but I'd rather _______ to a movie."

A. go B. be going C. have gone D. went

9. "Why are you so sure that Ann didn't commit the crime she's been accused of committing?"

"She _______ that crime because I was with her, and we were out of town on that day."

A. may not have committed B. wasn't supposed to commit

C. committed D. couldn't have committed

10. "Since we have to be there in a hurry, we _______ take a taxi." - "I agree."

A. had better B. may C. have been used to D. are able to

11. "It _______ rain this evening. Why don't you take an umbrella?"

"That's a good idea. May I borrow yours?"

A. had better B. could be C. must D. might






14. "What are you doing here now? You _______ be here for another three hours."

"I know. We got an early start and it took less time than we expected. I hope you don't mind."

A. couldn't B. might not C. had better not D. aren't supposed to




16. "I locked myself out of my apartment. I didn't know what to do." - ''You _____ your roommate."

A. could have called B. may have called C. would have called D. must have called

17 . "You haven't eaten anything since yesterday afternoon. You ____be really hungry!" - "I am."


18. "How long have you been married?"

- "We _______have been married for twenty-three years on our next anniversary."

A. must B. should C.will D. could

19. "I _______ there at 6. P.M. for the meeting, but my car won't start. Could you please give me a

lift in your car?" - "Sure. Are you ready to go now?"

A. will be B. may be C. supposed to be D. have got to be


































A. Do you like B. Do you like to drink C. Would you like D. Will you like

15. Must you come when your neighbour calls? - No, I_______.


























6. _______ run so fast?































Documents

Unit 10. Modal Auxiliaries1