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Unit 1: The American South & Great West
PowerPoint #2
Essential Questions:
How were the civil and political rights of African Americans changed after Reconstruction – late 1800s?
What problems did southern farmers face and how did they respond?
What led to the rise of the Populist movement, and what effect did it have?
How did African Americans lose freedoms afterReconstruction?
EQ #1. How were the civil and political rights of African
Americans changed after Reconstruction – late 1800s?
1. 13th – Amendment – No Slavery; 14th – born in US – get equal protection under the law; 15th – all men can vote
2. The Ku Klux Klan - intimidation and violence toward African Americans who try to vote or gain political power.
3. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation. BUT ***The Supreme Court, however, ruled in a series of cases decided in 1883 that such decisions were local issues.***
4. Voting was restricted by:• poll taxes
– had to pay a tax• literacy tests
– pass a reading test• grandfather clauses
– could not vote unless your grandfather voted before 1866
• and violence by groups like the KKK.
5. Segregation via Jim Crow lawsbecame the norm.
What was decided in 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson Supreme Court Case?
The constitutionality of segregationist Jim Crow laws was upheld by the Supreme Court.
Separate but EqualIs OK and Does not violate the 14th Amendment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4Wyb7f-iNc 5min
1. Booker T. Washington
Believed that black citizens should build up their own economic resources through hard work, (instead of using those energies to overturn Jim Crow).
How did key leaders protest the treatment of African Americans?
2. Opposite of Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois argued that blacks should demand full and equal rights immediately.
3. Another black leader, Ida B. Wells, devoted her life to the crusade against lynching.
http://www.biography.com/people/ida-b-wells-9527635 two video clips 2min each
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8Qr62pANjc 2min about lynching
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnVt9RvN548 3min W vs D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGOEED_MexI 3min Du Bois bio
EQ#2: What problems did southern farmers face and how did they respond?
Problems:
1. War damage
2. Lack of capital to finance new industry led to dependence on northern bankers.
3. Lack of well trained workers for factory jobs.
4. Most farmers still depended on cash crops and cotton prices dropped after war.
5. Railroads were over charging!
6. Boll Weevils wiped out crops in 1880s.
Responses:
1. Diversified crops
2. Supported new industry
Ex: Textile and Lumber Mills
3. New Railroad lines
4. Created alliances – like the Grange
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5H6iwQGWl4
What was the Grange?
1. An organization for farmers organized in 1867.
◦ Its original purpose was to provide a socialoutlet and an educational forum for isolatedfarm families.
◦But by the 1870s, Grange members spent mostof their time and energy fighting the railroads
◦Their plan was to set up farmers’ cooperativesand teach farmers how to organize andencourage state legislature to regulaterailroads
• The FA worked to negotiate better prices on supplies, freight
charges, and loan rates.
• It also connected farmers in the South and West.
• Included people who sympathized with farmers
• Sent lecturers to farm towns to educate farmers about lower
interest rates on loans and gov’t control over railroads and
banks
• Membership grew to 4 million
• Most were in the Southern Alliance
• About 250,000 were blacks in the Colored Farmers’
National Alliance
What was the Farmers’ Alliance?
1. The Grange gave rise to other organizations, most notably was the
Farmer’s Alliance.
What were the problems with the railroads?
1. Railroad companies were able to overcharge for shipping and storage.
WHY? BECAUSE THERE WAS NO COMPETITION
2. Union Pacific and Central Pacific partook in a merger –◦ since there were no other western railroad companies - they could
charge whatever price they wanted and the farmers had no other option, so they had to pay
3. In addition – grain brokers and merchants met with railroad companies secretly to determine market prices of crops
“The Modern Colossus of Railroads”
Men like Cornelius Vanderbilt took advantage of this system
◦ industrialist who made his fortune in shipping and railroads
What laws helped farmers?Granger Laws1. In 1871 Illinois authorized a commission to “establish maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination”
2. The RRs fight back◦ In 1877 – Case of Munn v. Illinois
◦ Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Granger Laws◦ States won the right to regulate the RRs for the benefit
of farmers and consumers
3. Interstate Commerce Commission – established to regulate RR rates. (But in 1897 Supreme Court ruled that it could not do that.)
EQ #3 What led to the rise of the Populist movement, and what effect did it have?
1. Farmer’s Alliances – Like The Grange in 1867 and it gained a million members. (This is a lot of unhappy farmers!!)
2. The spread of the Farmers’ Alliances led to the formation of the Populist Party (AKA the People’s Party) in 1892. Which called for:a. An income taxb. Govt. ownership of railroadsc. Bank regulationsd. Secret ballotse. Restriction on immigrationf. Election of US Senators by popular voteg. Silver coinage
WHY would a political party made up of farmers support these? What were farmers upset about?
So, why did the Populist Party and farmers want to have
silver coinage along with gold?
More Stable Economy,
Less Inflation
Farmers thought higher
prices would help them
make more money.
1. 1892 - three governors, five senators, and ten congressmen were elected.
How did the Populist Party do in political elections?
2. In 1896, William Jennings Bryan’s speech “A Cross of Gold” pushed “free silver,” moved Democrats to nominate him for President. The Populist Party chose to give him their support.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeTkT5-w5RA 4min
You shall not
press down
upon the
brow of labor
this crown of
thorns; you
shall not
crucify
mankind
upon a cross
of gold."
3. McKinley won against Bryan in 1896 and in 1900.BUT….Many of the reforms sought by the Populists eventually became reality.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
7Lg4vjRY4Ts Ted Ed on Wizard of
OZ
