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EP Grade 5 Science

Animals Information Booklet

Unit 5

Name: ________ Class: _______

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- Unit 5 -

Animals

Section 1: Classifying Organisms

To make organisms easier to study, scientists put them into different groups. This is called

classification. The biggest groups are called kingdoms. Here are the five kingdoms:

Plants Animals Fungi Protists Prokaryotes

Plants can

photosynthesize to

make their food.

Animals need to eat

plants or other

animals.

Fungi sometimes

look like plants but

get their food from other living things.

Protists are

sometimes like very

small animals or plants.

Prokaryotes are the

smallest living things.

Bacteria are in this kingdom.

The five kingdoms are then classified into smaller groups as shown below for an

Eastern Grey Squirrel.

Kingdom (biggest group) Animal Kingdom

Phylum Vertebrates

Class Mammals

Order Rodents

Family Squirrels

Genus Bushy tailed squirrels

Species (Smallest group) Eastern Grey Squirrel

Latin names

Animals have different common names in every country. Here are some names for a cat in

defferent countries: chat, katze, gatz, miu, pussi, pishyakan, muca, billi, kottur, neko, paka,

แมว, katt, kitska or chatul!

The Latin name for a cat is Felis catus. Having a Latin name stops scientists in different

countries from getting confused!

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Section 2: The Animal Kingdom

Scientists classify an organism into the Animal Kingdom when they know it has the

following two features:

It has many cells to make up its body.

It gets its food by eating other organisms.

In the animal kingdom, each animal is classified into a smaller group called a phylum. There

are nine major phyla of animals.

Sponges

Cnidarians

Echinoderms

Flatworms

Roundworms

Segmented Worms

Molluscs

Arthropods

Vertebrates

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Section 3: Vertebrates

Only one of the nine different Phyla of animals have a backbone. These are called

the vertebrate animals and are in the Phylum Chordata.

There are five classes of vertebrate animals:

3.1 Fish

Fish breathe through

gills, and live in water.

Most fish are cold-

blooded and lay eggs,

although sharks give

birth to live young.

3.2 Amphibians

Amphibians are cold-blooded and live both on land (breathing with lungs) and in

water (breathing through gills) at different times.

Three types of amphibians are frogs and toads, salamanders, and caeci lians.

Caecilians are primitive amphibians that resemble earthworms. They are found in

the tropics.

Fish are cold-blooded vertebrates. This giant fish was

caught in Thailand.

Three types of Amphibians:

Frogs and Toads Salamanders Caecilians

Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

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3.3 Reptiles

Reptiles are cold-blooded and

breathe with lungs. They have

scales, and most lay eggs.

Reptiles include snakes, turtles

and tortoises, crocodiles and

alligators, and lizards.

3.4 Birds

Birds are warm-blooded animals with feathers and wings. They lay eggs. Most birds

can fly, although some birds like penguins, emus and ostriches cannot.

3.5 Mammals

Mammals are warm-blooded animals.

When they are babies they drink

their mothers' milk. Most mammals

also have body hair.

Humans are mammals.

Snakes are amphibians. Some snakes are venomous!

Most birds can fly like this hawk. Some birds, like penguins, cannot fly.

Even though they look very different, humans and

dolphins are both mammals.

Most mammals are born live, however

platypus lay eggs.

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Section 4: Invertebrates

Eight of the nine phyla in the Animal Kingdom do not have a backbone. These animals are

called Invertebrates.

The eight invertebrate phyla are:

Sponges

Cnidarians

Echinoderms

Flatworms

Roundworms

Segmented worms

Molluscs

Arthropods

4.1 Sponges (Porifera)

Sponges were the first group of animals to live on Earth. Their Latin name is Porifera.

Habitat: Sponges are very simple animals that live in the same place under water.

Anatomy: What does it look like? Epidermis – the layer of cells that covers the outside

of a sponge. The epidermis has lots of pores (holes).

Holdfast – like roots on a plant this part helps the

sponge attach to rocks.

Osculum – large openings in a sponge through which

water flows out. A sponge may have more than one.

Diet: How do they feed? Water flows through the pores in its epidermis and

into its body. Sponges eat the tiny organisms and

plankton that they filter from the water.

Reproduction: How do they make babies? Most sponges can act as the female or the male in

reproduction. Some sponges reproduce asexually.

This means that a piece of sponge can break off it

and grow into another sponge.

This picture shows the

features of a sponge.

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4.2 Cnidarians (Cnidaria)

Cnidarians are sometimes called

Coelenterates. They are also an old animal group.

Coelenterates have mouths which

take in food from the water and get

rid of waste. They are surrounded by

stinging tentacles, which are long and

separate from the body.

Some coelenterates are jellyfish,

corals, and sea anemones.

4.3 Echinoderms (Echinodermata)

Echinoderms live in seawater and

have external skeletons or a hard

shell on the outside of their body. In

Greek, echinoderm means “spiny skin.”

Echinoderms include starfish, sea urchins and sea cucumbers.

Anatomy: All echinoderms have radial symmetry. This means all body parts radiate from a

central point. They usually has five symmetrical sections around a central point. For example, Starfish have five legs with the mouth in the center.

Most echinoderms have tiny feet that are hollow, like tubes. And all echinoderms have a network of tubes filled with seawater inside their bodies.

There are about 6,500 species of echinoderms living today.

Habitat: Echinoderms live in every ocean of the world. Some species live in warm, tropical waters. Others live in the icy waters of the polar seas. No echinoderms live in fresh water.

Many starfish live in shallow water near shore. Other echinoderms live in deeper waters.

Some live where the water is hundreds of feet deep. Echinoderms spend most of their

adult lives resting on the ocean floor. Some cling to rocks or coral reefs. Others prefer sandy or muddy places.

Jellyfish are Coelenterates

Starfish, sea urchins and sea cucumbers are Echinoderms.

Jellyfish are Coelenterates

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4.4 Worms

All worms have:

Soft bodies (they are invertebrates with no back bone)

A long body with a head end and tail end

No legs

There are three phyla of worms in the Animal Kingdom:

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

Habitat: Many live inside other animals’ bodies. Some live in water.

Anatomy: Flatworms have a flattened shaped body like a leaf.

Diet: Most flatworms are parasites. This means that they get food from living in or on

other animals. They often hurt the other animal. Some are free-living carnivores or

scavengers.

Planarians

Tapeworms

Scavengers.

Live in freshwater habitats.

Can reproduce asexually by splitting their body in half down the middle!

Parasites.

Live inside the digestive system of

animals like dogs and humans.

Flatworms Segmented worms Roundworms

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Roundworms (Nematoda)

Habitat: Roundworms live in salt water, fresh water and the soil. Many of them are

parasites and live inside animals and plants.

Anatomy: Roundworms have a tube shaped body.

Diet: Many roundworms are parasitic. They get their food from other animals and plants

often causing diseases and damage to crops. Other species are decomposers and helpful to

the soil and environment.

Soil roundworm

Hookworm

Decomposer.

Lives in the soil. Parasite.

Lives inside digestive system of animals.

Segmented worms (Annelida)

Habitat: Most segmented worms live in the soil, and other wet habitats.

Anatomy: Segmented worms have a body made of segments (parts). They are the most

advanced type of worms.

Diet: Most segmented worms are decomposers. Some species are carnivores and others

are parasitic feeding off animals.

Earthworm

Leech

Decomposer. Lives in the soil.

Has small hairs called bristles to help

it move through the soil.

Parasite.

Lives in wet places and sucks the

blood of animals.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Roundworm.jpg

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4.5 Mollusks

Mollusks are soft-bodied animals, which often live in hard shells. Mollusks are the second-

largest group of invertebrates, with 50,000 living species.

There are seven classes of Mollusks but we will study just the following three:

Gastropods

Examples: snail, conch and slug.

Habitat: Gastropods can live both in land and aquatic environments.

Anatomy: Gastropods have ONE shell. They have a head, tentacles with eyes and a mouth.

They have one foot to help them move around. There is a small hole on their body for

breathing.

Diet: Gastropods are herbivores. They like to come out to feed on plants at night after it

has rained. It is safer at night and the wet weather helps keep their body moist. When

they have finished they will go to hide in a cool, damp place.

Gastropod Bivalves Cephalopods

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Bivalves Examples: mussle and clam

Habitat: Bivalves live in aquatic

environments. They can close their shell if

the tide goes out and they are left on a dry

beach.

Anatomy: Bivalves have two shells. They

have a siphon to suck in seawater for food

and oxygen. They have no eyes or head.

They have one strong foot that is used to

move,

Diet: Bivalves use their siphon to filter

small food from the water around them.

Cephalopods

Examples: Octopus, squid and cuttlefish.

Habitat: Cephalopods live in aquatic ecosystems. They can move quickly in the water by

shooting water out of their siphon.

Anatomy: Cephalopods have eight feet coming out of their head. They have a siphon on the

head that jets water out to move fast. They can squirt ink to escape from predators. They

have good eyes.

Diet: They are carnivores eating fish, worms, shrimp and other molluscs.

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Dissection of a squid

What is dissection?

Dissection is when scientists cut open a dead animal or plant to learn about the structure

inside. Sometimes we dissect a whole animal and other times just a part of the animal.

What equipment is used in a dissection?

What structures can we see in the body of a squid?

scalpel scissors forceps

The diagram shows the internal and external

anatomy of a squid. When you look inside the

body of the real squid, think about:

What features do humans have too?

What special features it has for living

in water?

How can it catch its food?

How can it escape predators?

How can it reproduce?

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4.6 Arthropods

Arthropods are a group of animals with a segmented body and an external skeleton. A

segmented body means that the body is divided into different parts. An external skeleton

means that the hard part of the body is on the outside.

External skeletons

The advantage of an external skeleton is it

gives protection. The disadvantage of an

external skeleton is it is hard to grow.

When an arthropod grows it has to climb

out of its old skeleton. The new skeleton

will be soft for a few hours, letting the

animal grow.

This is a dangerous time! When the skeleton

is soft the animal might be eaten by a

predator!

Identification of Arthropods

There are five major classes of

Arthropods. In Grade 5 we will study

Insects, Arachnids and Crustaceans.

Insects e.g. cockroaches.

Arachnids e.g. spiders, scorpions and ticks.

Crustaceans e.g. shrimp, crab and lobster.

Chilopods e.g. centipedes.

Diplopods e.g. millipedes.

This is NOT an arthropod

because the body is not

segmented.

This is NOT an arthropod

because the skeleton is on

the inside of the body.

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Insects

The number of insect species is believed to be between six and ten

million. Some insects, such as gerridae (water striders), are able to walk

on the surface of water. Bees, termites and ants live in well organized

social colonies. Most insects hatch from eggs.

Anatomy: Insect bodies have three parts called the

thorax, abdomen and head. Insects have two antennae. Insects have

three pairs of legs.

Examples of Insects

Arachnids

The arachnid family includes spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks and

harvestmen. Spiders are found on every continent of the world except

Antarctica. There are around 40000 different species of spider.

Anatomy: Spiders have 8 legs while insects have 6. Spiders don’t have

antennae while insects do. Most spiders make silk which they use to

create spider webs and capture prey.

Examples of Arachnids

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Most spiders are harmless to humans but a few spider species, such as the black widow, can

bite humans and inject venom. Deaths from spider bites are rare however. Tarantulas are

large and often hairy spiders, the biggest species have been known to kill mice, lizards and

birds.

Crustaceans

Crabs, shrimp, lobsters and barnacles are all crustaceans.

Habitat: They live in saltwater and breathe through gills, just

like fish. Some crustaceans can swim, like crabs and shrimp.

Some can only scuttle along the ocean floor, like the lobster. And the barnacle sticks to a hard spot and never moves at all.

Anatomy: Crustaceans are a group of arthropods with more than 6 legs (usually 10 to 14).

They have many pairs of legs, and their bodies are jointed, like a human’s elbows or knees.

They have 3 body parts and two pairs of antennae for touching, feeling and smelling.

The hermit crab is also a crustacean, but he does not grow his own shell. He has to find

empty shells of other animals to move into when he gets too big for his shell.

Examples of Arachnids

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EP Grade 5 Science

Force and

Pressure Information Booklet

Unit 6

Name: ________ Class: _______

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- Unit 6 -

Force and Pressure

Section 1: What is Force?

Force is anything that makes objects move or change direction. Force is measured in a

unit called newtons (N). Here are some of the many different types of force:

push and pull gravity twist

electrical force magnetic force compression

A good example of force is gravity. The force of gravity pulls

objects together. When an apple falls from a tree or the moon

rotates around the earth, it is gravity causing the movement.

Weight is a measure of how much you are being pulled down by

the gravity of the Earth. Your weight will be different if you

travel to the Moon or another planet because they have

different gravity to the Earth. Weight is measured in newtons.

Mass is the amount of matter something has. It does not change

if you travel in space like weight does. Mass is measured in

grams and kilograms.

On the Moon astronauts have

less weight than on Earth.

Their mass does not change.

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Section 2: What is Pressure?

Pressure is similar to force. Pressure is the measure of force and the area over which the force is applied. It is measured in newtons per square metre (N/m2).

Pressure depends on the amount of force and the size of the area over which the force is

applied.

Less area = more pressure More area = less pressure

Section 3: Density

Density is a measure of how much matter is packed into a certain space.

When your suitcase is empty it is light. When you put all your clothes into the suitcase it

is heavy. The size of the suitcase has NOT changed but the density has.

Empty = less dense Full = more dense

Imagine that your friend is going to push you with the same force.

Your friends ask you if you want to be pushed with:

The needle and the book give the same force but they give very

different pressures.

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The density of something can be measured if you know the mass and volume of something by using

this formula:

Density (g/cm3) = Mass (g) Volume (cm3)

What materials are dense?

Materials that have a lot of air trapped inside have a low density. For example polystyrene,

balloons and ping pong balls have a low density.

Things that are solid and made of materials like rock and metal have a higher density. For

example bricks, stones and coins have a higher density.

Material Density Float or Sink

Polystyrene 0.01 g/cm3 float

Teak wood 0.6 g/cm3 float

Water 1 g/cm3 -

Marble 3 g/cm3 sink

Steel 9 g/cm3 sink

Silver 11 g/cm3 sink

Gold 19 g/cm3 sink

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Section 4: Floating and Sinking

If an object is less dense than water it will float and if it is more dense than water it will sink.

Boats are made of dense materials like steel. Why don’t they sink?

Steel is more dense than water. A solid lump of steel will sink.

But boats have a lot of air trapped inside, so the average density of the boat is less than the density of water.

When the Titanic set sail it was full of air, so its average density was less than water.

But, when the Titanic hit an iceberg, the boat filled up with water. Without the air

trapped inside, the density was too high and the boat sank.

Section 5: Archimedes’ Principle

The person who first explained why things float was Archimedes. He was a Greek Scientist who lived over 2000 years ago.

The King at the time was worried his crown was a fake. Archimedes knew if

the gold was fake the density of the crown would be less than gold. To find

out its density he had to accurately measure its volume.

He made an amazing discovery when he was taking a bath!

When he got into the bath the water spilled over the edge. He

was so excited that he shouted “Eureka!” and jumped out of

his bath to run down the street and tell everyone about his

discovery.

Archimedes realised that when you put an object in water it displaces (pushes out of the way)

some of the water. The volume of the water displaced is the same as the volume of the object.

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Archimedes used this fact to find the

volume of the crown. He calculated

the density and proved that the crown

was not made of pure gold. The person

who made the crown and tricked the

King was executed!

How can Archimedes Principle help us to understand floating and sinking?

Objects sink when the weight of the water they displace is LESS than the weight of the object.

What would happen if these 3 blocks, which are exactly the same size, were placed in water?

polystyrene wood steel

The polystyrene is very light so it only displaces a small volume of water.

The wood is heavier so it displaces more water.

The steel weighs more than the volume of water it displaces so it sinks to the bottom.

steel

water displaced

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Section 6: Floating Force

The weight of the object creates a downward force due to gravity. The displaced water pushes

back against the boat creating an upward force, called the floating force.

Calculating floating force:

gravity

floating

force

gravity

floating

force

Floating

When gravity and the floating

force are balanced, an object

floats.

Sinking

When the force from gravity is

greater than the floating force, an

object sinks.

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Section 7: Air Pressure

Air pressure is the force made by the weight of tiny particles of air (air molecules). Although air

molecules are very small and invisible, they still have weight and take up space.

Air pressure is the result of the weight of air

molecules being pulled towards the Earth by

gravity. Air pressure changes with altitude so

we can experience air pressure when we change

altitude.

Air at sea level is what people are used to. In

fact, we're so used to it that we forget we're

actually feeling air pressure all the time!

Our ears might become painful or ‘pop’ when we travel

in an aeroplane or an elevator.

Since there's a lot of "empty" space between air

molecules, air can be compressed to fit into a smaller area or volume.

When it is compressed air is under high pressure.

How much pressure are you under?

The Earth's air pressure on an area of 1 m2 is about 1,000 kilograms.

That is about the same as having an elephant stand on your head!

Why doesn’t air pressure squash people?

There is air inside people’s bodies too. That air balances the air pressure from outside

so our bodies stay firm and don’t squash!

How is air pressure measured?

Weather forecasters measure air pressure

with a Barometer. A Barometer measures the air pressure at a particular location in

"millibars" (mb).

http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/air_pressure/index.html

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Section 8: Underwater Pressure

Water is nearly 800 times denser (thicker) than air

and it is much heavier.

We can feel water pressure when we swim

underwater. The deeper you go underwater the

higher the pressure becomes.

At 10 m below water surface the water exerts twice the pressure on the body as air at surface level.

As water becomes deeper, the water force

can affect people’s bodies. Ear pain is the

most common problem, caused by an

imbalance between the air inside your ears and the air outside your body.

Increased pressure underwater also affects

how people breathe. When they are in very

deep water, the water pressure compresses

people’s lungs. It is very important for scuba

divers to be very careful about how deep

they dive.

Scuba diving can be great fun. It can also be

dangerous because of the pressure of water.

The famous ship the Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean. It is now on the Ocean floor

3800 meters underwater. If people were able to visit the wreck they would be under 400

times more pressure than air pressure at sea level! This water pressure would squash our

bodies!

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Section 5: Warm-Blooded and Cold-Blooded Animals Animals can be either warm-blooded or cold-blooded. Warm-blooded animals can control their own body temperature. Their bodies use energy to maintain a constant

temperature. Cold-blooded animals cannot control their own body temperature. Their body temperature changes with their surroundings.

5.1 Warm-blooded Animals

Only mammals and birds are warm-blooded.

A warm blooded animal keeps its body

temperature around 30-40 degrees at all times.

When it is hot outside it will pant or sweat to stay cool. When it’s cool outside it will

shiver to keep its muscles moving.

5.2 Cold-blooded Animals

Fish, reptiles, amphibians and all invertebrates are cold-blooded

animals.

Cold-Blooded animals need heat from the sun or water to move. Their

body temperature changes a lot.

If it gets too hot then they need to cool off by finding shade or swimming in water.

If it is cold then they need to try and catch as much heat as possible.

Sweating

Shivering Panting