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Unit 1
ORGANISMSLesson 1
ORGANISMS!!!!!!!
• ALL THE LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP BY CELLS.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• BIOTIC: living things• ABIOTIC: non-living
things.• Levels of organization
is the way structures are organized, in several steps levels or groups.
LEVELS OF BIOLOGIC ORGANIZATION
• Starting at the simplest level, atoms are organized into molecules, which are organized into cells. Cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into body systems, and body systems into individual multicellular organisms. A group of individuals of the same specie is a population. Populations of different species interact to form communities. A community and its abiotic environment form an ecosystem, while all communities of organisms on Earth make up biosphere.
•
ABIOTIC LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
• SUBATOMIC LEVEL• Made up by the
smallest particles of matter, neutrons, protons and electron.
• ATOMIC LEVEL• Made up by atoms,
the basic unit of matter.
• MOLECULAR LEVEL• Made up by
molecules resulting from the union of 2 or more atoms. Ex. H2O
BIOTIC LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
• CELULAR LEVEL• Consists on cells, the
basic unit of living-matter/life. A living thing form by only 1 cell is an unicelular organism.
• MULTICELULAR LEVEL• Group of 2 or more cells
gathered formed up multicelular organisms.
Biotic levels of organization
• Tissue, group of cells.
• Organ, group of tissues.
• System, group of organs.
• Organisms, group of systems.
Lesson 2 SUBLEVELS SUBLEVEL FORMED UP
BY EXAMPLE
Tissue cells Skin
Organ tissues Heart
System organs Respiratory system
Organisms systems A human being
WHAT ARE ORGANISMS MADE OF?
WATER AND SALTS• WATER H2O: carries out
chemical reactions.• In abscence: produces
deshydratation, kidney problems
• SALTS: minerals that take part during chemical reaction.
• In abscence: produces anemia, ostheoporocis, muscular faintness
sugars
• They have an energetic function. Give energy formed at the metabolism process.
• It absences produces deabetes, weakness, faints, shocks, dizziness.
PROTEINS• They are important
part of the cell structure.
• Accelerate metabolism, carry oxygen in blood, carry substances and antibodie against virus and bacterias.
• Absence:produces anemia, low defense
LIPIDS• These are very
different substances, including oils, fats, cholesterol, etc.
• They keep the warmth of body and energy reserve.
• Absence: can produce cold hands and feet and also anemia.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• There are two kind of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. They are made up of many small molecules called nucleotides. Stores genetic information of a cell.
What are the insides of cell like?
• There are types of cells:– Procaryotic: cells
where the nucleus isn´t separated from the rest of the cell.
– Eucaryotic: cells where the nucleus is separated from the rest of the cell.
• Some facts…
– Procaryotic cells do have DNA and RNA, but this genetic info is spread all through the cytoplasm. They are the simplest cells.
– Eucaryotics are complex cell made up by several comparments with different functions called organelles.
EUCARYOTIC CELLS
• ANIMAL CELL • PLANT CELL
Both are Eucaryotic cells, but there are some small differences in their insides…
ANIMAL CELLS•Nucleus
•Cellular Membrane
•Cytoplasm
•Ribosomes
•Endoplasmatic Reticulum
•Mitochondria
•Vacuoles
•Golgi Apparatus
Contains genetic info and controls functions of cell
Holds cell together, protect and controls what gets in or out of the cell
Liquid substance which gives cell its shape, contains dissolved matter.Made up by proteins, produce proteins.
Transport substances (Rough-proteins, Smooth-lipids) along the cell.
Energy is produced through chemical reactions (cellular respiration)
Store substances such as lipids and proteins.
Produces glucose and store bio-molecules.
PLANT CELLS
Plant cells contain the organelles mentioned before for animal cell, however, plant cells also possess special organelles:
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Protects the cell and provides rigidness
Responsible for the cell photosynthesis, that provides cell its own energy
There are others organelles which won’t be mentioned nor studied, but a fact to know is that the only organelle presented only on animal cell and not in plant cells is the Centrosome or Centriole.Now organelles sometimes present in both cells that are use for cell motion are flagella and cilia.
What do cells do during their life span?
• During the either short or long life span of a cell, it passes through 3 processes.– Respiration or nutrition– Interaction– Cellular reproduction
Cellular respiration
• Through it cell obtain material and energy to survive and carry on the activities.– Aerobic: glucose +
oxygen energy+CO2+water
– Anaerobic: glucose energy + lactic acid
– Energy produced from anaerobic respiration is lower than from aerobic respiration.
Cellular interaction
• Cells interact with exterior and with each other.
• Whenever the exterior affects them through STIMULI the reactions traduced are RESPONSES. Responses are usually movements of the cell towards the stimulus (positive) or backwards (negative). This movements are called TAXIS.
• In order to move, cells use various mechanisms, which are movements by:– Cilia– Flagella– Amoeboid– contractions
Cellular reproduction
• The cellular method of reproduction is called MITOSIS, and consists on 5 phases gathered in a cycle:– Interphase – Prophase– Metaphase– Anaphase– Telophase