Unit 1 Material Science SRM 1st year Unit 1 LECTURE NOTE-4

8/18/2019 Unit 1 Material Science SRM 1st year Unit 1 LECTURE NOTE-4

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LECTURE 4

SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS:

NORMAL AND HIGH TEMPERATURE

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

AND APPLICATIONS

15PY102L UNIT 1 LECTURE 4


2/23

SUPERCONDUCTOR

Introduction

Father of Super conductiit! i" H.K!"r#in$% Onn"&'Duc% P%(&i&t #1$11%&

In hi" e'peri(ent" on the propertie" of (eta)" in *enera)and on the e)ectrica) conductiit! #there+! re"i"tiit!% of

,ercur! #-*%&-e o+"ered that. /hen pure (ercur! i" coo)ed. it"

re"i"tiit! ani"hed a+rupt)! at 4&2 & +oe thi" te(perature.the re"i"tiit! i" i((en"ura+)e. /hi)e +e)o/ thi" te(perature

the re"i"tiit! i" er! "(a)) that it i" e""entia))! ero& #ρ i" inthe order of 10−5 oh( c(%&i&e&. at 4&2 . -* i" conerted into a"uperconductor&

This phenomenon of losing resistivity absolutely when

cooled to a sufficiently low temperature is called `super

conductivity’.


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Trn&ition T"!)"rtur" *or+ Critic#

T"!)"rtur"

The temperature at which the transition of a normal

conductor into a superconductor occurs is called as the`Transition temperature or critical temperature [Tc].

+oe Tc3 the "u+"tance i" in the nor(a) "tate. +ut e)o/ Tc 3The "u+"tance i" in the "uper conductin* "tate&

For "e(iconductor" 3Tc arie" fro(. 0& to 1&25 For (eta)" 3Tc arie" fro( 0&5 to $&22 and For a))o!" 3Tc arie" fro( 16&1 to 22&75&



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Resistance of mercury vs temperature

Hi$% T"!)"rtur" Su)"rconductor& *HTS+

-i*h3te(perature "uperconductor" #a++reiated hi*h Tc % area fa(i)! of "uperconductin* (ateria)" containin* copper3o'idep)ane" a" a co((on "tructura) feature& For thi" rea"on. theter( i" often u"ed interchan*ea+)! /ith cuprate "uperconductor"&


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductor


5/23

Thi" feature a))o/" "o(e (ateria)" to "upport

"uperconductiit! at te(perature" a+oe the +oi)in* point of)i8uid nitro*en #99 % & Indeed. the! offer the hi*he"t tran"itionte(perature" of a)) "uperconductor"& The a+i)it! to u"ere)atie)! ine'pen"ie and ea"i)! hand)ed )i8uid nitro*en a" a

coo)ant ha" increa"ed the ran*e ofpractica) app)ication" of "uperconductiit!&

Notations Chemical formula T c (K)

1 2 3 YBa2 Cu

3 O

7 90

Tl-1212 Tl Ba2 CaCu

2 O

7 0

So!" ",!)#"& o- HTS


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_applications_of_superconductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_applications_of_superconductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen


6/23

C%rct"ri&tic& o- HTSC

Superconductor" are characteried +! a (ateria)3dependent (a*netic fie)d H . a+oe /hich the "uperconductin*"tate di"appear"&

The critica) fie)d i" a function of te(perature& )) the-TS (ateria)" are type II superconductors &:hen the app)iedfie)d H < H c1. the (ateria) i" in the "uperconductin* ,ei""ner

"tate /herea" in the (i'ed "tate. the (a*netic fie)d

penetrate" part)! into the (ateria) in the for( of vortices&

T!pe II "uperconductin* (ateria)" hae u"ua))! hi*hercritica) fie)d" than t!pe I "uperconductor" /hich (a;e" the("uita+)e for (an! adanced app)ication"&


http://www.superconductors.org/Type2.htmhttp://www.superconductors.org/terms.htmhttp://www.superconductors.org/terms.htmhttp://www.superconductors.org/Type2.htm


7/23

(a) (b)

Critic# !$n"tic -i"#d & -unction o- t"!)"rtur" -or *+t()" I &u)"rconductor& nd *+ t()" II &u)"rconductor&.

,o"t of the -TS (ateria)" are )a!ered cuprate". i&e&.the! con"i"t of Cu


8/23

I,P The! hae hi*h Tc&> The! hae PER


9/23


10/23

High Temperature Superconductor: YBa2Cu3O7-x


11/23



12/23



13/23

Thi" i" on)! ;no/n "ta+)e four3e)e(ent co(pound /ith a T c a+oe 99 &

Inc)ude" neither to'ic e)e(ent" nor o)ati)e co(pound" Ea"! to (a;e "in*)e3pha"e YC


14/23

The critica) te(perature of YC< i" appro'i(ate)! $0

and the critica) (a*netic fie)d can +e a" hi*h a" 00 T& Forthin3fi)( app)ication". critica) current den"it! # c% i" an

i(portant para(eter and. in the ca"e of YC


15/23

APPLICATIONS O1 SUPERCONDUCTORS

!. "uperconducting Transmission #ines

Since 10G to 15G of *enerated e)ectricit! i"di""ipated in re"i"tie )o""e" in tran"(i""ion )ine". thepro"pect of ero )o"" "uperconductin* tran"(i""ion )ine"

i" appea)in*&Current e'peri(ent" /ith po/er app)ication" of

hi*h3te(perature "uperconductor" focu" on u"e" ofSCC


16/23

$. "uperconducting %otors and &enerators

Superconductin* (otor" and *enerator" cou)d +e(ade /ith a /ei*ht of a+out one tenth that of conentiona)deice" for the "a(e output& Thi" i" the appea) of (a;in*"uch deice" for "pecia)ied app)ication"& ,otor" and

*enerator" are a)read! er! efficient. "o there i" not thepo/er "ain*" a""ociated /ith "uperconductin* (a*net"& It(a! +e po""i+)e to +ui)d er! )ar*e capacit! *enerator" forpo/er p)ant" /here "tructura) "tren*th con"ideration" p)ace)i(it" on conentiona) *enerator"&

'. "uperconducting %agnetic (nergy "torage

Superconductin* (a*netic ener*! "tora*e #S,ES%"tore" e)ectricit! for )on* period" of ti(e in "uperconductiecoi)"& S,ES /i)) +e u"ed +! e)ectrica) uti)itie" "o(e da!&


http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/scmag.htmlhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/scmag.html


17/23

).*omputersIf co(puter" u"ed "uperconductin* part" the!/ou)d +e (uch (ore fa"ter than the co(puter" toda!& The!/ou)d (uch "(a))er +ecau"e no "pace for heat /ou)d +ere8uired& Co(puter" of toda! need a *reat dea) of "pace forcoo)in*&Co(puter" are +ein* dee)oped toda! that u"eHo"eph"on @unction"&

The Ho"ep"on effect "tate" that e)ectron" are a+)e to f)o/acro"" an in"u)atin* +arrier p)aced +et/een t/o

"uperconductin* (ateria)"& Ho"eph"on @unction" hae a thin)a!er of in"u)atin* (ateria)" "8ueeed +et/een"uperconductie (ateria)& Ho"eph"on @unction" re8uire )itt)epo/er to operate. thu" creatin* )e"" heat&


http://www.eapen.com/jacob/superconductors/glossary/josephsonjunction.htmlhttp://www.eapen.com/jacob/superconductors/glossary/josephsonjunction.html


18/23

+. osephson ,evices

eice" +a"ed upon the characteri"tic" of a Ho"eph"on

@unction are a)ua+)e in hi*h "peed circuit"& Ho"eph"on @unction"can +e de"i*ned to "/itch in ti(e" of a fe/ pico"econd"& Their)o/ po/er di""ipation (a;e" the( u"efu) in hi*h3den"it!co(puter circuit" /here re"i"tie heatin* )i(it" the app)ica+i)it!

of conentiona) "/itche"&



19/23

-. "/I, %agnetometer

The "uperconductin* 8uantu( interference deice #SJUI% con"i"t" of t/o "uperconductor" "eparated +! thinin"u)atin* )a!er" to for( t/o para))e) Ho"eph"on @unction"&The deice (a! +e confi*ured a" a (a*neto(eter to detectincredi+)! "(a)) (a*netic fie)d" 33 "(a)) enou*h to (ea"urethe (a*netic fie)d" in )iin* or*ani"("& S8uid" hae +eenu"ed to (ea"ure the (a*netic fie)d" in (ou"e +rain" to te"t/hether there (i*ht +e enou*h (a*neti"( to attri+ute their

nai*ationa) a+i)it! to an interna) co(pa""&

ISL SL

x< GL

SC SC



20/23

Threshol! for "#$%&' 10-1 T

a*netic fiel! of heart' 10-10 T

a*netic fiel! of +rain' 10-13 T

The *reat "en"itiit! of the SJUI deice" i" a""ociated/ith (ea"urin* chan*e" in (a*netic fie)d a""ociated /ithone f)u' 8uantu(

0. "uperconductors in 1%2 Imaging Superconductin* (a*net" find app)ication in (a*netic

re"onance i(a*in* #,RI% of the hu(an +od!& e"ide"re8uirin* "tron* (a*netic fie)d" on the order of a Te")a.(a*netic re"onance i(a*in* re8uire" e'tre(e)! unifor(fie)d" acro"" the "u+@ect and e'tre(e "ta+i)it! oer ti(e&,aintainin* the (a*net coi)" in the "uperconductin* "tatehe)p" to achiee part"3per3(i))ion "pacia) unifor(it! oer a"pace )ar*e enou*h to ho)d a per"on. and pp(Bhour "ta+i)it!

/ith ti(e& 15PY102L UNIT 1 LECTURE 4


21/23

8. 3ault4*urrent #imiters

-i*h fau)t3current" cau"ed +! )i*htnin* "tri;e" are atrou+)e"o(e and e'pen"ie nui"ance in e)ectric po/er *rid"&


22/23

9. Magnetically Levitated TrainPerhap" the (o"t fa(ou" and fa"cinatin* "uperconductin* inention

i" (a*netica))! )eitated train". or M(a*)eM train"& ,a*)e train" haeno /hee)" and friction& The train" f)oat "i)ent)! on a (a*netic fie)d due todia(a*netic +ehaiour&

A superconductor is a perfect diamagnet. Superconducting material expelsmagnetic flux from the interior.

On the surface of a superconductor (T


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M$n"tic##( L"2itt"d Trin&


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Unit 1 Material Science SRM 1st year Unit 1 LECTURE NOTE-4