Upload
vicky-melvin
View
152
Download
16
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
11
AVIONICS-2401AVIONICS-24012008 regulations2008 regulationsVII Sem AEROVII Sem AERO
UNIT -1UNIT -1INTRODUCTION TO AVIONICSINTRODUCTION TO AVIONICS
22
SYLLABUSSYLLABUS
1. Need for Avionics in civil and military aircraft and space systems –
2. Typical avionics sub systems3. Integrated Avionics and Weapon system4. Design approaches and recent
advances5. Application Technologies.
33
Need for Avionics in civil and Need for Avionics in civil and military aircraft and space military aircraft and space
systemssystemsNeed of Avionics in Civil, Military Need of Avionics in Civil, Military
and Space systemsand Space systems
44
1. Need for avionics in Civil Aircraft 1. Need for avionics in Civil Aircraft systemssystems
1) For Flight Control – Computations and flight surfaces control (PWM)
2) For Mission and Management computation3) For Navigating the aircraft – full solution,
AHRS (Altitude and Head Reference System)
4) For getting the magnetic field thru Magnetometer
5) For various Payloads and Data-link Control through extended I/O
55
Need of Avionics in Civil Need of Avionics in Civil AircraftsAircrafts
1. Reduce the crew workload 2. By Avionics in Civil Aircrafts, aircraft
mission carried safely and efficiently.3. By All Weather operation thru avionics
reduce the maintenance cost of aircraft4. Thru Avionics, Air Datas obtained like
altitude, outside temp and pressure
66
Military AircraftsMilitary Aircrafts
• Stealth- F-117 Nighthawk (1980s-2008)• B-2 Spirit "Stealth Bomber,“• F-22 Raptor• F-35 Lightning • F18 Super-cruice Aircraft • A10 Thunderbolt Jet• (Brahmos Supersonic Cruice Missile)
77
NEED FOR AVIONICS FOR MILITARY NEED FOR AVIONICS FOR MILITARY AIR CRAFT-sAIR CRAFT-s
• Avionics in Military Aircrafts for Super cruise, for Reliability, Availability, and room for growth capacity
• Less expensive for a Single Seater fighter than 2 seater fighter with Avionics
• Improved Aircraft Performance• Secure Communication
88
F22 –Integrated Avionic Suite F22 –Integrated Avionic Suite (LOCKHEED MARTIN)(LOCKHEED MARTIN)
99
Need for Avionics in Space Need for Avionics in Space SystemsSystems
• Thru Avionics, Fly-by-wire control systems for vehicle attitude and translation control used
• Thru Avionics, excellent Sensors used around the spacefraft for data acquisition.
• Redundancy system and autopilot are the needs using Avionics in Space systems
• On board computers in satellites for processing.
1010
AVIONICSAVIONICS
Onboard and ground avionics, air Onboard and ground avionics, air traffic managementtraffic management
1111
AVIONICSAVIONICS
1. FLIGHT CONTROL for controlling the flight on its course
2. COCK PIT ELECTRONICS-various types of displays for facilitating the Pilot
3. COMMUNICATION-Pilot to Ground and Pilot to passengers
4. NAVIGATION using VOR and GPS5. RADAR using Transponder in Aircraft and
RADAR at the ground to find altitude, speed and bearing of Aircraft
1212
1313
AvionicsAvionics
Onboard –1. Flight Control Avionics 2. Cockpit avionics, 3. Communication and Navigation avionics, 4. Cabin Avionics and 5. Auxiliary & power systemsGround :1. Air traffic Management Electronics
(ATC)
14141414
Air traffic management from Air traffic management from Chennai toChennai toNew DelhiNew Delhi
1515
1616
Air Traffic ManagementAir Traffic Management
1717
Types of Aircrafts & Types of Aircrafts & MissilesMissiles
Avionic CompaniesAvionic Companies
1818
Avionic GiantsAvionic Giants
• Honeywell USA- for all avionic sub sustems• Bendix & King-US-Radar• Baker Electronics USA-VHF Radio, Cockpit
electronics• Allied Signal, -Radar and navigation system • Rockwell Collins, GE, Rolls Royce USA- for
Aircraft• Thales France-ATC Radar • Garmin-USA-GPS
1919
Aircrafts-CivilianAircrafts-Civilian
• Boeing-737 to 787-Seatle• Airbus-A320 to A380 Toules-France• DC-3,DC-10 (Dooughlas)-California
2020
Aircrafts, MissilesAircrafts, Missiles
• Sparrow by Raytheon USA• Thor Missile-IRBM from Douglas Aircraft
Co• AGM 86-Cruice Missile-Boeing• A-64 Apache-Boeing
2121
Thor Missile(IRBM)2400 KMThor Missile(IRBM)2400 KM
2222
Sparrow-Air to Air MissileSparrow-Air to Air Missile
2323
Avionic Sub SystemsAvionic Sub Systems
7 sub systems with brief 7 sub systems with brief explanationexplanation
2424
Avionic Sub SystemsAvionic Sub Systems
AVIONIC SUBSYSTEMS
3.NavigationSystem Communication2.Flight Control
System6.EngineControl
7.FMS system
1.Air DataSystem
4.CockpitSystem
For Pr. Mach No.
For AircraftStability
For position ofAircraft
LCD Displays Pilot to Grnd,Crew to Passenger
ControllingEngine tempPr.
For Flight planning
2525
Avionic SubsystemsAvionic Subsystems
1. Air Data System-indicating Pr,Altitude,Speed, Mach Number,Statc Air Temp etc
2. Flight Control System-indicating Signals for 3 axes Auto stabilization
3. Navigation System-using DME,VOR, GPS4. Display System-like HUD,HOTAS5. Cabin Inter-Communiication System6. Engine Control system for engine temp, pr.7. Flight Management System-FMS for flight path
2626
1.Air Data System1.Air Data System
1. Indicate Pr,2. Altitude,3. Speed,4. Mach Number,5. Statc Air Temp etc thru a computer
called ADC
2727
Air Data System for Total Air temp ,Air Data System for Total Air temp ,Dynamic Pr, True Air speedDynamic Pr, True Air speed
2828
Air Data ComputerAir Data Computer
2929
2. Flight Control System-Autopilot 2. Flight Control System-Autopilot SystemSystem
1. Means Fly by wire and Fly by Light –two methods in Flight Control system
2. Include automatically controlling flight using auto-pilots Scheme to control heading and altitude and for Autostablization-AFC
3. Limited authority on thrust and flight control surfaces
3030
Flight ControlFlight Control
3131
Flight Control System Flight Control System (Autopilot)(Autopilot)
3232
3. Navigation system3. Navigation system
A. By Very High Frequency Omni directional Range or Distance Measuring Equipment DME
B. By Satellite Based Navigation by MEO Satellites at 1575 MHz Satcom via the Inmarsat satellites using 4 Satellites centralized over the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean-East, and Atlantic Ocean-West for high altitudes
3333
NAVIGATION SYSTEMNAVIGATION SYSTEM
A. Ground Based Navigation using LOS by VOR/DME having B-Nav and P-nav where the track accuracy is within +/- 5 nm and +/-1nmUse VOR for getting the navigation track from many ground stations between Aircraft and ATC through VHF Freq. (108.1 through 117.95 MHz)
B. Satellite Based Navigation by GPS on 1575 MHz
3434
A. VORA. VOR
• A Radio Navigation system for Aircrafts sending VHF AM signal to the Aircraft
• Aircraft derive a Magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR station in relation to Earths North at the time of installation)
• Providing OMNI (VOR) or LOCALIZER (LOC) information with built-in VOR/LOC Converter
• Used with other nav/comms
3535
A. VOR & DMEA. VOR & DME
3636
A. VOR/DME Ground StationA. VOR/DME Ground Station
3737
A. DME in the AircraftA. DME in the Aircraft
3838
A. Air band Receiver FOR VORA. Air band Receiver FOR VOR
3939
GPS NavigationGPS Navigation
• Offering an inexpensive and reliable Navigation to existing navigation techniques for aircraft.
• With GPS, an aircraft's computers can be programmed to fly a direct route to a destination
• GPS saves in fuel and time
4040
GPS NavigationGPS Navigation
4141
GPS Navigation GPS Navigation
• Aircraft position by signals from MEO Satellites high above the Earth
• 3 satellites for fixing aircrafts position• 3 segments; 1. space segment (SS), 2. a
control segment (CS), and 3.user segment• Space Segment for No.of Satellites (12)Control
Segment to track the position of Satellites, (3).User segment (GPS receiver)
4242
Space Segment (12 Visible Sat)Space Segment (12 Visible Sat)
4343
GPS at the cockpitGPS at the cockpit
4444
B. GPS at Aircraft B. GPS at Aircraft
GPS-400W
4545
3. Satellite Based Navigation using 3. Satellite Based Navigation using 12 Satellites( GPS)12 Satellites( GPS)
GPS-400W
4646
4.Display System4.Display System
1. Produce Pre-Flight info2. Giving Navigation Information3. Airframe Data4. Warning Information5. Head up Display and 6. Multifunction Display
4747
5.Communication 5.Communication
4848
5. COMMUNICATION 5. COMMUNICATION
• Communications connecting the flight deck to the ground, and the flight deck to the passengers
• Flight Deck to Ground work on the Air-band of 118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz (Air band Receiver)
• On board communication for Public Address system to the passengers and Aircraft intercom to the crew .
4949
5.Communication system5.Communication system
1. Direct dialling to Aircraft thru INMARSAT or Iridium satellite
2. Voice Activated hands free intercom system with Transmit facility from Pilot to Passengers with PTT for Pilot and Co pilot
3. Music thru Satellite Radio, MP3 or CD player on Stereo
5050
5.Communication system5.Communication system
5151
5. Communication 5. Communication
• Communication system using AIR Band Receiver for contacting ATC and fellow pilots.
• Air band Receiver use 136.000 to 163.975 MHz with 720 COMM channels
• Air Band Radios available @ 14 volt or 28 volt
5252
Air band ReceiverAir band Receiver•118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz
5353
Why Beacon Freq =108.1 MHz on Why Beacon Freq =108.1 MHz on FMFM
• Beacon use VHF thru LOS (line of Sight) using 108.1- 117.95 MHz
• Storms and other weather phenomena cause interference
• 108.1- 117.95 MHz free from Static and interference caused by storms or other weather phenomena
5454
6.Engine Control system6.Engine Control system
• Engine control for Air density, throttle lever position, engine temperature and engine pressure etc.
• providing optimum engine efficiency for a given flight condition with redundant digital panels for Safety.
5555
6. Engine Control System6. Engine Control System
5656
7. Flight Management System7. Flight Management System
5757
7.Flight Management System7.Flight Management System
• Flight Crew enter Flight Data such as Wind conditions, Runway Length, Cruice Altitude to FMS
• FMS computes power settings for various phases of the flight
5858
DescriptionDescription• Giving End-to-end flight planning• Inclue the aircraft track within an accuracy of
three wing-widths and within time of arrival to within 6 seconds in the flight plan.
• Navigation (integration of inertial, radio and GPS sensors)
• Trajectory prediction/optimization • Flight guidance interface (roll, pitch and thrust
commands) • Electronic map interface (horizontal and vertical
flight plan display)
5959
GPS System for GPS System for NavigationNavigation
Basic theory, Orbital positions, Basic theory, Orbital positions, GPS segments, Triangulation, GPS segments, Triangulation,
Advantages of GPSAdvantages of GPS
6060
Garmin GPS RXGarmin GPS RX
6161
Basic Theory Basic Theory • GPS navigation by 24 MEO satellites having
atomic clocks revolving in Polar orbits at an altitude of 20,000 km from earth, having 3 segments as space segment (SS), 2. a control segment (CS), and 3.user segment
• Control segment for controlling the orbit of satellites, Space segment for 24 satellites, 4 slots/satellites, inclined at 55* to the equator
• Some places on earth can see from 6 to 12 satellites
• GPS RX is User Segment
6262
GPS 24 MEO satellites-20,000 kmGPS 24 MEO satellites-20,000 kmin Polar Orbits-55* to Equatorin Polar Orbits-55* to Equator
6363
GPS componentsGPS components
6464
Principle of workingPrinciple of working
• GPS Satellites send signals containing satellites position and time.
• GPS RX receive signals from 4 satellites at any time, measuring the time difference from satellite to the receiver
• Distance to satellite = c x time difference• Knowing the distances of 4 satellites,
position of RX in Long and Lat computed by a process of Triangulation
6565
In DetailIn Detail1. MEO satellites emit high-frequency radio signals and
have atomic clocks set to Greenwich time called ZULU time
2. Received by GPS receiver at the Aircraft, measuring nearest 2 satellites called Acuisition.
3. These signals contain data about exact orbits of the satellites and the time of atomic clocks on the satellites
4. Time taken by the nearest 2 satellites and the aircraft creates a precise triangle informing the pilot his latitude and longitude to within one meter
5. Distance between satellite and RX is computed by Acquisition from the time difference between satellite and received signal d= (c/t) c= 300,000 km/sec
6666
GPS Data-sGPS Data-s
1. Direction of Heading2. Speed of Aircraft3. Aircraft Altitude4. A Map of current location and destination5. Traveled distance6. How long we are travelling7. Estimated time of Arrival
6767
GPS Navigation GPS Navigation
GPS-400W
6868
GPS NavigationGPS Navigation
6969
Advantages of GPSAdvantages of GPS
1. Aircrafts can fly the most direct routes between 2 airports, thus saving fuel and time.
2. Enable the Pilot to keep the aircraft On course3. GPS also provide ground speed and wind4. GPS enable the aircraft for safe landing under
bad weather.5. Under poor visibility, GPS make the airacraft
for even touch down.
7070
Ground Based NavigationGround Based Navigation
• Ground Based System use VOR for getting the navigation track from many ground stations between Aircraft and ATC through VHF Freq. (108.1 through 117.95 MHz)
• Ground Based System give heading when the aircraft remains in the same track envelop
• Ground Based System use line-of-sight.
7171
3. FLIGHT CONTROL3. FLIGHT CONTROL
1. Autopilot scheme to control aircraft in flight consisting of connecting linkage by Mechanical, Hydraulic Electronic (Analog ,Digital)
2. Thunderstorms causes rapid changes in the three-dimensional wind velocity Causes of air disaster called low level windshear. just above ground level.
7272
3. Various Flight Control Schemes3. Various Flight Control Schemes( Honeywel-USA)( Honeywel-USA)
• Boeing 737-providing control and guidance in the pitch and roll axes, and performs warning functions, and automatic pitch trim.
• Boeing 747-Autopilot - Flight Director is an integrated automatic pilot/flight director (A/P - F/D) system in which the system computers are used for autopilot and flight director functions.
7373
Drivers for Civil Transport Drivers for Civil Transport AircraftAircraft
7474
Avionic Drivers in Civil Transport Avionic Drivers in Civil Transport AircraftsAircrafts
1. GPS Technology2. Cost and weight of on-board navigation
equipment-a potential breakthrough in air traffic management
3. integration of satellite positioning with digital map displays simplifies navigation
4. extensive radio navigation infrastructure like LORAN-C, DECCA and maritime radio and visual beacons.
7575
SurvivabilitySurvivability
• Defined as ability of a system or subsystem, equipment, process, or procedure to continue to function after or during a natural or man-made disturbance
7676
VulnerabilityVulnerability
1. Defined as the situation for attack or occurrence of a weak process
2. Vulnerability is inversely related to Survivability
3. Lower the Vulnerability-higher the survivability
7777
Avionic ArchitectureAvionic Architecture
Federated and Integrated Federated and Integrated Architecture, and their distinctionArchitecture, and their distinction
7878
TypesTypes
1. Federated Architecture- having stand alone systems- Hetero-genious system
2. Integrated Architecture- several avionics functionalities combined into a single computer system with different criticality levels-A380
7979
8080
Federated Architecture-Federated Architecture-FeaturesFeatures
1. Simple in architecture2. Loosely-coupled and heterogeneous
architecture as Isolated Black Boxes3. Every function executed independently,
independent of other function4. Minimum error 5. A major drawback of federated architectures
lies in the high risk of massive usage of computing resources
6. Airbus A330 and A340 adopt this kind of architecture.
8181
Federated ArchitectureFederated Architecture• Data conversion at the system leve• Data sent as digital form – called Digital Avionics
Information System-DIAS• Number of data processors required to perform
a variety of functions like navigation, having Low – Bandwidth, stores
• Flight Management and Flight control Systems connected in a Time – Shared Multiplex Highway.
• All these Resources shared at the last link in the information chain – via controls and displays.
8282
8383
Advantages & DisadvantagesAdvantages & Disadvantages• Each application in Federated Architecture have
separate Hardware/Software like Flight Control or Radar as independent black boxes
• Federated Architecture is Robust and Fault Tolerants
• All applications like Display, Flight Control or Radar are physically protected
• Failure in One application does not affect the other
• The Architecure is Costly, consuming high power and highly complex
8484
Integrated Avionic SystemIntegrated Avionic System
Features, Schematic and Features, Schematic and AdvantagesAdvantages
8585
FeaturesFeatures
1. Using Avionic Full Duplex Ethernet AFDX2. Simultaneous display of traffic, terrain,
airspace, airways, airports, navigation aids3. Common Hardware and Software are shared
by Hosted Applications4. Reconfiguration at ground and in flight5. Drop Down Menus & On-screen point and click
functionality
8686
Integrated ArchitectureIntegrated Architecture
AutoPilot DisplayFlight
Mgmt
Actuators Sensors
Open System Interface with 628
Common I/O
Avionics Computer
8787
IMA Architecture in Airbus A380IMA Architecture in Airbus A380
8888
Advantages of Integrated Avionic Advantages of Integrated Avionic SystemSystem
1. Advanced flight deck functions 2. Improved situational awareness to Pilot 3. Increased system flexibility for business and regional
aircrafts.4. Large Liquid Crystal Flat Panel Displays5. Integrated Navigation6. Quick Modification of Flight Plans for sudden change in
weather, Terrain and Air Traffic.7. Control of Cock Pit Info and Display Info8. Integration with subsystems in the aircraft
8989
Integrated Weapon SystemIntegrated Weapon System
• Consisting of AIM-9 air-to-air missile fired with F-22 maneuvering 60 degrees Rolling per second
• All 52 missile tests prior to IOT&E complete • First JDAM separation test complete • successful Gun system tests• Certified Chaff and flare countermeasures
9090
Other features of Integrated Other features of Integrated AvionicsAvionics
• Electronic Warfare• Stores Management System• Inertial Reference System with GPS• Software providing 1.7 million lines of code• Liquid flow through cooling lending to an mean
time between failures (MTBF) of 25,000 hours• Power Supply modules cooled with
polyalphaolefin (PAO) liquid coolant to carry away heat generated by the supplies' power-conversion process
9191
Distinction between IMA & Fed Distinction between IMA & Fed ArchitectureArchitecture
1. Open System2. Line Replacable
Modules3. Common Architecture
and sharing of Data with 628 and 429
4. Use Full Duplex Swithced Network
5. Technology Reuse6. Less Weight and Power7. All applications
accesseds to the Pilot thru 11” LCD display
1. Closed System2. Not Line Replaceble
Modules3. Stand alone
Architecture with ARINC 429 and no sharing of Data
4. Also Use Full Duplex5. No Technology Reuse6. More Weight & power
9292
Design approach and Design approach and Recent AdvancesRecent Advances
Types of approach, present day Types of approach, present day advances in architectureadvances in architecture
9393
Type of ApproachType of ApproachInclude1. Integrated Modular System approach2. Glass Cockpits3. Fault Tolerant System4. Federated & 5. Integrated Architecture
9494
1. Integrated Modular System 1. Integrated Modular System approachapproach
1. By using Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) system increase the efficiency by reducing Space, Weight and Power (SWaP)
• Example:Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner and Airbus’ A380
2. Objective of IMA to combine a number of traditional, stand-alone federated systems into integrated common platforms.
3. IMA increase power efficiency and reduces processor boards, reducing bill of materials (BOM) and number of Line Replaceable Units (LRUs)
9595
Partioning between shedulingPartioning between sheduling
9696
2. Glass Cockpits2. Glass Cockpits
• Glass Cockpit avionics design providing prices often lower than the aggregate sum of all the analog gauges
• This shift allowing smaller aircraft to fly behind modern glass cockpit avionics available in airliners and business jets.
9797
3.Fault Tolerant System3.Fault Tolerant System
• Required to ensure safe operation of digital avionics systems performing flight-critical functions.
• FTS requirements must be documented in a specification of the intended behavior of a system, specifying the tolerances imposed on the various outputs from the system
9898
4.Federated Architecture4.Federated Architecture
9999
5 Integrated Architecture5 Integrated Architecture
• Proposing a system organization where several functions (even of di_erent criticality level) sharing now computing and communication resources. as integrated modular avionics
• MA enables resource savings, thus reasonably limits the global development costs.
• Airbus A380 and Boeing B777 are examples of aircrafts using IMA
100100
IMAIMA
101101
APPLICATION APPLICATION TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
TRENDSTRENDS
102102
RequirementRequirement
1. Flight Engineer should be Type E certified engineer to service and maintain the latest aricrafts
2. For future aircraft and retrofit applications Integrated Modular Architecture being offered.
103103
Application TechnologiesApplication Technologies
1. Use of IMA for future aircrafts, thereby cost, weight, and volume are reduced.
2. Integration of offensive & defensive communication
3. Using Optical Sensors for 3D Wind Profile msmt
4. Optical Fiber Bus 1773 B used for high speed-300 Mbps
5. Using Flat Panel AMLCD in Cockpits.
104104
APPLICATION TECHNOLOGIESAPPLICATION TECHNOLOGIES1. Aircraft Maintenance Engineer “E” for servcing
and maintaining latest avionic eqp2. Expert System Technology3. Integrated Modular Architecture: Making an
avionic Wind Tunnel4. Use Electro Optical Sensors to measure 3 D
wind profiles5. Using High speed Optical fiber for Avionic
applns6. Using AMLCD for glass Cockpit7. Flat Pannel
105105
VORVOR
AIR AND LAND EQUIPMENTAIR AND LAND EQUIPMENT
106106
A. VORA. VOR
• A Radio Navigation system for Aircrafts sending VHF AM signal to the Aircraft
• Aircraft derive a Magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR station in relation to Earths North at the time of installation)
• Providing OMNI (VOR) or LOCALIZER (LOC) information with built-in VOR/LOC Converter
• Used with other nav/comms
107107
A. VOR & DMEA. VOR & DME
108108
A. VOR/DME Ground StationA. VOR/DME Ground Station
109109
1b. Ground Based Nagivation-VOR1b. Ground Based Nagivation-VOR
110110
3. Basic Principle of VOR3. Basic Principle of VOR• VOR work on 108.0 to 117.95 MHz Amplitude
modulated• A Reference Phase 30 Hz signal FM modulated
at 9.9 KHz sub carrier compared Rotating 30Hz AM signal thru an electronic tunable antenna
• Phase angle between the two signal = to the direction from the station to the aircraft, in degrees from local magnetic north-called the Radial
• VOR has Omni Bearing Radial OBR to set the desired course
111111
3. VOR 3. VOR
112112
3, VOR Display3, VOR Display
113113
3. VOR3. VOR• Has 4 parts, A,B,C & D• A= Rotating Course Card, calibrated from 0 to
360°indicating the VOR bearing as the reference to fly TO or FROM; 345° radial away FROM the station =aircraft is north of the Omni station
• B=Omni Bearing Selector to manually rotate the course card.
• C=CDI, or Course Deviation Indicator This needle swings left or right indicating the direction to turn to return to course
• D=The TO-FROM indicatorThis arrow will point up, or towards the nose of the aircraft, when flying TO the VOR station
115115
3. VOR Indicator -Collins3. VOR Indicator -Collins
116116
5.RADAR-Types5.RADAR-Types
• Weather Radar and Search Radar • DME • Transponders • Radio Altimeters • Special Military Radar
117117
5. RADAR5. RADAR
1. Primary Surveillance Radar PSR-reporting Aircraft weather, flocks of birds, stationary objects in the range of 80 NM
2. PSR-transmitting radio pulses and listening for and timing the reflections from the skin or other metal components of aircraft
3. Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) transmits an "interrogation beam" to an airplane transponder- emitting a signal when it is swept by the secondary radar. SSR responding in range of 250 NM
118118
5. PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE 5. PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE RADARRADAR
119119
5. Secondary Surveillance Radar-5. Secondary Surveillance Radar-ASR9ASR9
120120
What is meant by Radar What is meant by Radar StabilizationStabilization
Using an aircraft's vertical gyro (if equipped) to maintain the selected radar antenna beam relative to the horizon-called Radar StabilizationIn a turn, the radar will maintain the selected tilt angle instead of changing in relation to turn
121121
<>
Bendix RDR-150 Radar System (Recon.)
5. BENDIX RADAR
122122
6. Traffic Collision Avoidance 6. Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems-TCASSystems-TCAS
• A System to reduce mid-air collisions between aircraft, monitoring the Air Space around an Aircraft with a Transponder, independent of ATC
• Working with a Transponder either at S or C Band
• TCAS-equipped aircraft "interrogating with all other aircraft in a determined range about their position thru 1.030 GHz and all other craft replying at 1.090 GHz
123123
Traffic Collision Avoidance Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems-TCASSystems-TCAS
• To supplement air traffic control, most large transport aircraft and many smaller ones use a TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System), which can detect the location of nearby aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision.
• To help avoid collision with terrain, (CFIT) aircraft use systems such as ground-proximity warning systems (GPWS), radar altimeter being the key element in GPWS
125125
Collision Avoidance SystemsCollision Avoidance Systems
• For supplementing air traffic control, large transport aircraft and many smaller ones using a TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System),
• TCAS detect the location of nearby aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision.
• For avoiding collision with terrain, (CFIT) aircraft use systems - ground-proximity warning systems (GPWS), radar altimeter ( the key element in GPWS)
126126
TCAS (Honeywell)TCAS (Honeywell)
127127
TCAS-HoneywellTCAS-Honeywell
• Integrated Processor• Capable of upgrading for higher
surveillance• Superior bearing accuracy,• Improved reliability, and • Advanced communication data-link