Unit 1 - Astronomy

Aim: What evidence do we have to support the Big Bang Theory?

In your notebooks, list terms, one for each letter of the alphabet, that relates to astronomy

Unit 1.1

Agenda

• Astronomy A-Z Do Now• What is a theory?• What evidence do we have for the Big Bang

Theory?– Red Shift, Doppler Effect, Cosmic Background

Radiation

• What is the origin of our universe?• What are the structures used to describe a

universe

Assignments

Castle Learning 🡪 Friday 8:11am

Castle Learning

• YOU WILL HAVE A WEEKLY CASTLE LEARNING ASSIGNMENT

• THEY ARE ASSIGNED FRIDAY AFTERNOON

• THEY ARE DUE FRIDAY MORNING, THE NEXT WEEK BY BY 8:11 am

What is a theory?

• Theory - VERY well supported explanation of some aspect of the world

Universe

•Universe means everything that exists in any place. All of the space, matter, and energy

Age of the Universe

• Our universe is believed to be about 13.7 billions years old

Distance between PLANETS and GALAXIES

• Light years – The distance that light travels in one year

• About 9.46 trillion kilometers• video

9.46 trillion km

Big Bang Theory

• States that all matter and energy started out concentrated in a small area

• After the BIG BANG = a gigantic expansion, matter began to organize into particles and atoms

Big Bang Theory

Evidence for Big Bang Theory1. Doppler Effect

•Shifting of wavelengths depending on color and distance

•Red (farther) 🡪 Blue (Shorter)• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4OnBYrbCjY

Evidence for Big Bang Theory

2.Red Shift

🡪The collective light from the stars in all of the galaxies, except for a few, are closer to the red end of the spectrum.

Which colors represent big/small wavelengths?

• The color of light we see is based on wavelength of light

ESRT page 14

• Red shift = Moving AWAY

• Blue shift = Moving CLOSER

Evidence for Big Bang Theory

3.Cosmic Background Radiation

🡪Measureable, leftover energy created from the Big Bang

Structure of Universe

•Galaxies – A collection of gas and

dust held together by gravity–Average galaxy has about 100

billion stars

–There are about 100 billion galaxies

Turn and Talk

Turn to your neighbor and discuss the following question: (make sure you have evidence to back up your claim !)

What piece of evidence is most important to support the Big Bang Theory

• WHY?

Aim: How can we organize all of the characteristics of the universe?

Choose one of following pieces of evidence for the big bang theory and describe it in your own words. Then, turn to a partner and teach them why it is evidence that supports the Big Bang.

1) Red shift 2) Doppler Effect

3) Cosmic Background Radiation

Unit 1.2

Agenda

Period 2 - Galaxies

Plickers

Notes

Activity

Galaxies

• Characterized largely based on shape– Elliptical (football shaped), Irregular, and Spiral

Elliptical Galaxy(Andromeda)

Irregular Galaxy(Starburst)

***Spiral Galaxy***(MILKY WAY)

After Big Bang…

We now have Planets, galaxies, solar systems, and the universe

Try putting these 4 items in order from largest to smallest

Universe

The largest

Composes all matter that we know of

Galaxies

Second largest

Use your notes ! What is a galaxy?

What is the name of our galaxy?

Galaxies – A collection of gas and

dust held together by gravity

***Spiral Galaxy***(MILKY WAY)

Solar System

Third Largest

The sun (star) and all of the planets and other bodies that orbit around it

Planets

Fourth Largest

1) A celestial body that orbits the sun

2) Are round because of gravity

THINK-INK-TALK: How did we get all the stars, planets, and galaxies?

Using the following words, come up with a story about how planets and stars might have formed

So boom (the Big Bang) and then...

• Keywords: Hot gas and dust, stars, planets, nuclear *fusion, gravity

Nebular Hypothesis

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uhy1fucSRQI

Nebular Hypothesis

Created by

1796 French Mathematician

Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace

*Do not need to know this, it MIGHT be the bonus on the first quiz*

Nebular HypothesisStates: The sun and the planets formed from an original nebular of gas and dust

Nebular 🡪A region in space where stars are born

Nebular HypothesisSteps

1- Gas and dust begin to attract one another because of gravity

2-Planetesimals begin to form

*Planetesimals -Small young balls of rock and gas

Nebular Hypothesis

3 -Planetesimals get larger due to gravity collecting more gas and dust

What do we think happens next???

Nebular Hypothesis

• 4 -Planetesimals collide and get larger to create planets

Our Planets in Our Solar System

What do you notice?

Formation of Inner Planets

• Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars

• High Density planets (TERRESTRIAL)

Formation of Outer Planets

• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

• Low Density Planets (JOVIAN)

Why are the high density planets closer to the sun and low density planets farther

away?

• Turn and Talk

• 5 minutes

• Keywords: Density, Gravity

Gravity !

Heavier planets could not move far away from the sun because of gravity

Wrap Up

Answer the following question in your notebook

In your own words, describe how gravity plays a role in the nebular hypothesis

Challenge

The September 11th Light Beams turn on at sunset today and turn off at sunrise tomorrow.

If this is 12 hours of the lights beaming, how far will they travel?

Use the LIGHT YEARS info from yesterday!

Aim: How can we compare different models of the solar system?

2. What difference can you see between the spectral lines in the lab and the distant star?

Unit 1.3

Agenda

-Do Now

-DON’T FORGET CASTLE LEARNING

-Solar System Models

Ptolemy

🡪Created the geocentric model of our solar system

(Earth-Centered)

Geocentric Model

Sun, stars, planets revolved around Earth

Copernicus

🡪Created the heliocentric model of our solar system

(Sun Centered)

Heliocentric Model

Planets revolved around the Sun

Evidence

Galileo Galilei 🡪 Observed 4 moons orbiting Jupiter

*Evidence that objects can and do orbit other planets than Earth*

THINK-INK-PAIR-SHARE

Think - What role did Galileo play in the development of a heliocentric model of the solar system

Ink - Write down your thoughts

Pair- Discuss with your table group

Share - Discuss with the class !

5 minute timer !

Planets Movement

What two types of movement do you see the planets making?

Motions of Planets

Planets spin on an imaginary axis

ROTATION= Spin

(axis = the tilt of the planet)

Earth is tilted 23.5 degrees

Motions of Planets

A PERIOD of rotation is the amount of time it takes for 1 complete spin

How long does it take Earth to complete 1 spin ?

23 Hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds (24 hours)

Motions of Planets

Planets move around the sun (revolution )

How long does it take Earth to complete 1 movement around the sun?

365.26 d (365 days)

ESRT Page 15

EllipseThe shape of the revolution a planet makes (OVAL)

Foci = (2 points inside the orbit)

Eccentricity - How oval the shape is

• Eccentricity = D / L(D= Distance between foci)

(L = length of major axis)

Eccentricity

Eccentricity can only go from 0-1

0 = Perfect Circle

1= Straight Line

0 0.42 0.68

= Distance between foci (D)

= Length of Major Axis (L)

= foci

COPY THIS IN YOUR NOTEBOOKS

How to calculate eccentricity

Wrap - Up

1. What is the eccentricity of an ellipse in which the distance between the foci is 2 centimeters and the length of the major axis is 6 centimeters?

2. What is the eccentricity of an ellipse in which the distance between the foci is 10 centimeters and the length of the major axis is 20 centimeters?

Aim: How can we practice creating orbits to calculate eccentricity?

Unit 1.4

Lab Day Today Lab #2 Orbital

Eccentricity

Aim: How can we analyze a planet’s characteristics?

The distance between foci = 2cm

Length of Major Axis = 10cm

What is the eccentricity?

Is this more/less eccentric than Earth?

Unit 1.5

Agenda

Do Now

Intro to performance task

Notes

Exit-Slip

HOMEWORK TONIGHT

Section 2 Performance Task

Introduction to Performance Task

Unit-Long Project

Worth a FULL TEST grade

Name on Front !

DO NOT LOSE THIS!

You will have classwork and homework in this for the remainder of the unit

Earth 2.0

If the Earth could no longer sustain human life, where could we go?

(Elon Musk Video)

What makes Earth-Habitable?What conditions do we need for life?

Think-Pair-Share

Think - use the space in the performance task to write down your ideas

Pair- Discuss with your table

Share - Share ideas as a class ! (Nearpod)

Solar System Data

Each planet has different characteristics

(orbit, composition, etc…)

ESRT Page 15

Mean Distance from Sun

Average distance from sun (million km)

Period of Revolution

How long it takes for the planet to orbit the sun

Period of Rotation at Equator

How long it takes to spin on it’s axis

Eccentricity

Description of the shape of the orbit

Equatorial Diameter

The distance from one side of the planet to the other

Mass

The amount of matter the planet has

Units ( Earth = 1)

*Double the size of Earth = 2

Density

A measure of how compact the matter of the planet is

Evidence for Rotation

Coriolis Effect - Curving of the paths of Earth’s Wind belt and Ocean Currents

(CURVES RIGHT IN N.HEMISPHERE)

Evidence for Rotation cont.

Foucault Pendulum - Device used to demonstrate ROTATION

The swing seems to change direction throughout the day !

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqpV1236_Q0

Evidence for Revolution

The change in the position of the constellation (group of stars)

Exit-Slip

There are 2 main groups of planets. Which group has a larger density.

Explain how you know.

Aim: How can we analyze the formation of the Earth’s Moon

What is the moon’s eccentricity?

How do you know?

What kind of shape is the moon’s

eccentricity closer to?

(Circle or Line) Explain.

Unit 1.7

Agenda

Do Now

Moon Formation Notes

Think-Pair-Share

Exit-Ticket

HOMEWORK: Part 4 of Performance Task

Moon Formation Video

Write the following questions in your notebook:

1) How do we think the moon formed?

2) Why is the surface covered in craters?

Giant Impact Hypothesis

A 3-step hypothesis that describes the formation of the moon

Giant Impact Hypothesis

Step 1

A Mars-sized object collided with Earth around 4 billion years ago

Giant Impact Hypothesis

Step 2

Due to GRAVITY, the resulting debris began to orbit Earth

Giant Impact Hypothesis

Step 3

The debris eventually joined together to form the moon

Think, Pair, Share

Think (Silently) – What role does GRAVITY and DENSITY play in the formation of the moon?

Pair – Talk to your partner to discuss your theories

Share – Be prepared to share your theories

Gravity

Gravity helps bring the debris blasted from Earth together to start forming the moon

DensityHigher density materials sank to the middle of the moons core

Lower density materials rise to the surface of the moon

Evidence? (Turn and Talk)

What kind of evidence do we think we would need to prove the Giant-Impact Hypothesis?

Evidence

Moon samples show that the Earth and Moon are made out of the same rock materials

Craters

Small depressions (holes) on the surface of the moon

Exit-Ticket

Write your own summary of the Giant-Impact hypothesis. Make sure to include the words gravity and density in your summary.

I will be walking around to check your exit-tickets before you leave today

Aim: How does Earth’s moon affect Earth?

What evidence supports the Giant-Impact Hypothesis?

Unit 1.7

Moon’s Effects

The moon’s most notable effect is on our tides

GRAVITY

The moon’s gravity is the force that affects the tides (Closer = Stronger PULL)

Apogee

The point farthest from Earth (weakest PULL)

Perigee

The point closest to Earth (strongest PULL)

How many high tides and low tides are there in 1 Day?

How many high tides and low tides are there in 1 Day?

2 High Tides

2 Low Tides

How many high tides and low tides are there in 1 Day?

The moon PULLS the oceans on one side of the planet → High Tide

The moon PULLS the Earth and therefore leaves a small space behind where water fills up → High Tide

Lab Day

Lab #3 Tides and Time

Exit-Ticket

Quick Write:

What role does gravity play on the Earth’s tides?

Aim: How can we use data to prove or disprove a pattern in Earth’s tides?

Unit 1.8

Aim: How can we describe the movements of the moon?

Distance between Foci = 5 cmLength of Major Axis = 20cm

Is this more/less eccentric than the Moon?

Unit 1.9

Lunar Phases

A change in the light of the moon as seen from Earth

New Moon

When the moon is completely dark

Full Moon

The moon is completely illuminated

Crescent Moon

1/3 of the moon is illuminated

Quarter Moon

½ of the moon is illuminated

Gibbous Moon

2/3 of the moon is illuminated

Turn and Talk

How can we tell if the moon is getting brighter or darker?

Waxing

Light is on right

The next phase will have MORE light

Waning

Light is on left

The next phase will have LESS light

LIGHT ON RIGHT MOON GROWS

BRIGHT !

Which Moon Phase?

Which Moon Phase?

Full Moon !!

Which Moon Phase?

Which Moon Phase?

Waning Quarter Moon !!

Which Moon Phase?

Which Moon Phase?

Waning CrescentMoon !!

Which Moon Phase?

Which Moon Phase?

Waxing CrescentMoon !!

Which Moon Phase?

Which Moon Phase?

Waning Gibbous Moon !!

Which Moon Phase?

Which Moon Phase?

Waxing GibbousMoon !!

Where do you expect the sun’s location to be?

Where do you expect the sun’s location to be?

Phases

We see the phases AS SEEN FROM EARTH

Which moon phase?

Phases

We see the phases AS SEEN FROM EARTH

Which moon phase? Quarter !

How much of the moon is illuminated from Earth?

How much of the moon is illuminated from Earth?

1/3 is illuminated as seen from Earth

From Earth….2/3 Darkness1/3 LightWhich Moon?

From Earth….2/3 Darkness1/3 LightWhich Moon?

Waning Crescent

Moon Rotation and Revolution

What do you notice about the moon’s rotation and revolution?

Moon Rotation and Revolution

What do you notice about the moon’s rotation and revolution?

They are the same !

*WE ALWAYS SEE THE SAME SIDE OF THE MOON*

Lab #4 Lunar Orbit & Phases

When you receive your lab, please read the introduction silently to yourself

Then, with your group, create an essential question for this lab

(What is the main goal for this lab)

Aim: How can we describe the movements of the moon?

1.Please get into groups of 2

2. Label your plate as follows

Write your names here

Waning Crescent

Waxing Crescent

Wax

ing

Gib

bo

us W

anin

g G

ibb

ou

s

Oreo Do NowWith your partner, create these 4 moon phases

1) Waxing Gibbous

2) Waning Gibbous

3) Waxing Crescent

4) Waning Crescent

*Use the spoon to wipe off icing onto the napkin to show the moon phases.

*On your plate, label each moon phase

*When you are done, grab your lab to finish the analysis

Write your names here

Waning Crescent

Waxing Crescent

Wax

ing

Gib

bo

us W

anin

g G

ibb

ou

s

How to set up your plate

Aim: What is nuclear fusion and how does it affect the sun?

Unit 1.10

Which moon do you see?

Agenda

Do now

Star Notes

TPS

Exit - Ticket

Homework→ Part 3 Performance Task

A star is usually a large ball of gas held together by gravity that releases energy in the form of

electromagnetic waves

Stars

StarsSome stars are very old and

do not emit any radiation

Energy ProductionStars use Nuclear fusion in their cores to

produce their energy

Luminosity and Temp. Diagram(PAGE 15, ESRT)

Luminosity is a measure of how bright a

star is compared to

the sun

Star Types

Main SequenceMake up about 90% of all stars

Most stars spend a majority of their life as a main sequence star

The Sun

A medium-sized (main sequence)

Fuel

Hydrogen !

Our sun uses hydrogen to create helium and energy

Gravity’s Role

Gravity keeps the hot ball of gas together, forming a sphere

Giants

Low temps and High luminosity

Super Giants

High luminosity

Supernova

Super giants usually explode in a tremendous event called a supernova

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKXVmzod-TE

White DwarfsAbout the size of Earth

High Temperatures

Black DwarfsWhen a white dwarf cools and no longer emits

much electromagnetic energy it becomes “dead”

Exit-Ticket

Why is it beneficial to humans that our sun is a main sequence star?

Aim: How can we determine the evolutionary path a star will take?

Unit 1.11

In your groups, discuss the following question:

Why is nuclear fusion necessary for life on Earth?

When ready, type your groups

answer into Nearpod

Agenda

1. Do now – Plickers2. Notes – Star Origin and Evolution3. End of Unit Checklist / Extra Credit

4. Review Homework

Origin of Star – Step 1Gravity causes gas and dust clouds to clump up

Gravity

Gravity

Gravity

Gravity

When big enough, nuclear fusion happens in the core

Origin – Step 2

Star is bornElectromagnetic energy radiates in all directions

Origin – Step 3

Evolution

Evolution depends on mass

Red Supergiant

Supernova

Black Hole

Neutron

White Dwarf

In groups of 2, put the following terms in order !Hint: There are 2 flow charts that start from one term

Small Stars

Large Stars

Stellar Cloud (Gas and Dust)

Red Giant

EvolutionStars with a mass 1.5 times greater than the sun

become neutron stars or black holesStar 🡪 Red Supergiant 🡪 SuperNova 🡪 Neutron Star

or Black Hole

EvolutionStars with a mass less than 1.5 times the sun

Become white and black dwarves

Star 🡪 Red Giant 🡪 White dwarf

Red Supergiant

Supernova

Black Hole

Neutron

White Dwarf

LAST SECOND CHANGES????

Small Stars

Large Stars

Stellar Cloud (Gas and Dust)

Red Giant

Castle Learning

→ Opened today→ Due Sunday night 11:59pm

→ Performance Tasks will be returned to you tomorrow

End of Unit Checklist

Castle Learning Due - October 6th (Sunday)

Extra Credit Review - October 7th (Lunch/After School)

Unit Exam - October 8th

Performance Tasks Due - October 11th

Aim: How can we construct a scientific claim?

Open to section of performance task that says

“Performance Task Template”

a. Decide which planet you will choose

b. Answer #2 (How was the exoplanet detected)

Unit 1.12

Scientific Explanations

Scientific Reasoning

How do the evidence and

scientific concepts link to support them

Jot down some notes by finishing the following sentence for each piece of your evidence…

“The exoplanet (your choice) is worth funding to further investigate because of (evidence) and (Science Concepts)”

Construct Final Explanation

End of Unit Checklist

Castle Learning Due - October 6th (Sunday)

Extra Credit Review - October 7th (Lunch/After School)

Unit Exam - October 8th

Performance Tasks Due - October 11th