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Study Objectives for Unit 1

Animal Behavior

Explain the difference between innate and learned behaviors.

State the connection between evolution and behaviors

Explain the difference between proximate and ultimate causations ofbehavior.

Describe how behaviors in animals are triggered by environmental curesand are vital to reproduction, natural selection & survival.

EX: hibernation, courtship, migration

Explain what is meant by ritual behavior and the evolutionary advantage ofritual behavior.

Distinguish between taxis and kinesis

Identify operant and classical conditioning in a given scenario.

Identify imprinting and fixed action pattern

Suggest why courtship behavior may be necessary prior to mating.

Plant responses

Explain photoperiodism and phototropism in plants.

Explain how plant hormones auxin, ABA, gibberellins and ethylene affectplant growth and development.

Nervous System

State that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system(CNS) and peripheral nerves, and is composed of cells called neurons thatcan carry rapid electrical impulses.

Draw and label a diagram of the structure of a motor neuron.

State that nerve impulses are conducted from receptors to the CNS bysensory neurons, within the CNS by relay neurons, and from the CNS toeffectors by motor neurons.

State that the Schwann cells are separated by gaps of unsheathed axonover which the impulse travels as the signal propagates along the neuron.

Explain neurotransmitters and give examples of stimulatory and inhibitoryneurotransmitters.

Ex: acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, & serotonin

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Describe what happens in our body when certain drugs are induced intoour nervous system & what neurotransmitters are involved.

Note: include marijuana, alcohol, ecstasy, & nicotine

Explain the principles of synaptic transmission.Note: Include the release, diffusion and binding of the neurotransmitter, initiationof an action potential in the post-synaptic membrane, and subsequent removal ofthe neurotransmitter.

State which parts of the brain are in charge of breathing & heartbeat,visual processing & body temperature.

Explain how nervous systems detect external & internal signals, transmitand integrate information, & produce responses.

Endocrine System

State that the endocrine system consists of glands that release hormonesthat are transported in the blood.

State that homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environmentbetween limits, including blood pH, carbon dioxide concentration, bloodglucose concentration, body temperature and water balance.

Note: The internal environment consists of blood and tissue fluid.

Explain that homeostasis involves monitoring levels of variables andcorrecting changes in levels by negative feedback mechanisms.

Explain the control of body temperature, including the transfer of heat inblood, and the roles of the hypothalamus, sweat glands, skin arteriolesand shivering.

Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles ofglucagon, insulin and alpha and beta cells in the pancreatic islets.

Explain what is happening in the body of a diabetic.

Distinguish between type Iand type II diabetes.

List various hormones & their functions-steroid, peptide, and tyrosine derivative

Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together.

Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (folliclestimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), estrogen andprogesterone.

Describe internal & external signals that regulate a variety of physiologicalresponses that synchronize with environmental cycles & cues.

Note: circadian rhythms, jet lag in humans