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Unit 03 - Overview Biological Psychology and Neurotransmission The Nervous and Endocrine System Studying the Brain, and Older Brain Structures The Cerebral Cortex Brain Hemisphere Organization and the Biology of ConsciousnessBrain Hemisphere Organization and the Biology of Consciousness Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual DifferencesBehavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human NatureEvolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature Slide 2 Slide 3 Biology, Behavior and Mind Phrenology (Who?) Biological psychology Biopsychosocial systems Slide 4 Neural Communication Neurons Neuron (Nerve Cells)Neuron Basic unit of the nervous system Slide 5 Neural Communication Neurons Parts of a Neuron Cell Body DendriteDendrite AxonAxon Myelin sheathMyelin sheath Multiple sclerosis Slide 6 Neural Communication Neurons Slide 7 Slide 8 Speed of a neuron impulse Ranges from _______________ Measured in (_____________________) Slide 9 Neural Communication Neurons Action potential Resting potential Selectively permeable Depolarizes Refractory Period Excitatory versus inhibitory Slide 10 Slide 11 Neural Communication Neurons Threshold All or none response Slide 12 Neural Communication How Neurons Communicate Synapse Synaptic gap (synaptic cleft) Neurotransmitters Reuptake Slide 13 How Neurons Communicate Slide 14 Neural Communication How Neurotransmitters Influence Us Acetylcholine (AcH) Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine GABA Glutamate Endorphins Slide 15 Slide 16 Neural Communication How Neurotransmitters Influence Us How Drugs and Other Chemicals Alter Neurotransmission Agonist Antagonists Slide 17 Agonist versus Antagonists Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20 The Nervous System Slide 21 Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS)Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerves Sensory neuronsSensory neurons Motor neuronsMotor neurons InterneuronsInterneurons Slide 22 The Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic nervous systemSympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous system Slide 23 Slide 24 The Nervous System The Central Nervous System Brain and spinal cord Neural networks Slide 25 The Nervous System The Central Nervous System Neural Networks Slide 26 The Nervous System The Central Nervous System Spinal cord ReflexesReflexes Slide 27 The Nervous System The Central Nervous System Simple Reflex Slide 28 The Endocrine System Endocrine system HormonesHormones Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands Epinephrine and norepinephrine Adrenaline and noradrenaline Fight or flight response Pituitary glandPituitary gland Slide 29 Slide 30 Slide 31 The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Heads Examined Lesion Electroencephalogram (EEG) Slide 32 The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Heads Examined CT (Computed Tomography) scan PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) fMRI (Functional MRI) Slide 33 MRI and Schizophrenia Slide 34 Older Brain Structures The Brainstem Brainstem MedullaMedulla Pons Reticular formationReticular formation Slide 35 Older Brain Structures The Thalamus Thalamus All the senses EXCEPT smell Slide 36 Older Brain Structures The Reticular Formation Reticular formation Slide 37 Older Brain Structures The Brainstem Slide 38 Older Brain Structures The Cerebellum Cerebellum Little brain Slide 39 Older Brain Structures The Limbic System Limbic System Hippocampus Slide 40 Older Brain Structures The Limbic System: The Amygdala Amygdala Aggression and fear Slide 41 Older Brain Structures The Limbic System: The Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Influence on the pituitary gland Slide 42 Older Brain Structures The Limbic System: The Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Reward Centers Reward deficiency syndrome Slide 43 Brain Structure Review Slide 44 Slide 45 Slide 46 Slide 47 Structure of the Cortex Slide 48 Introduction Cerebrum Cerebral cortexCerebral cortex Slide 49 Structure of the Cortex Glial cells (glue cells)Glial cells Lobes Frontal lobesFrontal lobes Parietal lobesParietal lobes Occipital lobesOccipital lobes Temporal lobesTemporal lobes Slide 50 Structure of the Cortex Slide 51 Functions of the Cortex Motor Functions Motor Cortex Mapping the Motor Cortex Slide 52 Functions of the Cortex Motor Functions: Brain-Computer Interfaces Slide 53 Functions of the Cortex Sensory Functions Sensory cortex Slide 54 Functions of the Cortex Association Areas Association areas Frontal lobes Prefrontal cortex Phineas Gage Parietal lobes Temporal lobes Slide 55 Areas of the Cortex In Four Mammals Slide 56 The Brains Plasticity Brain Damage PlasticityPlasticity Constraint- induced therapy NeurogenesisNeurogenesis Slide 57 Slide 58 Our Divided Brain Splitting the Brain Vogel and Bogen Corpus-callosumCorpus-callosum Split brainSplit brain Myers and Gazzaniga Slide 59 Our Divided Brain Splitting the Brain Slide 60 Slide 61 Slide 62 Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain Hemispheric Specialization Perceptual tasks Language Sense of self Handedness Slide 63 The Biology of Consciousness Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive neuroscience Slide 64 The Biology of Consciousness Dual Processing: The Two-Track Mind Dual Processing Slide 65 The Biology of Consciousness Dual Processing: The Two-Track Mind Two-Track Mind Visual perception track Visual action track Slide 66 Slide 67 Genes: Our Code for Life Behavior geneticist Heredity versus the environmentenvironment Chromosome Slide 68 Genes: Our Code for Life DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Genes Active (expressed) vs. inactive Genome Slide 69 Twin and Adoption Studies Identical twins (monozygotic)Identical twins Fraternal twins (dizygotic)Fraternal twins Slide 70 Twin and Adoption Studies Identical Versus Fraternal Twins Slide 71 Twin and Adoption Studies Separated Twins U of MN studies on identical twins separated at birth Anecdotal evidence Slide 72 Twin and Adoption Studies Biological Versus Adoptive Relatives Genetic relatives Environmental relatives Slide 73 The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics Molecular genetics Molecular behavior genetics Genetics and diseases Slide 74 Heritability difference among people Slide 75 Gene-Environmental Interaction Genes and experience interactinteract Evocative interactions Epigenetics Slide 76 Slide 77 Natural Selection and Adaptation Evolutionary psychology Natural selectionNatural selection Mutation Adaptation Fitness Slide 78 Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities Behaviors that contribute to survival are found throughout cultures Slide 79 Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities Our Genetic Legacy Genetic traits which helped our ancestor survive may harm us today Slide 80 Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities Evolutionary Psychology Today the Second Darwinian Revolution Slide 81 An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality Gender Differences in Sexuality Studies suggesting men have a stronger tendency towards sex Slide 82 An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality Natural Selection and Mating Preferences Differing preferences in partners Male preferences Female preferences Slide 83 Reflections on Nature and Nurture Backward theorizing Impact of social influence