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1
Unified Server Systems
for
University IT Centers in Afghanistan
Abdul Rahman Vakili ∗
October 29, 2014
2
contents
1 Introduction 6
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.1 IT Centers in Afghan Universites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.2 None Unified IT System, The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.3 Proposing Unified IT System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.4 Considering Afghanistan Needs and Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Unified Server Concept 14
2.1 Why Similar Server Technology for IT Centers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.1 Real Mesh IT Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.2 Successful Establishment of New IT Center . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 Choosing Suitable Server System 17
3.1 Proposed Server Solution, UCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4 Univention Corporate Server 18
4.1 Suitable Features for IT Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Test Framework and Technical Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5 Conclusion 28
6 Appendix 29
∗ Department of Communication and Operating Systems, University of Herat, Afghanistan, In Cooper-ation with TU Berlin, Germany. Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
3
list of figures
Figure 1 Afghan IT Centers in Five governmental Universites . . . . . . . 8
Figure 2 None Unified IT System Server Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 3 Mesh IT Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 4 UCS LDAP directory service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Figure 5 Deploy UCC over Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Figure 6 Join Linux (Mint) to UCS Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 7 Join Windows OS to UCS Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 8 UCS and multiple domain joint OS client Falvours . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 9 Running Mail server in UCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 10 Univention App Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 11 Owncloud in UCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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abstract
This paper proposes a unified server system for university IT centers in Afghanistan.
None existing of unified system has become a challenging concern in case of com-
munication and supports toward development of IT centers as no one has idea of
what is going on at other IT centers. Lack of IT experts is another issue. Therefore,
an open source server from Univention company called Univention Corporate Server
(UCS) is used and tested with most of its features. This product satisfies and fulfills
Afghanistan needs in server side of IT centers.
5
1 introduction
Information Technology has definately proven its clear effects on human every
day life. A lot of inventions, innovations and concepts have arrised in are of IT so that
helped its fast and widespread growth. An interesting point about new technologies
is that apart from geographical territories, natonalities or any other social factors, all
countries soon or later can or will be served by different upcoming technologies.
This means, becuase of many reasons such as communication, business, reputation
and other reasons not only developed and advanced countries can use and benefit
of new technologies but countries that are backward with week economy, unstaible
social, political, academic and any other reasons can soon have access too.
Afghanistan has suffered from decades of war so that has made its developemnt to
become slower. But despite of many problems in this country, along with new tech-
nologies and industrial evolution, Information Technology (IT) has found its place in
universites of Afghanistan. Understanding the necessity of using IT solutions and
technologies in academic organizaions, it worth enough to discuss about any IT re-
lated issues and specially analysing problems of implementing and using IT systems
in efficient manner. Lack of IT experts in Afghanistan has caused many problems on
the way of IT progress and that highlights a clue in this paper to find a solution and a
way to mitigate this shortage. In order to get familiar with some technical terms used
in this paper, I would recommend to refer to the definition of some terms provided
in section 6.
6
1.1 Motivation
Working as system and network administrator in Herat University (HU) since 2005
gave me enough time to study the IT situation of HU and other universites. Unfor-
tunately, there still no good communication and cooperation between IT centers and
administrators of different universites. One of the main reasons and obstacles on the
way is that each IT center has its own network and server setup and therefore other
IT center administrators have no idea about each other systems. In case of future
support and troubleshooting IT centers may not be able to help each other easily. Un-
derstanding this problem, in this paper we will get familiar with IT centers of Afghan
universites and the proposed solution to the mentioned problem.
1.1.1 IT Centers in Afghan Universites
Currently five main IT centers in five governmental universites of Afghanistan [Fig
1] have been established by academic and technical support of ZiiK department of
Technical University of Berlin (TU-Berlin) and financial support of DAAD 1 (The
German Academic Exchange Service) and World Bank. According to the ZiiK report
in TU Berlin, "After the Petersberg Resolution in November 2001, the German Federal
Foreign Office made available funds for the construction and reconstruction of the
higher education system in Afghanistan“ [2, Page 1] . After these funds, following
IT centers that I will be describe in below sections, have been established by help
and support of ZiiK in Afghan universities. I have been involved to the process of
developing concepts and training as an administrator in TU Berlin since 2004. The ten
years experience and working with TU Berlin team and communication with other
system administrators of IT cetners has given me a clear picture of IT centers server
setup and network infrastructure. The network and server system set up in each IT
1 https://www.daad.org/
7
center has been made according to the needs of each IT center and followed by a clear
strcuture and concpet already. But, because of few number of IT experts, their system
has not been used and successful that much.
Figure 1: Afghan IT Centers in Five governmental Universites
itchThe IT Center of Herat university project started in November 2007 and finished
8
in January 2010. ITCH opened in June 2010. For this center 160 PCs, 4 servers,
network equipment and voltage stabilizers have been donated. [2, Page 23]. I have
worked as IT director at ITCH since 2010. In this center Virtualization technologies
are used in order to create and run servers for different services for the PC Pool of
the Center. Xen2 Virtualization technologies are used in server setup and the main
server Operating system is Linux Debian3.
itckThe IT center of Kabul university has been established in December 2002. It
started with 55 PCs, 2 servers, network equipment, power generators and was up-
graded to 90 PCs in 2008 with voltage stabilizers. It is also a national IT education
center in Afghanistan since 2012 [2, Page 6]. Currently, Kabul IT center is running
Debian based servers.
itcbThe IT Center of Balkh university has 60 PCs, 6 servers, network and supplemen-
tary equipment. Its voltage stabilizer has been obtained in Mazar-e-Sharif city. Its
establishment process has been from November 2010 – February 2013. [2, Page 30]
ITCB is running Debian based operating systems and offers basic network services
for the university.
itcqThe IT Center of Qandahar university is newly stablished in period of Novem-
ber 2012 – December 2013. It is has 75 PCs, 4 servers, network and supplementary
equipment and voltage stabilizer. In preriod of July 1 - December 15 , 2014 a network
system administrators training for all five IT centers of Afghan universites is held. As
2 http://www.citrix.de/products/xenserver/overview.html, Date: Sep 21, 2014
3 www.debian.org/index.de.html, Date: Sep 21, 2014
9
a participant of this training I had the chance to visit and talk with ITCQ and other
IT center admins. ITCQ administrators mentioned that they have already setup the
Univention Corporate server which is an open source server.
itcnIT Center of Nangarhar university has 90 PCs, 6 servers, network and supplemen-
tary equipment and voltage stabilizer. Team members from the ITCK were involved
in the setting up the ITCN and provided support and guidance [2, Page 36]. This cen-
ter is running Linux based servers and they use Virtualization techniques to create
and manage their servers.
1.1.2 None Unified IT System, The Problem
IT centers of afghan governmental universites as introduced in section 1.1.1 are equipped
with enough computers, servers and other networking requirements. Looking at their
networking concept and servers, we can easily see that each one has its own server
setup and services. System administrators of any IT center have come to TU univer-
sity in Berlin and already got the required trainings for their own IT system setup
and servers. Even the IT center of Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) has its own
concept and networking design so that it has not yet been connected with any other
IT centers. So, the big concern here is that not even two of the IT centers have a
unified IT system and server setup. This means no idea or no clear picture for other
IT centers of how any other IT center operates or what they do. The same may apply
for any future IT center. As shown in Fig 2, IT center directions are not in the same
way.
10
Figure 2: None Unified IT System Server Setup
11
1.1.3 Proposing Unified IT System
A network and system administrators training 4 was held at the ZiiK of TU Berlin for
all IT centers from July 1 to December 15, 2014. I also attended at this training and in
the same time worked as colleague too. In this training we had a good chance to share
and analyze the current IT centers status. Still, a big issue in all IT centers was that
no center knew what was going on in another center in term of concept, services and
network infrastructure. In this training, all system administrators learned to work
with the same Linux systems and could simply communicate with each other during
the course. This gave me an understanding of the benefits of a system which all IT
centers employ to have same setup at all IT centers. This way we may have a uinfied
IT system at all IT centers.
1.1.4 Considering Afghanistan Needs and Criteria
Considering a technology as server system in order to unifiy server systems for IT
centers in Afghanistan should fullfil followings:
• Afghanistan Week Economy
Proprietary software, close source software 5 and those with expensive licenses
are not good solutions to choose understanding poor economy of Afghanistan.
• Replacement for Expensive Microsfot Servers
Most of software and server solutions prior to open source sofware in Afghanistan
were Microsfot 6 software. All Microsfot based sofware require purchasing li-
censes and rights to use them. This is too expensive for Afghanistan to handle.
So, preferably the server solution might be cheep or quite free of charge to use
4 More info: https://www.ziik.tu-berlin.de/menue/documentation/reports/parameter/5 More info: http://www.pcworld.com/article/243136/open_source_vs_proprietary_software.html6 More info: http://www.microsoft.com
12
and in the same time highly reliable, new technology and confident software to
use.
• Open Source Based Solution
The best server solution for IT centers is to be based of Open source concept 7. It
just requires to observe its general public license (GPL) 8 which are suitable for
current situation of Afghanistan. Its software is free to use, modify and optimize
or customize according to our need and just need to respect its license.
• Active Community and Software Support
The server solution should have powerful community and technical support so
that because of lack of experts in IT centers, in case of any problem or trou-
bleshooting can help administrators.
• Web Based Server Management, GUI
Nowadays most of software and programs have nice graphical interface (GUI)
and even many servers. But it would be much easier and manageable to use a
server solution which can setup, configure and run services all in a nice web in-
terface and has less command line interface (CLI) for not expert administrators
in Afghan IT centers.
• Include and Provide Up to Date IT Software
In order to have an up to date software, we need to choose a software solution
which has active company and community in behind. Updating a software as
it may also include security updates, is one of the most necessity feature of any
software.
7 More info: http://opensource.org/osd.html8 http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0-standalone.html
13
2 unified server concept
Afghanistan has suffered from decades of war so that in many aspects have
been kept backward. Academic and educational systems could not grow or get up-
dated with new science and technologies. These all require a fast and reasonable
rehabilitation of educational systems and specially IT systems. In this regard, in or-
der to speed up the IT centers approaches toward applying new technologies and
setting up the network and server systems, best would be to have a unified server
concept for all IT centers.
2.1 Why Similar Server Technology for IT Centers?
Once we have similar server solution for all IT centers, many achievements and ad-
vantages we can get out of. Some important issues and achievements would be:
2.1.1 Real Mesh IT Support
Mitigating Lack of IT experts and technical staff in Afghan IT centers is another
big concern. It becomes worse even if we have different IT concepts in different IT
centers. Any IT expert who wants to help and do troubleshooting in any other IT
centers than his center, he or she has to spend much time in order to get idea about
running servers and services before be able to support. Either, collaborative system
updates and upgrades, transferring knowledge and experiences would be difficult if
no common concept and server setup exist. By applying similar server setup, can
create a real mesh IT support shown in Fig 3 so that any IT expert can help any other
center in term of technical and troubleshooting supports.
14
Figure 3: Mesh IT Support
2.1.2 Successful Establishment of New IT Center
Same set up procedures and services would be another main advantage of similar
server setup. A challenge for establishment of any new IT center in Afghanistan is
that all its planning and services should have been started from scratch. It would
be more time and resource consuming to install and setup different servers and ser-
vices for each individual center. By using similar server or even same server tech-
nologies, once an IT center is established and running, its setup, configuration and
15
troubleshooting, experiences and procedures can be easily transferred and used to
build and setup any other new IT center very fast and with more confidence.
16
3 choosing suitable server system
There are many server systems and solutions to use for setting up and running
required services in an IT center. To choose a proper and relevant server solution for
current situation of Afghanistan we discuss and categorize in bellow sections.
3.1 Proposed Server Solution, UCS
There are many open source servers that we can use for the goal of this paper. But
one of the best solutions that can satisfy our needs mentioned in section 1.1.4 is an
open source based server system named Univention Corporate Server (UCS). UCS is
described in next section.
17
4 univention corporate server
“Univention Corporate Server (UCS) is an inexpensive and easy way to admin-
ister server applications and entire IT infrastructures. Why? UCS is based on Open
Source infrastructure so it can be implemented with little effort and is also suitable for
the operation of distributed, heterogeneous and virtualized IT infrastructures, regard-
less of whether you use Microsoft Windows, OS-X or Linux systems.” [3, docs-UCS]
4.1 Suitable Features for IT Centers
To fullfil Afghan university IT Centers needs and requirements, UCS has very useful
features. Some of the useful features are listed bellow:
• LDAP and Active Directory Functions
UCS uses LDAP to manage any objects in IT center domain. UCS LDAP is
explained in section 4.2. In the same time UCS can synchronize Active Directory
of Windows Server too.
• Debian Based, Open Source
A very great feature of UCS is that it is Debian based operating system. Hun-
dreds of educational, commecial, non-profit organizaions, governmental organi-
zaions and institutes all over the world are using Debian OS as their running
backend OS and servers. 9
• Platform and Mantufacturer Independent
UCS can be installed in any kind of hardware which provides the requirements
of installation. 10
9 More Info: https://www.debian.org/users/ Date: Sep 27, 2014
10 http://www.univention.com/products/ucs/ Date: Sep 27, 2014
18
• Univention Corporate Client, deploy over Network
A time consuming work for any system administrator is to install many OS on
client machines in a PC Pool. UCS has its own client version (UCC) so that can
be installed and deployed in desktop version or thin client 11. By UCS we can
install any number of client machines over network booting (PXE).
• Includes App Center
Nowadays almost all people use App centers for downloading and installing
any software or applications for their Androids, IPhones, Smartphones, IPads,
Tablets or other advanced mobile technologies. UCS has the great univention
app center 12 with various server solutions and services so that simply can
download and install applictions.
• MS Servers Integration/Migration to UCS
“UCS supports the takeover of user, group and computer objects as well as
Group Policy Objects (GPOs) from a Microsoft Active Directory (AD) domain.
Windows clients do not need to rejoin the domain. ” [4, docs-UCS] UCS has
a nice feature to simply take over the responsibility of a AD DC of Microsoft
Windows Server and have all data transferred to itself and then turn off the
Microsoft server. We can either integrate the UCS and MS Server together and
sychronize them or migrate all our server services to UCS server. This way we
can migrate from properitary software to open source software safely.
11 More info: http://www.thinclients.co.in/thin-client-concept/ Date: Sep 27, 2014
12 Mote Info: www.univention.com/products/ucs/univention-app-center Date: Sep 27, 2014
19
4.2 Test Framework and Technical Realization
UCS and UCC of the univention with all the useful features mentioned in section 4.1
are used and tested in the training course of Afghan university IT cetners administra-
tors in ZiiK department of TU Berlin 13. All system administrators got familiar with
the UCS server system, its features and services. I have provided some snapshots of
useful features that we highly need them in Afghan IT centers in next section. The
test environment is prepared using Virtual Machines (Virtualbox 14). UCS is installed
in one virtual machine as server. The domain name for entire setup is “Afghanitcx.af”
. All services are configured to use this domain for serving the clients requests over
the network.
• UCS utilises OpenLDAP as a directory service server
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) works as a directory service
manager so that we can use it to access all LDAP enabled services for our net-
work setup. It provides a tree structure output of each service. Each node or
part of the tree in LDAP of UCS is called an Object. For example, if we want to
configure computers in our domain, then can click on “Computers” and in right
side we see the options to add a new computer as new object. Other objects like
users, share folder, DHCP , DNS entry, mail and so on are possible to manage
via LDAP directory manager (Fig 4) in UCS. Here all objects are managed via
domain afghanitcx.af.
13 More info: https://www.ziik.tu-berlin.de Date: Sep 27, 2014
14 More Info: https://www.virtualbox.org/
20
Figure 4: UCS LDAP directory service
• Install or deploy UCC client
As an administrator, we have to install and configure all client computers in our
PC Pool. It will be very time consuming if we do it for any computer individ-
ually. Using UCS we are able install a package called “Univention Corporate
Client” and then it will enable us to download a ready desktop image of UCC
from Univention. This image can be altered and we may update and install
some required software required for IT center. We can install our UCC image
for clients and any other modified image that we prepare as desktop or thin
client image in UCS via PXE network boot. This way all computers can be
easily installed centrally by administrators of IT centers. Install and deploying
clients OS via network can mitigate the lack of IT experts so that we will not
need many administrators to setup many computers one by one. As shown in
Fig 5, we can configure a client comupter called WS01 to install our UCC desk-
top imgage (Step 1) and then choose our installation type (Step 2).
21
In picture, in step 2 we can have following options:
– Live system
We can boot our client computer over network and just try the UCC like
live CD. No installation will be performed. This is good for testing and
troubleshooting purpuses.
– Local boot
By this option we say UCC client to boot normally with its local boot and
not PXE boot.
– Image boot without update check
We Just boot UCC but do not look for any updates to install.
– Image boot with update check
When the computer with UCC image boots, it will check if there is any
software updates available via UCS server. This will help a lot in IT center
to manage all clients updates centrally.
– Image boot with repartitioning and image rollout
All administrators in IT centers need is to have fresh installaion of client
computers in PC Pool. Choosing this option, it will partition and install
any client computer that boots from PXE set in their BIOS setup and OS
deployment will happen then automatically.
22
Figure 5: Deploy UCC over Network
• Join other Linux distributions to UCS We can either join any other Linux dis-
tributions to the domain of our UCS. This can let us to use different operating
systems with same domain usernames that we have created already in our IT
center. In Fig 6, Linux mint 15 distribution is joint already to the domin afghan-
itcx.af. This way we can offer any IT center to use UCS server even if they dont
want to change their clients OS.
15 More Info: http://www.linuxmint.com Date: Sep 29, 2014
23
Figure 6: Join Linux (Mint) to UCS Domain
• Joining Windows OS to UCS
Using open source software and operating systems have not being populated in
Afghanistan very much yet. So, we should observe and respect Microsoft users
too. As we see in Fig 7, a windows OS has successfully joint the UCS domain.
Domain users can login to this system with their credentials same as Linux OS.
Figure 7: Join Windows OS to UCS Domain
24
• UCS works with multiple OS Falvours
As shown in Fig 8, different types of Microsoft and Linux OS flavours can join
the UCS domain and work properly in order to prove what we discussed in
section 4.1. Here, I used virtual machines for UCS server, UCC client, Window
client and Linux mint client. All machines are located in one physical computer.
Figure 8: UCS and multiple domain joint OS client Falvours
• Mail server can be run in UCS
Lecturer, students and university staff can use UCS mail server for sending and
receiving mails locally and via Internet. This way we save a lot of bandwidth
as not all emails have to be delivered over Internet. Setting up a mail server
have been most challenging part in server installation and configuration. UCS
is taking care of all mail server installation processes. When we create a new
user in account settings of the user account, can define the user an email address
like: “[email protected]” . Then this user can use his mail account to send
25
and receive mails. I used an email client like thunderbird 16 to write and read
mails. An stable, reliable and expected mail server should be running 24 hours
a day during the year while this is not possible in Afghanistan as it has not
enough and stable electricity. But, as of a saying, “Think about sky to get star”,
we can be sure in case we have better electricity in future, then can use UCS
mail server feature and provide mailing system to the IT center and university
users.
Figure 9: Running Mail server in UCS
• Univention App Center
App center (Fig 10), Is a place to find all available UCS components and exten-
sions as well as a comprehensive selection of software solutions for business IT
areas such as groupware, filesync, CRM and backup. It will offer a nice and
easy to install software packages in GUI mode. App center of UCS gives the
feeling as installing some apps in the Android, Apple or any other new mobile
phones.
16 More inf: https://www.mozilla.org/de/thunderbird/ Date: Oct 09, 2014
26
Figure 10: Univention App Center
• Running cloud in UCS
There are many technologies to save our data on Internet to access them online
anywhere. Technologies like Dropbox 17 , Google Drive 18, Amazon Cloud
19 and many more. But main problem is that all require Internet and not all
services are free to use. A nice service offered by app center of UCS is the cloud
service called “Owncloud” 20 shown in Fig 11. Using owncloud it is possible to
share and access any data over network using the centralized authentication of
UCS.
Figure 11: Owncloud in UCS
17 More Info: https://www.dropbox.com18 More Info: http://drive.google.com/19 More Info: https://www.amazon.de/clouddrive20 More Info: https://owncloud.org Date:Sep 29, 2014
27
5 conclusion
University IT centers and their administrators have good potentiol of learning and us-
ing new IT related technologies. They need to get familiar with network and server
concepts of each other in order to help and support each other. As the aim of this
paper was to suggest a unified IT server setup for all Afghan university IT centers,
setting up and running similar server system in each IT center would make the com-
munication, cooperation and coollaboration possible and somehow mitigates the lack
of IT experts and supports. To use similar server setup for now would be a fast so-
lution to build up all IT centers in academic way. In future, once qualification and
knowledge of administrators improves positively, then each IT center may find their
own way and have separated but standard IT system. The Univention server product
has all necessary features that satisfies Afghanistan needs in IT centers. It is Open
source and can be good replacement to Microsoft servers. Referring section 4.1 we
found that all types of operating systems can work together with UCS. These all as-
sure and give us confidence in successful establishment of new IT center for other
university in Afghanistan.
28
6 appendix
Definition of Terms
In the following section, there are terminologies and technical terms that are used
within the paper contents.
Unified Server System
In this paper, the term Unified means to have similar server system in each IT
center so that will help and assures better server systems and staff communica-
tion in future.
Network Server
A system which can be a sofware or computer hardware that responds to re-
quests of computer workstations in the network. This system manages and
grants accessing to some resources for computer clients in the network.
Server Services
Each Server in the network might serve many services to computer worksta-
tions. Services like, DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) that assigns
IP address automatically to the cmputers in the network, DNS (Domain Name
Server) that resolves computer names to IP addrss and vice versa, Web server
that serves the web site, Mail server for electornic mail transferring, Authenti-
caion server for providing central machanisms for users who log in to the server
and many other services.
Web based Server Management
The servers mentioned in above in “Server Services” part, could be installed
and configured individually in our server hardware. But, it makes it much
easier and efficient to manage services via a web base management page.
29
Central Authentication
A user can login to a computer using local accounts that are alreay in computer
he or she uses. By central authenticaion, users and their credential are being
stored and checked in a central server.
Domain Controller
“A domain controller (DC) is a server that responds to security authentication
requests (logging in, checking permissions, etc.“)21
LDAP Directory ”The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is a directory
service protocol that runs directly over the TCP/IP stack“22 It manages a mech-
anism so that we can connect to, search, and modify Internet directories.
Roaming Profile
It is a mechanism that provides and give access to the network users to their
profiles in a central system. This helps a user to simply sit behind any computer
in the network that offers roaming profile and login to the computer and still
get his or her personal profile over network.
Cloud Computing
”Cloud computing refers to applications and services that run on a distributed
network using virtualized resources and accessed by common Internet proto-
cols and networking standards.“ [1] So it provides a set of shared computing
resources such as applications, computing, storage, networking, development,
deployment platforms together with business processes.
Network based OS Deployment
We can install Operating system (OS) in a coumputer. As a facility we can either
21 http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc786438%28WS.10%29.aspx Date: Sep 12, 2014
22 http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa367036%28v=vs.8%29.aspx Date: Sep 12, 2014
30
install any OS via network into a computer too. One of methods is to install via
PXE 23 (Pre-boot Execution Environemt).
Univention Corporate Server
”The core product is Univention Corporate Server (UCS), a flexible, cost-efficient
and successful alternative to server solutions from Microsoft Univention Corpo-
rate Server (UCS) is an inexpensive and easy way to administer server applica-
tions and entire IT infrastructures.“ 24
Univention Corporate Client
”Is a flexible and cost-effective solution for the operation and administration of
PCs, notebooks and thin clients in companies and institutions.“25
23 More info: http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19045-01/b100x.blade/817-5625-10/Linux_PXE_boot.html24 http://www.univention.com/products/ucs/25 http://www.univention.com/products/ucc/
31
references
[1] Barrie Sosinsky , Cloud Computing Bible, Page: , Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475
Crosspoint Boulevard
[2] Dr. Nazir Peroz, ZiiK-Report Nr. 36, IT Structures for Higher Education in
Afghanistan Projects Overview from 2001 until 2014 ZiiK, TU Berlin, Fakultät IV –
Elektrotechnik und Informatik, Oct 2014
[3] Univention GmbH, http://www.univention.com/products/ucs/, Date: Sep 26,
2014
[4] Univention AD Takeover, Manual for users and administrators, Univention
GmbH, http://docs.univention.de/manual-3.2.html#windows:adtakeover , Date:
Sep 26, 2014
32
