Sabah’s Human Development

Progress and Challenges

United Nations Development Programme

Richard LeeteUN Resident Coordinator for Malaysia

UNDP Resident Representative for Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam

January 7, 2008Kuala Lumpur

Figure 1

Bumiputera76.5%

Chinese21.3%

Others2.2%

non-citizens24.8%

Chinese9.7%

Other Bumiputera

14.6%

Malays12.2%

Bajau13.0%

Murut 3.2%

Kadazan Dusun17.5%Others

4.8%

Population 1970: 653.6 thousand

Population 2005: 3015.2 thousand

Bumiputera 60.7%

Sabah’s population size and composition, 1970 and 2005 Sources of data: Malaysia, Department of Statistics, State/District Data Bank 2005; General Report of the Population Census, Volume 1, 1980

0 20 40 60 80 100

MALAYSIA

Kuala Lumpur

Pulau Pinang

Perak

Terengganu

Johor

Melaka

N. Sembilan

Pahang

Sabah

Sarawak

Kelantan

Kedah

Selangor

Perlis

Percentage of population in urban area

1970Progress

2005

(%)

Figure 2

Figure 3

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Selangor

Johor

Sabah

Sarawak

Perak

Kedah

Kuala Lum pur

Pulau P inang

Kelantan

Pahang

Terengganu

N . Sem bilan

M elaka

Perlis

RuralUrban

Population in m illions

66.2%

39.7%

33.4%

70.0%

56.1%

43.2%

59.2%

34.9%

79.8%

49.5%

49.2%

88.3%

49.8%

100.0%

Percentage of population urban, Malaysia, 1970 and 2005 Sources of data: Department of Statistics, General Report of the Population, Volume 1, 1980;

Ninth Malaysia Plan, 2006-2010.

Population in Urban and Rural area, 2005 Source of data: Malaysia, Department of Statistics.

Figure 4

42.430.7

42.350.1

12.1

21.2

51.331.6

7.031.6

14.88.5

3.0

2.9

3.53.6

0.7

30.210.3

2.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

Sabah Sarawak Selangor Malaysia

Agriculture

Mining

Manufacturing

Construction

Services

(%)Per capita GDP

RM9,286*Per capita GDP

RM11,978*Per capita GDP

RM4,868*Per capita GDP

RM9,746*

Contribution to GDP by kind of economic activity, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor and Malaysia, 2004 Sources of data: http://www.ids.org.my/indicators/ecoindicators2.htm http://www.spu.sarawak.gov.my/publications.php?lang=eng http://ssic.com.my/ Department of Statistics, Yearbook of Statistics 2006 Note: *Constant 1987 prices

19.0 21.2 21.3 19.7

3.23.3

2.8 4.2 4.64.7

7.812.6

17.5 19.93.2

6.25.9 7.5

4.8

9.111.4 12.6

56.141.9

34.0 31.8

2.20.9

0.50.3

0.6

0.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1980 1991 2000 2004

Agriculture, hunting, forestryand fishing

Mining and quarrying

Manufacturing

Construction

Wholesale and retail trade,hotels and restaurants

Transport, storage andcommunications

Finance, insurance, real estate,renting and business activities

Community, social andpersonal services

Others and unknown

(%)

0 5 0 1 0 0

1 5 -1 9

2 0 -2 4

2 5 -2 9

3 0 -3 4

3 5 -3 9

4 0 -4 4

4 5 -4 9

5 0 -5 4

5 5 -5 9

6 0 -6 4

05 01 0 0

E mployed

Population

FemalesM ales

Population in thousands0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0

1 5 -1 9

2 0 -2 4

2 5 -2 9

3 0 -3 4

3 5 -3 9

4 0 -4 4

4 5 -4 9

5 0 -5 4

5 5 -5 9

6 0 -6 4

01 02 03 04 05 0

FemalesM ales

Population in thousands

citizens non-citizens

Figure 6

Figure 5 Employed population by age group, Sabah, 2000 Employed population distribution by industry category, Sabah, 1980 to 2004 Sources of data: Department of statistics, Population Report for Administrative District, Occupation and Industry, Census 1980, 1991; Economic Characteristics of the Population, Census 2000; State/District Data Bank 2005

29.1 27.0 24.5

42.8

18.8

3.12.8 9.0

3.8 6.24.5

7.8

6.3

13.620.1

15.6

16.2

39.22.7

7.1

4.3

3.66.4

5.9

10.4

8.124.236.8

13.57.8

4.2

2.5

9.6

9.7

0.30.3

0.3

0.1

0.3

39.5

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

K adazanDusun

Bajau O thersIndigenous

M alays Chinese

A griculture, hunting, forestryand fishing

M ining and quarrying

M anufacturing

Construction

Wholesale and retail trade,Hotels and restaurants

T ransport, storage andcommunications

Finance, insurance, realestate, renting and businessactivitiesCommunity, social andpersonal services

O thers and unknown

( % )

Figure 7

Figure 8

20.620.8 23.4 22.3

3.2

13.76.44.6 4.4

8.1

5.817.5

16.5

17.0

17.85.9 8.9

7.2

7.111.4 13.7

25.6

21.7

34.0 31.2

15.2

3.6

0.3

0.2

0.70.3

3.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

Sabah Sarawak Selangor MALAYSIA

Agriculture, hunting, forestryand fishing

Mining and quarrying

Manufacturing

Construction

Wholesale and retail trade,Hotels and restaurants

Transport, storage andcommunications

Finance, insurance, real estate,renting and business activities

Community, social andpersonal services

Others and unknown

(%)

Employed population distribution by industry category and by ethnic group, Sabah, 2000 Employed population distribution by industry category, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor and Malaysia, 2000 Source of data: Department of Statistics, Economic Characteristics of the Population, Census 2000

> 20

< 5

Households living below poverty line (%) 2004

31

10

1012

94

8

309

3017

15.4

4

21.8

1.41.5

1

10.60.3

76.3

1990

15-2010-14.95-9.9

19

4.9

21 7.5

2330

Sources of data: Ninth Malaysia Plan and Seventh Malaysia Plan

1990 2004

Figure 9 Reduction in poverty in all states

Figure 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1970 '76 '84 '90 '95 2004

Ho

use

ho

lds b

elo

w p

overt

y lin

e

Johor Melaka Negeri Sembilan Selangor Perak

Pulau Pinang Perlis Kedah Kelantan Terengganu

Pahang Sabah Sarawak Kuala Lumpur MALAYSIA

Malaysia

Sabah

Malaysia

Sabah

Malaysia

Sabah

Sabah

KelantanMalaysia

Malaysia

Malaysia

Sabah

Terengganu

PerakKedahPerlis

Sarawak

Pulau Pinang

(%)

PahangMelaka

JohorK. Lumpur

N.SSelangor

Sources of data: EPU, Malaysia Five Year Plans, Various Years; 2nd and 3rd Outline Perspective Plan.

Incidence of poverty by state, 1970 to 2004

Ever attendedschool

90%

Never attendedschool

21%

Never attendedschool

17%

Never attendedschool

10%

Never attendedschool

5%

Ever attendedschool

79%

Ever attendedschool

83%

Ever attendedschool

95%

Malaysia

19,206.2 thousands

2,142.3 thousands

1,707.0 thousands

3,438.5 thousands

Sabah

Sarawak

Selangor

Primary 38%

Secondary 53%

Tertiary 9%

Primary 45%

Secondary 50%

Tertiary 5%

Primary 44%

Secondary 51%

Tertiary 5%

Primary 31%

Secondary 54%

Tertiary 15%

Figure 11 Educational attainment of persons aged 6 and over by level, 2000 Source of data: Computed from Department of Statistics, Education and Social Characteristics of the Population, 2000,

Figure 12 Educational attainment aged 6 and over by ethnic group, Sabah, 2000

Never attendedschool20%

O ther Indigenous

38 2, 2 75

3 89, 98 8

2 75, 22 1

24 4, 703

Kadazan/Dusun

Bajau

Malays

Primary 47%

Secondary 50 %

Tertiary 3%

Primary 41%

Secondary 54 %

Tertiary 5%

Primary 46%

Secondary 51 %

Tertiary 3%

Primary 37%

Secondary 55%

Tertiary 8%

Ever attendedschool80%

Never attendedschool15%

Ever attendedschool85%

Never attendedschool2 1%

Ever attendedschool79%

Never attendedschool

8%

Ever attendedschool92%

Never attendedschool

7%

Ever attendedschool93%

2 29, 40 2

Primary 30%

Secondary 62%

Tertiary 8%

Chinese

Source of data: Computed from Department of Statistics, Education and Social Characteristics of the Population, Census 2000

70 80 90 100

Sabah

Sarawak

Kelantan

Terengganu

Kedah

Perlis

Perak

Johor

Melaka

Pahang

Negeri Sembilan

Pulau Pinang

SelangorFederal Territory

MALAYSIA

Literacy rate of persons aged 10 and over

(%)

Progress

20001991

Kuala Lumpur

Figure 13

85 90 95 100

Sabah

Sarawak

Pahang

Kelantan

Johor

Perak

Terengganu

Selangor

Melaka

Negeri Sembilan

Kedah Federal Territory

Pulau Pinang

Perlis

MALAYSIA

Literacy rate of 15 to 24 year olds(%)

Progress20001991

Kuala Lumpur

Literacy rate of Malaysian citizens, 1991 and 2000 Sources of data: Computed from, Department of Statistics; Education and Social Characteristics of the Population, Census 2000; Report of the Population Census, various states, Census 1991.

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 5 -1 9 2 0 -2 4 2 5 -2 9 3 0 -3 4 3 5 -3 9 4 0 -4 4 4 5 -4 9 5 0 -5 4 5 5 -5 9 6 0 -6 4

( % )

Chinese

M alaysK adazan Dusun

O ther Indigenous

Ever

bee

n to

sch

ool

Bajau

Figure 14 Age and community group associated with lack of education in 2000 Source of data: Computed from Department of Statistics, Education and Social Characteristics of the Population, Census 2000

>2015-2010-15<10

Under age 5 deathsPer 1000 births

1990

2118

21

17

16

13

15

12

17

18

12

20

2004

11.512.7

11.0

9.1

10.0

10.7

7.4

7.1

10.0

8.5

9.4

9.8

Figure 15 Child mortality by state, 1990 and 2004

1990 2004

21 3.3

13 7.6

Sources of data: (1) Vital Statistics, Time series, 1963-1998, (2) Vital Statistics, 1990 and 2006, Department of Statistics Malaysia

40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Kuala Lumpur

PerakPulau Pinang

Sabah

SelangorKelantan

TerengannuMelaka

PerlisKedah

PahangN. Sembilan

Sarawak

Johor

MALAYSIA

Measles immunization coverage of infant(%)

Progress20011990

Figure 16 Proportion of infant immunized against measles, 1990 and 2001 Source of data: Ministry of Health; Health in Malaysia – Achievements and Challenges 2000 Note: Government hospital data.

70 80 90 100

Sabah

SarawakKelantan

Terengannu

KedahPahang

Perak

Perlis

Selangor

N. Sembilan

JohorPulau Pinang

Melaka

Kuala Lumpur

MALAYSIA

Deliveries by trained personnel(%)

Progress20021989

050100150

Malaysia

N. SembilanKuala Lumpur

SelangorJohor

Pulau PinangMelaka

PerlisPerak

KelantanKedah

TerengganuPahang

SarawakSabah

1980

Progress2004

Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births

Reversal2004

a

Figure 17 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel, 1989 and 2002

Figure 18

Sources of data: Ministry of Health; Health in Malaysia – Achievements and Challenges, 2000; Information and Documentation System Unit 2004

Progress in maternal mortality, 1980 and 2004 Sources of data: Department of Statistics, Vital Statistics, 1980 and 2006. Note: Data not available for Sabah and Sarawak in 1980

a Data is for Peninsular Malaysia

50 60 70 80 90 100 (%)

MALAYSIA

Selangor

Melaka

N. Sembilan

Pulau Pinang

Perak

Johor

Sarawak

Sabah

Pahang

Perlis

Kedah

Terengganu

Kelantan

1993Progress

2004

Houses covered with safe water supply

70 75 80 85 90 95 100 (%)

MALAYSIA

Melaka

Pulau Pinang

Johor

Perlis

N. Sembilan

Selangor

Pahang

Perak

Kelantan

Terengganu

Kedah

Sarawak

Sabah

1993Progress

2004

Houses covered with sanitary latrines

Figure 19 Rural water supply coverage, 1993 and 2004

Figure 20

Sources of data: Ministry of Health, Annual Report, 1993; Information and Documentation System Unit, Health Indicator 2004

Rural sanitary latrines coverage, 1993 and 2004 Sources of data: Ministry of Health, Annual Report, 1993; Information and Documentation System Unit, Health Indicator 2004