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WATER PURIFICATION THROUGH MALUNGGAY( Moringa oleifera Lin. ) SEED EXTRACT AND SOLAR HEAT

A Research Proposal Presented

to the Science Department

Zamboanga Del Norte National high school

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements in Research I

( English for Science and Technology with Basic Statistics )

by

Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa and Alexa C. TiuII- Amethyst

September, 2011


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TABLE OF CONTENTS


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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM: ITS RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

This study is anchored on _________ Theory of ______ that states

____________________________ (Source, Year Published). (Then Discuss

the theory or concept comprehensively with proper citations of the authors.)

Blah blah blah..Since there have been proofs that the use of (about the ind. Variable)

Moringa oleifera seed ( look on pg. 6)

Blah blah blahhh


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Figure 1.1 The Schema of the Study.

Malunggay seed extract

5%

10%

15%

Solar heat

Quality of Water

Color of water

Ph

No. of coliform bacteria


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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine if Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lin.) Seed

Extract and Solar Heat can be effective in water purification.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following sub-problems:

1. What are the characteristics of the water exposed to malunggay seed

extract and Solar heat in terms of:

1.1.Turbidity?

1.2.Ph?

1.3.Number of Coliform bacteria?

2. What are the characteristics of the water exposed to

malunggay seed extract and Solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and

number of the Coliform bacteria?

3. Which concentration of Malunggay seed extract ( 1 kernel:1 Liter, 2

kernels:1 Liter, 3 kernels: 1 Liter ) is most effective in water

Purification ?

4. Is there a significant difference in the water before and after it is

exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH

and number of the Coliform bacteria?


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Hypotheses

On the bases of the research problems stated, a sole hypothesis is hereby

formulated:

Ho: There is no significant difference in the water before and after it is

exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and

number of the Coliform bacteria.

H1:There is a significant difference in the water before and after it is

exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and

number of the Coliform bacteria.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to evaluate______________

Peoples health. People in the rural areas, or those who are living in the

hinterlands where there is no purified water available just drink water taken from

open wells. They are highly vulnerable to getting sick with diarrhea from their

dirty or contaminated drinking water. Using this type of water purification can

lessen the cause of diarrhea and many other diseases caused by harmful

bacteria in water. The purification process is very easy to do because even small

children can do it right and it doesnt use sophisticated and costly gadgets.


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Economy. This study can also be a big help in the economy of our poor

families and the nation, in general, because it doesnt use any expensive

chemicals and processes. It uses only a very common natural ingredient taken

from malunggay seeds. Malunggay is most commonly found in many parts of the

country and it could be easily grown in everyones backyard and last for a

number of years.

Environment. It can benefit the environment because this process is

purely organic. This process would encourage Maluggay tree planting in order to

have a readily available source of kernels for water purification. Likewise, it would

eventually guarantee a year-round supply of a very nutritious malunggay leaves

for home consumption and for sale. Furthermore, the waste from pounding

malunggay seeds is biodegradable; therefore, it wont cause poisoning and

environmental pollution. It is very safe.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study is going to be conducted at the Loods Residence, Turno,

Dipolog City covering the period from the last week of September to the second

week of October 2011. The water that the researchers will use is open-well

water which will be examined by the Agape Laboratory, Dipolog City. The

researchers will collect Malunggay seeds extract from

_________________________________________________ . The production

of Malunggay seed extract will be done using the crushing method. This study


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is limited only to the use of the Malunggay seed extract and solar heat for water

purification of an open-well water samples.

Definition of Key Terms

Moringa oleifera. Malunggy in Filipino, is the most widely cultivated

species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family Moringaceae.

It is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety of potential uses.

Kernel. A grain or seed, as of a cereal grass, enclosed in a husk grain or

seed, as of a cereal grass, enclosed in a husk

Etract. To obtain something from a source, usually by separating it out

from other material

Water purification. Is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,

materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. The goal is to

produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human

consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a

variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical,

pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications.

Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics

ofwater. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of

one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose.


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Solar Heat. Energy emitted by the sun from a nuclear fusion reaction that

creates electromagnetic energy.

pH. measure of acidity or alkalinity.

Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by

individual particles (suspended solids) that are generally invisible to the naked

eye, similar to smoke in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water

quality.

Open well. This term refers to a well whose diameter is great enough (1

meter or more) for a person to descend to the water level. It is an artificial pond

filling a large excavation in the zone of saturation up to the water table.

E. Coli


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(Introduction

Water is the key to a person's survival because without water survival is

simply not an option. However, water has to be purified in otherwise bacteria in

the water can be harmful to your drink. This is highlighted especially in the Third

World countries such as Ethiopia and Gambia where many people die due to

contaminated water that contains lots of bacteria that cause infection and illness.

In all countries water is considered valuable to mentain its purity and it must go

through a severe process such as reverse osmosis which is quite quite

expensive.

However there are cheaper ways to purify water and it wouldnt even

cost you money. One example is solar heat. Solar radiation can kill bacteria in a

period of time. It has been tested and proven to purify water in many parts of the

world. On the other hand, Malunggay, which is the miracle plant, is very common

in many parts of the tropics especially the Philippines, using the seeds of this

plant has been tested and also proven to purify and kill bacteria living in water.

Both of these ways are proven and tested by researchers but not using

these two as a combination. The researchers will conduct this study to

determine if Malunggay seed extracts and heat combined is effective in purifying

water. This study aims to determine whether Moringa seed extracts and Solar

Heat can be used in water purification.)


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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the Legal Aspects, Related Literature and Studies

which has bearing to the present studies

Legal Basis

A. Foreign

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law

that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA,

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets

standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities,

and water suppliers who implement those standards. SDWA was

originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public health by

regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law was

amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect

drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and

ground water wells. This law contains requirements for ensuring the

safety of the nation's public drinking water supplies. This is the

principal federal law concerning drinking water. The SDWA authorized

the to promulgate regulations regarding water supply. The major

regulations are in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations


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(40CFR141, 40CFR142, and 40CFR143). Parts 141, 142, and 143

regulate primary contaminants, implementation by states, and

secondary contaminants. Primary contaminants are those with health

impacts. State implementation allows states to be the primary

regulators of the water supplies (rather than USEPA) provided they

meet certain requirements. Secondary contaminants generally cause

aesthetic problems and are not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com)

B. Local

Philippine Standards for Drinking Water 1993 (PNSDW 1993)

under the provision of Chapter II Section 9 of PD 856, otherwise known

as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines is designed to guide the

Waterworks Officials, Developers and Operators of Water Supply

Systems both Government and Private entities, health and sanitation

authorities and the general public and all other concerned by standards

cover requirements for the acceptable values of the determined

parameters in measuring water quality. These parameters include

microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological compositions of the

water. The standard also delineates values established in conforming

with the medical and health implication of the parameters as opposed

to values established purely to satisfy aesthetic requirements.( DENR

Administrative Order No. 26-A,Series 1994)


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Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that the State shall

pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the

protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish

and marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable

development shall be pursued. This includes the use of water for

domestic purposes like drinking and potable water and also water

treatment.

Related Studies

C. Foreign Studies

In large scale treatment plants Aluminium Sulphate is used as

a conventional chemical coagulant. As an alternative to conventional

coagulants, Moringa oleifera seeds can be used as a natural

coagulant (primary coagulant) in household water treatment as well

as in the community water treatment systems. Natural coagulant

properties were found in 6 different Moringa species by laboratory

studies. The seed kernels of Moringa oleifera contain significant

quantities of low molecular-weight, (water-soluble proteins) which

carry a positive charge. When the crushed seeds are added to raw

water, the proteins produce positive charges acting like magnets

and attracking the predominantly negatively charged particles such


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as clay, silk, bacterias, and other toxic particles in water). The

flocculation process occurs when the proteins bind the negatives

charges forming flocs through the aggregation of particles which are

present in water. These flocs are easly to remove by settling or

filtration. The material can clarify not only highly turbid muddy water

but also water of medium and low turbidity. The level of turbidity

influences the required time for the floculation. As with all

coagulants, the effectiveness of the seeds may vary from one raw

water to another. The practical application of dosing solutions is

exactly the same as for all other coagulants. Studies have been

carried out to determine the potential risks associated with the use

of Moringa seeds in water treatment. To date, no evidence has found

that the seeds cause secondary effects in humans, especially at the

low doses

Within the pods are possibly the best part of the tree which are the

seeds. Not only can they be pressed for a high grade oil, comparable

to olive oil, but the press cake remaining after oil extraction has been

shown to retain the active ingredients for coagulation, making it a

marketable commodity (Folklard and Sutherland, 1996)

According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas

for Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions, ECHO, 1996), Moringa


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oleifera has been compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing

suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major advantage.

Because it can be produced locally, "using moringa rather than alum

would save foreign exchange and generate farm and employment

income." The potential for moringa to create a new market for a

community is there, and studies and projects are taking place

examining this potential.

At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi, Africa, two

researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the

University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa

seeds for alum to remove solids in water for drinking. Not only were

the tests successful in removing as much solid material as alum, but

the seeds used were "purchased from enthusiastic villagers in Nsanje

Region in Malawi" (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).

D. Local Studies

Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat water on two

levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. Moringa

is generally accepted as a coagulant due to positively charged, water-

soluble proteins which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay,

bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the resulting flocs to settle to the

bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of


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moringa continue to be researched. The process of treating the water

with moringa seeds would take at least one to two hours.

As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine Star, Reports

said moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried presscake can be stored for

long periods but moringa solutions for treating water should be

prepared fresh each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one

liter of water. Solutions of moringa seeds for water treatment may be

prepared from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over after oil

extraction.

Related Literature

Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made by researchers

on http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html , they say that

crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a certain are and it

can lower the bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to drink. And

it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in

rivers. This simple method does not only remove water pollution, but also

removes harmful bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins

with the solids in the water and then they both sink to the bottom. This kind of

treatment removes 90-99% of bacteria in water. They say that by using Moringa

seeds, people will no longer be depending on expensive means of purification.
http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.htmlhttp://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html


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Using this method of purification will replace the use of chemicals such as

aluminum sulphate, which they say are dangerous to people and especially the

environment, and mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Very different

water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds, because impurities

on such waters will not be the same. Using a jar for experimenting will be a bid

help in working out the correct amount needed.

Heat. According to SODIS (Solar Disinfection), clean drinking water is

lacking in many parts of the world and many persons die because of this. It is

estimated that two million people die every year because of water related

diseases. By using solar radiation to kill bacteria and microorganisms, it would

reduce the amount of people dead and prevent diseases in a very useful and

cheap way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of clear plastic, then

fill the plastic with water and fill with clear water and place above roofs. The

radiation will kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The method will

be faster if the temperature is higher, it would be recommended to paint half of

the bottle black and the black part will face the ground or the surface of the roof.

This method only works in clear water not pond or river water

Microbes are destroyed through temperature and UVA radiation, provided

by the Sun. Water is placed in a transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated

by shaking, followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for six hours in full

sun, which raises the temperature and gives an extended dose of solar radiation,


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killing any microbes that may be present. The combination of the two provides a

simple method of disinfection for tropical developing countries.

Water purification, or drinking water treatment, is the process of

removing contaminants from surface water or groundwater to make it safe and

palatable for human consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used,

depending on the raw water source, contaminants present, standards to be met,

and available finances. Sources of Drinking Water Water to be used in public or

private water supplies can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different sources

of raw water demand different treatment methods to render it ft for human

consumption. (microbiologyreader.com)

It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and

biological contaminants from contaminated water. Its goal is to produce water fit

for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking

water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other

purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology,

chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include

physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation, biological processes

such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical processes such as

flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as

ultraviolet light. (Wikipedia.com)


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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

A. Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Seed Extract

The researchers will collect/purchase malunggay seeds in pods. A

total of twelve (12) malunggay kernels will be used in this study. The

shelling of the malunggay pods will be done manually by the researchers.

The extract will be obtained by pounding the seeds on a Mortar and

Pestle. Using a cheesecloth, the pounded Malunggay seeds will be

pressed to extract its juice. The extracted juice will be mixed right away

with the water for purification study.

B. Collection and Preparation of Water

The researchers will collect water samples from an open well found

in Dipolog City. The Researchers will get eight (8) Liters sample from the

well.

The researchers will prepare and use a total of eight (8) one- liter-

capacity plastic bottles. These eight bottles will be filled with water from

the well and will be used for the two (2) set-ups or replications. There will

be a set of four (4) bottles for each replication where each bottle contains

1 Liter water.


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C. Preparations of Treatments

The different concentrations of malunggay seed extracts added to the

water samples will be expressed based on its quantity or number of seeds

(kernels) per liter of water. The treatments, in two (2) replications A and B, will

use the following proportions or number of malunggay seed (kernel) extracts

added to a liter of water, viz:

Replication A

Replication B

There will be two (2) replications ( Replication A and Replication B) of the

treatments in this study.

Treatments (Tx)

No. ofMalunggay

Kernels(pcs.)

Volume of water(Liter)

Control (0Kernel:1Li.) 0 1

T1 (1 kernel:1Li.) 1 1

T2 (2 Kernels:1Li.) 2 1


Treatments (Tx)

No. ofMalunggay

Kernels(pcs.)







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The set-ups with malunggay extracts will be equally exposed under

the heat of the sun for six (6) hours. The Control, in two (2) bottles, will be

left unexposed to the heat of the sun.

After six (6) hours of sun exposure of the six (6) bottles containing

malunggay seed extracts , all the eight (8) bottles containing the water

samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their pH,

turbidity, and E.Coli presence. The Laboratory results will be the source of

data for interpretation and analysis.

D. Statistical Treatment

Table 4.1 Laboratory Result of the Water Analysis

Table 4.1above will contain the primary data taken by theresearchers from the result of the laboratory analysis.

TRIAL

Tx

Control T1 T2 T3

0 Kernel: 1 Liter 1Kernel: 1Liter 2 Kernel: 1Liter 3 Kernel:1 Liter

pHTurbid-

ityE.

Coli pHTurbid-

ityE.

Coli pHTurbid-

ityE.

Coli pHTurbid-

ityE.

Coli

Replication 1

Replication 2

TOTAL

AVERAGE


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Collect/Purchase two

(2) kilograms of fresh

malunggay seeds in

pods

One (1) Literwatersamples from three (3)different wells foundDipolog City, DapitanCity and themunicipality ofKatipunan.

Pounded Malunggay

seeds will be pressed to

extract its juice using a

cheesecloth

Manual shelling of themalunggay

Four (4) hours of sun

exposure

Three (3) of the set ups

will have treatments T1,

T2, and T3 and aControl with different

malunggay extract

concentration: T1= 5%,

T2= 10% and T3= 15%

Control= 0%

Each water sample will

have four (4) set-ups

each containing 100mL

of its respective water.

The Control group is

going to be brought to

Agape Lab for analysis.

Pounding the seeds

using a Mortar and

Pestle

Preparation of twelve

(12) sterilized plastic

bottles.

All 12 bottles containing

the water samples will

be brought to Agape

Laboratory for analysisto find out their pH,

Color, and E.Coli

presence



malunggay seeds in

pods



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Bibliography

Pounded Malunggay



cheesecloth

Manual shelling of the

malunggay

Four (4) hours of sun

exposure



T2, and T3 and a

Control with different

malunggay extractconcentration: T1= 5%,

T2= 10% and T3= 15%

Control= 0%




of its respective water.The Control group is

going to be brought to

Agape Lab for analysis.

Pounding the seeds

using a Mortar and

Pestle



bottles.



be brought to Agape

Laboratory for analysis

to find out their pH,

Color, and E.Coli

presence


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Madsen M, J Schlundt, and EF Omer (1987) Effect of water coagulation byseeds ofMoringa oleifera on bacterial concentrations. Journal of TropicalMedicine and Hygiene 90: 101-109.

Olsen A (1987) Low technology water purification by bentonite clay andMoringa oleifera seed flocculation as performed in Sudanese villages.Effects on Schistosoma mansonicercariae. Water Research 21(5): 517-522.

Yongbai KA (2005) Studies on the potential use of medicinal plants andmacrofungi (lower plants) in water and waste water purification.www.biotech.kth.se/iobb/news/kenneth04.doc.

Jahn SA, HA Musnad and H Burgstaller (1986) Tree that purifies water:

Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan. Unasylva 38(152): 23-

28. http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?

url_file=/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm.

Duke JA (1987) Moringaceae: Horseradish-tree, benzolive-tree, drumstick-tree, sohnja, moringa, murunga-kai, malunggay, p. 19-28. In: M. Benge(ed.) Moringa: A multipurpose vegetable and tree that purifies water. Sci. &Technol./ For., Environ., & Natural Resources Agro-Forestation Tech. Ser.

27. US AID, Washington, D.C.

Berger MR, M Habs, SA Jahn, S Schmahl (1984) Toxicological assessmentof seeds from Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala, two highly efficientprimary coagulants for domestic water treatment of tropical raw waters.East African Medical Journal61: 712-716.


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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY


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C. Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Seed Extract

The researchers will collect/purchase malunggay seeds in pods. A

total of twelve (12) malunggay kernels will be used in this study. The

shelling of the malunggay pods will be done manually by the researchers.

The extract will be obtained by pounding the seeds on a Mortar and

Pestle. Using a cheesecloth, the pounded Malunggay seeds will be

pressed to extract its juice. The extracted juice will be mixed right away

with the water for purification study.

D. Collection and Preparation of Water

The researchers will collect water samples from an open well

found in Dipolog City. The Researchers will get eight (8) Liters sample

from the well.

? The researchers will prepare and use a total of eight (8) one- liter-

capacity plastic bottles. These eight bottles will be filled with water from

the well and will be used for the two (2) set-ups or replications. There will

be a set of four (4) bottles for each replication where each bottle contains

1 Liter water.

Preparations of Treatments

The different concentrations of malunggay seed extracts added to the

water samples will be expressed based on its quanity or number of seeds


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(kernels) per liter of water.The treatments , in two (2) replications A and B, will

use the following proportions or number of malunggay seed (kernel) extracts

added to a liter of water, viz:

Replication A

Replication B

There will be two (2) replications ( Replication A and Replication B) of the

treatments in this study.

The set-ups with malunggay extracts will be equally exposed under

the heat of the sun for six (6) hours. The Control, in two (2) bottles, will be

left unexposed to the heat of the sun.

Treatments (Tx)

No. ofMalunggay

Kernels(pcs.)






Treatments (Tx)

No. ofMalunggay

Kernels(pcs.)







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After six (6) hours of sun exposure of the six (6) bottles containing

malunggay seed extracts , all the eight (8) bottles containing the water

samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their pH,

turbidity, and E.Coli presence. The Laboratory results will be the source of

data for interpretation and analysis.

E. Statistical Treatment

Table 4.1 Laboratory Result of the Water Analysis

Table 4.1above will contain the primary data taken by theresearchers from the result of the laboratory analysis.

TRIAL

Tx

Control T1 T2 T3

0 Kernel: 1 Liter 1Kernel: 1Liter 2 Kernel: 1Liter 3 Kernel:1 Liter

pHTurbid-

ityE.

Coli pHTurbid-

ityE.

Coli pHTurbid-

ityE.

Coli pHTurbid-

ityE.

Coli

Replication1

Replication

2TOTAL

AVERAGE


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Pounded Malunggay


extract its juice using acheesecloth


malunggay

Four (4) hours of sunexposure



T2, and T3 and a


malunggay extract


T2= 10% and T3= 15%Control= 0%






going to be brought toAgape Lab for analysis.

Pounding the seeds

using a Mortar andPestle



bottles.



be brought to Agape



Color, and E.Colipresence



malunggay seeds in

pods

One (1) Literwatersamples from three (3)different wells found

Dipolog City, DapitanCity and themunicipality ofKatipunan.


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malunggay



malunggay seeds in

pods



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Bibliography

Pounded Malunggay



cheesecloth

four (4) hours of sun

exposure

three (3) of the set ups


T2, and T3 and a


malunggay extract


T2= 10% and T3= 15%Control= 0%






going to be brought toAgape Lab for analysis.

Pounding the seeds

using a Mortar and

Pestle

Preperation of twelve(12) sterilized plastic

bottles.



be brought to Agape



Color, and E.Coli

presence


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APPENDIX- A

Sschedule of Activities


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APPENDIX-B

Proposed Budget


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Documents

Undone Research Edited