Regular

Randomized

Tree garden management in Indonesia

has various system and design, each

with their own purposes and rationales

Cumulative Yield After 15 Years

13400

13600

13800

14000

14200

14400

14600

14800

15000

15200

Regular Randomized Clustered

Scenario

Late

x Y

ield

(kg/H

a)

27000

28000

29000

30000

31000

32000

33000

34000

35000

Durian (

fruit/H

a)

Latex

Durian

0 50 100 150 200

02

00

40

06

00

80

01

00

0

DBH (cm)

Du

ria

n Y

ield

s (

fru

its/t

ree

)

Obrservation

Predicted

Indonesia is widely known for its tropical fruit diversity. The 329 fruit tree

species (native and introduced) described from Indonesia (Rifai, 1986), belong

to 61 plant families and 148 genera. Uji (2007) reported 226 fruit species native

from Indonesia, which most of them (203 species) are tree species. Only 62 tree

species have been ‘domesticated’ (with recognized sources of germplasm),

including 18 endemic species and 4 rare species. Four genera were categorized

as having high economic value and were listed as priority fruit tree species:

Mangifera, Garcinia, Nephelium and Durio (Winarno, 2000). Durian is one of the

most popular fruits amongst all. It is a nutritious fruit which contains

carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins, but no cholesterol.

Background

Underutilized fruit trees in agroforestry systems in Central and North Sumatra: Opportunities and challenges

Hesti L. Tata1,2, Degi Harja2 and Elok Mulyoutami2 1 Forest Research and Development Agency, Bogor, Indonesia

2 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program, Bogor, Indonesia

Survey Location

Indonesia archipelago

Tapanuli Bungo

Figure 1 (Clockwise). Durian agroforestry systems in Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Durian fruits. Flesh of durian (Durio zybethinus). Red durian (Durio graviolens).

Durian is categorized as an underulitized fruit

(Narendra et al., 2012), as its potential contribution to

market or household economies is not fully exploited

(Aboagya et al., 2007). The fruit production of Sumatra

island mostly comes from smallholder farmers, who

planted or managed fruits trees in agroforestry systems.

Objective of the study was to assess the limiting

factor of productivity of underutilized fruits, durian in

particular and look for the challenges to improve

sustainable fruit production.

For further information please contact:

Hesti L. Tata (h.tata@cgiar.org)

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF ) – Southeast Asia Regional Programme

Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindangbarang Jero, Bogor 16151, PO. Box 161,

Indonesia

Crown Form Index (CF)

Crown Position Index (CP)

Clustered

-1.4

-1.2

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6 Relative Fruit Production Sensitivity To Climate Anomaly

The relative reduction on cumulative production shows

the differences in productivity sensitivity to climate

anomaly in 2010-2011, suggesting that mixed system

may have better sustainable productivity through

counterbalancing the sensitivity responses

Different management systems

result in variation in fruit and

rubber productivity

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Fru

it P

rod

uct

ion

(M

ega

To

nn

e)

Years

Mangosteen

Ramboostan

Durian

Mango Climate anomaly in

year 2010-2011 is

suspected to be the

cause of overall drop

in fruit production in

Indonesia in that year

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)

The SOI is calculated using the pressure differences between Tahiti and Darwin. Sustained negative values of the SOI below −8 often indicate El Niño episodes and the SOI above +8 are typical of a La Niña episode

Tree-tree competition for light and space is known to be correlated

with the growth performance and productivity. The observation

using CP and CF classification shows a significant relationship (R =

0.723), explaining 70% the variation of the productivity. The yield

model is: Yields = 6.107*DBH – 1.087*DBH*CP + 0.699*DBH*CF

Summary

• The limiting factor of tree productivity is scaled from

tree to landscape level.

• Climates, Managements and Tree Functional

Strategies are just a few example of limiting factors

that has been shown to be significantly affecting the

tree productivity.

• The mixed system could be a solution as the

functional diversity may lead into a more dynamic

system which can be easily adapted to tree-tree

interaction, yield diversification on plot level and even

responses to climate change .

• Use recommended durian varieties and improving

farmers skills on vegetative propagation techniques,

nursery establishment, as well as management and

farming systems.

REFERENCES: Aboagye LM, Obirih-Opareh N, Amissah L, Adu-Dapaah H. 2007. Analysis of existing national policies and legislation that enable or inhibit the wider use of underutilized plant species for food and agriculture in Ghana. Council for Scientific and Industrial

Research, Accra. BPS (Statistics Bureau Agency). 2013. Produksi buah-buahan dan sayuran tahunan di Indonesia, 1995-2012. http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/ [accesssed in August 23, 2013]. BPS (Statistics Bureau Agency) Sumatera Utara. 2014. Produksi buah-buahan Sumatera Utara tahun 2007. http://sumut.bps.go.id/ Harja D, Vincent G and Joshi L. 2007. SExI-FS - a tree growth simulation model to explore mixed stand designs and their production potential. . Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. Indiarto D, Sulistyawati E. 2013. Monitoring Net Primary Productivity dynamics in Java island using MODIS instrument imagery. Paper presented in the 34th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing (SC03-68). http://www.acrs2013.com/sites/media/uploads/2013/ Narendra BH, Roshetko JM, Tata HL, Mulyoutami E. 2012. Prioritizing underutilized tree species for domestication in smallholder system s of West Java. Small-scale Forestry. 12:519-538. Purba J. 2007. Kajian produktivitas durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) pada agroforest karet (Hevea brassilenesis Muel.) di sekitar hutan daerah aliran sungai Batang Toru. Srkipsi Sarjana Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan. Rifai MA. 1986. Flora buah-buahan Indonesia. Lembaga Biologi Nasional, Bogor, Indonesia. Uji T. 2007. Species diversity of indigenous fruits in Indonesia and its potential. Biodiversitas 8(2): 157 -167. Winarno, 2000. Kebijakan pemerintah dalam pengembangan hortikultura Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Sehari. Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Menggali potensi dan meningkatkan prospek tanaman hortikultura menuju ketahanan pangan. Pusat Konservasi

Tumbuhan. Kebun Raya Bogor: 9 – 15. Yulihastin E & Fathrio I. 2011. Anomali curah hujan 2010 di Benua Maritim Indonesia berdasarkan satelit TRMM terkait ITSC. Pr osiding Simposium Nasional Pembelajaran dan Sains (SNIPS) 2011. Bandung, Indonesia. P:352-356.

Landscape

Plot

Tree