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Understanding „the nexus“ in the MENA region
Holger Hoff
Stockholm Environment Institute
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Beirut, 22 January 2013
Why a nexus approach?
„Resource squeeze“ increasing demand overexploitation degradation climate change
-> business as usual is not an option need for innovations to: increase resource use efficiencies reduce environmental pressures and support a green economy
What is a nexus approach?
General principles:generating synergies, reducing negative externalities,negotiating tradeoffs,and strengthening resilience – robust adaptation, transformation
- integrated water resource management (IWRM)- integrated coastal zone management- landscape approach- ecosystem based approach- multi-functional systems- etc.
The nexus approach doesn‘t start from one particular sector, but provides a level playing field and platform across sectors
What‘s new ?
Nexus scheme
water land
energy
import dependency
CO2 emissions
water, energy &
foodsecurity
buildingresilience
pollutionflooding
erosion, biodiversity loss
a nexus approach for reducing negative externalities
& generating co-benefits
water storage
carbon storage
bioenergysolar desal
Nexus implementation – building blocks
3) economic cost-benefits analysis additional transaction costs vs. efficiency gains & economic incentives e.g. REDD+, PES
1) nexus baseline assessment: data harmonization, compilation, and exchange across sectors
5) strengthening „bridging institutions“
4) communication across sectors, e.g. via nexus platform
e.g. River Basin Authority, inter-ministerial committee….
2) integrated (participatory) scenario analysis: nexus tools
6) making a case for implementation
demonstrating win-win opportunities / benefits / tradeoffs across sectors
example: Blue Nile / Lake Tana nexus assessment
food production energy generation
lake level discharge reduction
Nexus tools
How to apply the nexus concept ?
e.g.
soil and water conservation or conservation agriculturefor improved soil water productivity, reduced irrigation demand,climate mitigation / adaptation / resilience
climate-safe and water-smart land use (and urban) planningaccounting for change in precipitation, sea level rise etc.
adding energy to the equation:e.g. improving energy efficiency in agriculture (pumping)moving towards renewable energyenergy recovery from wastewater treatment
„seeing is believing“ – a nexus case study at the farm level
A nexus case study from Jordan
problem: rapid aquifer depletion for irrigation and urban demands
solar farming (photovoltaics) as income alternative for local farmers
reducing water demand ANDfossil fuel demand for pumping
climate change mitigation / adaptation /increased drought resilience
participatory process through the Highland Water Forum
Solar energy farming in the Azraq Basin
ACCWaM
Storage – a nexus solution (?)
Water storage
Energy storage
Food storage
bridging spatio-temporal variability:seasonal precipitation (and quick runoff)variability in wind, solar insolation, hydropoweror population concentrations
multi-functional reservoirs for hydropower and irrigation
Storage – a nexus solution (?)
hill water storage allowing gravity water feeding –> reduced energy demand
groundwater storage possibly also for reducing seawater intrusion and subsequent loss of agricultural productivity
improved soil water storage, reduced irrigation demand, and co-benefits in land productivity
Economic Water Productivity, World Bank 2011
Lebanon is still in a relatively good position (in MENA)
poverty….
use that for pro-actively addressing critical trends, as an alternative to more costly re-active or emergeny measures
start from win-wins (e.g. wastewater treatment and energy recovery)
search for innovations (e.g. solar farming, solar desalination)
strengthen diversity (e.g. in storage)
build on existing initiatives and tools (e.g. Strategic Env. Asssessments)
coordinate across sectors and promote bridging institutions (e.g. CCCU)
use and add value to opportunities („mainstreaming“)
integrate science (e.g. LARI, CNRS)
Lebanon is still in a relatively good position (in MENA)