Understanding the microwave-thermal pretreatment effect on holey graphene fabrication Yan Dou, Materials Science and Engineering Mentor: Qiong Nian, Assistant Professor School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy What is the electrochemical difference of holey graphene with different microwave pretreatment condition? Experimental Methods: According to MACE method, holy graphene can be fabricated by follow steps: 1) Pretreatment: The graphene oxide(GO) solution is pretreated by irradiating in a microwave reactor to form defected graphene oxide(dGO) with different power(0W, 200W and 600W). 2) MACE process: The dGO is mixed with hydrogen peroxide in a reaction tube and irradiated in the microwave reactor to further etch and extend the dGO to holey graphene oxide(hGO). 3) Reduction: The hGO is reduced to holey graphene (rhGO) by microwave, and the holes can provide abundant ion transport channels and achieve charge transfer. Results: Electrochemical characterization of rhGO-EC with power of 0W, 200W and 600W in 1 M Na 2 SO 4 a b • Increasing the current density up to 100 A/g(Fig. c), the rhGO(0W, 200W, 600W) displays a similar capacitance retention(around 50%). • The ion transport properties within the rhGO further probed using EIS. A frequency response analysis over the frequency range from 100 kHz and 10 mHz yields the Nyquist plots (Fig. d). The vertical curves of rhGO(200W, 600W) in low-frequency regime exhibit a nearly ideal capacitive behaviour (but not better than 0W). • A close-up observation of the high-frequency region reveals a transition from a vertical curve to a semicircle part. The rhGO(200W) exhibits a slightly larger diameter semicircle, indicating a higher charge transfer resistance within the rhGO(200W) electrodes. Figure 2 | (a) CV curves of rhGO-EC at a scan rate of 100mVs -1 .(b) Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of rhGO-EC at a current density of 100 Ag -1 . Figure 3 | (c) Comparison of specific capacitances versus different current densities for rhGO-EC. (d) Niquist plots of rhGO-EC as well as the close-up view of the high-frequency regime. c d • The CV(Fig. a) and GCD(Fig. b) indicate that rhGO with pretreatment shows a significantly improved electrochemical performance beyond the rhGO without pretreatment. The approximate rectangular part of CV curves and the triangular GCD curves reveal an almost electrical-double-layer capacitive behavior as well as efficient electrolyte ion transport throughout the rhGO. • The GCD curves also can derive the specific capacitance values(Fig. c). A good gravimetric capacitance of 172 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 is exhibited by rhGO-Ecs(200W). On the contrary, the gravimetric capacitance of rhGO without pretreatment(81 F g-1 ) electrodes is about half of the rhGO(200W, 600W). Figure 1 | three-electrode experiments Acknowledgements This project is supported by the “MORE” program. I thank Professor Nian for insightful discussions and advice. Also appreciate Ira A. Fulton Schools of engineering for providing this chance. Conclusion: Through this project, the relationship between pretreatment conditions and electrochemical performance of rhGO have been studied. The microwave pretreatment improves the capacitance of rhGO effectively. In addition, the pretreatment with lower power(200W) shows a better property of capacitance compared with the pretreatment with higher power(600W). But the reduction process by microwave doesn’t make a full reduction of hGO, which brings about a higher charge transfer resistance in rhGO with microwave pretreatment. So, the next step should focus on researching a better reduction method.

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Page 1: Understanding the microwave-thermal pretreatment effect on ...• A close-up observation of the high-frequency region reveals a transition from a vertical curve to a semicircle part

Understanding the microwave-thermal pretreatment effect on holey graphene fabrication

Yan Dou, Materials Science and EngineeringMentor: Qiong Nian, Assistant Professor

School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy

What is the electrochemical difference of holey graphene with different microwave pretreatment condition?

Experimental Methods:According to MACE method, holygraphene can be fabricated by followsteps:

1) Pretreatment:The graphene oxide(GO) solution ispretreated by irradiating in amicrowave reactor to form defectedgraphene oxide(dGO) with differentpower(0W, 200W and 600W).

2) MACE process:The dGO is mixed with hydrogenperoxide in a reaction tube andirradiated in the microwave reactor tofurther etch and extend the dGO toholey graphene oxide(hGO).

3) Reduction:The hGO is reduced to holey graphene(rhGO) by microwave, and the holescan provide abundant ion transportchannels and achieve charge transfer.

Results: Electrochemical characterization of rhGO-EC with power of 0W, 200W and 600W in 1 M Na2SO4

a b

• Increasing the current density up to100 A/g(Fig. c), the rhGO(0W, 200W,600W) displays a similar capacitanceretention(around 50%).

• The ion transport properties within the

rhGO further probed using EIS. A

frequency response analysis over the

frequency range from 100 kHz and 10

mHz yields the Nyquist plots (Fig. d).

The vertical curves of rhGO(200W,600W) in low-frequency regime exhibit

a nearly ideal capacitive behaviour

(but not better than 0W).

• A close-up observation of the high-frequency region reveals a transition from a vertical curve to a semicircle part. The

rhGO(200W) exhibits a slightly larger diameter semicircle, indicating a higher charge transfer resistance within the

rhGO(200W) electrodes.

Figure 2 | (a) CV curves of rhGO-EC at a scan rate of 100mVs-1 . (b) Galvanostatic charge/discharge

curves of rhGO-EC at a current density of 100 Ag-1 .

Figure 3 | (c) Comparison of specific capacitances versus different current densities for rhGO-EC. (d)

Niquist plots of rhGO-EC as well as the close-up view of the high-frequency regime.

c d

• The CV(Fig. a) and GCD(Fig. b) indicatethat rhGO with pretreatment shows asignificantly improved electrochemicalperformance beyond the rhGO withoutpretreatment. The approximaterectangular part of CV curves and thetriangular GCD curves reveal an almostelectrical-double-layer capacitivebehavior as well as efficientelectrolyte ion transport throughoutthe rhGO.

• The GCD curves also can derive thespecific capacitance values(Fig. c). A

good gravimetric capacitance of 172 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 is exhibited by rhGO-Ecs(200W). On the contrary,the gravimetric capacitance of rhGO without pretreatment(81 F g-1 ) electrodes is about half of the rhGO(200W, 600W).

Figure 1 | three-electrode experiments

Acknowledgements

This project is supported by the

“MORE” program. I thank

Professor Nian for insightful

discussions and advice. Also

appreciate Ira A. Fulton

Schools of engineering for

providing this chance.

Conclusion:Through this project, the relationshipbetween pretreatment conditions andelectrochemical performance of rhGO havebeen studied. The microwave pretreatmentimproves the capacitance of rhGO effectively.In addition, the pretreatment with lowerpower(200W) shows a better property ofcapacitance compared with the pretreatmentwith higher power(600W).But the reduction process by microwavedoesn’t make a full reduction of hGO, whichbrings about a higher charge transferresistance in rhGO with microwavepretreatment. So, the next step should focuson researching a better reduction method.