understanding technology

8/7/2019 understanding technology

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y Technology has been derived from the Greek wordtechno-logia.

y Techno means an art or skill and logia means science

or study.y Technology is application of scientific knowledge for

practical purposes.

y Technology refers to the totality of the means

employed to provide objects necessary for humansustainence and comfort.


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y It involves purposive application of various fields ofsciences and scientific knowledge

y It is used to provide objects necessary for human sustanceand comfort.

y I

t has both public and private components.y It is complex in nature.

y It is dependent on other technology.

y It has high degree of valence which refers to the miltitudeof types or variations of the same tool.

y It is big in magnitude,size and pervasiveness of moderntechnology.


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y The industrial revolution developed in England in the1700s.

y The steam engine, invented by James Watt in 1764,

largely replaced human and water power for factories.y Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations in 1776 touted

the economic benefits of the specialization of labor.

y Thus the late-1700s factories had not only machine

power but also ways of planning and controlling thetasks of workers.


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y The industrial revolution spread from England to

other European countries and to the United Sates.y In 1790 an American, Eli Whitney, developed the

concept of interchangeable parts.

y The first great industry in the US was the textile

industry.y In the 1800s the development of the gasoline engine

and electricity further advanced the revolution.

y By the mid-1800s, the old cottage system of production

had been replaced by the factory system.y . . . more


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y The Steam Engine which had existed since the early18th century, was practically applied to both steamboatand railwaytransportation. The first purpose built

railway line opened between Manchester andLiverpool in 1830, the Rocket locomotive ofRobertStephenson being one of the first working locomotivesused on the line.

y

Telegraphyalso developed into a practical technologyin the 19th century to help run the railways safely.


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y The Portsmouth Block Mills was where manufactureof ships' pulley blocks by all-metal machines first took

place and instigated the age ofmass production.y Machine tools used by engineers to manufacture other

machines began in the first decade of the century,notably byRichard Roberts and Joseph Whitworth.

Steamships were eventually completely iron-clad, andplayed a role in the opening of Japan and China totrade with the West. The Second Industrial Revolutionat the end of the 19th century saw rapid developmentof chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steeltechnologies connected with highly structuredtechnology research.


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y Communication technology, transportationtechnology, broad teaching and implementation ofscientific method, and increased research spending all

contributed to the advancement of modern scienceand technology.

y Radio, radar, and earlysound recording were keytechnologies which paved the way for the telephone,

fax machine, and magnetic storage of data. Energy andengine technology improvements were also vast,including nuclear power, developed in this century.


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y The Mars Exploration Rovers have provided hugeamounts of information by functioning well beyondNASA's original lifespan estimates.

y

Broadband Internet access became commonplace indeveloped countries, as did connecting homecomputers with music libraries and mobile phones.

y Biotechnologyis a relatively new field that holds yet

unknown possibilitiesy Research is ongoing into quantum computers,

nanotechnology, bioengineering, nuclear fusion


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y Armour weapons: The Tank destroyer, Specialist Tanks for Combat engineeringincluding mine clearing Flail tanks, Flame tank, and amphibious designs

y Aircraft: Glide bombs - the first "smart bombs", such as the Fritz Xanti-shippingmissile, had wire or radio remote control; the world's first jet fighter (Messerschmitt262) and jet bomber (Arado 234), the world's first operational military helicopters(Flettner Fl 282), the world's first rocket-powered fighter (Messerschmitt 163)

y

Missiles: The Pulse jet powered V-1 flying bomb was the world's first cruise missile,Rockets progressed enormously: V-2 rocket, Katyusha rocket artillery and airlaunched rockets.

y V1,V2 V3 autopilot bombs

y HEAT, and HESH anti-armour warheads.

y Proximity fuze for shells, bombs and rockets. This fuze is designed to detonate anexplosive automatically when close enough to the target to destroy it, so a direct hit

is not required and time/place of closest approach does not need to be estimated.Magnetic torpedoes and mines also had a sort of proximity fuse.


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y Guided weapons (by radio or trailing wires): glide bombs,crawling bombs, rockets.

y Self-guiding weapons: torpedoes (sound seeking, compassguided and looping), V1 missile (compass and timer guided)

y Aiming devices for bombs, torpedoes, artillery and machineguns, using special purpose mechanical and electronic analogand (perhaps) digital "computers". The mechanical analogNorden bomb sight is a well known example.

y Napalm was developed, but did not see wide use until the

Korean Wary Plastic explosives like Nobel 808, Hexoplast 75, Compositions C

and C2


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In Domestic Market

y Improved and efficient functioning of variousorganisitation in the nation.

y Technological progress and infusion brings manychanges and improvement.

y Enchanced capability to fight forign competition.

y Stability in sales and profit of firms.


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y Regular employment generation

y

High standard of livingy Lesser probability of occurrence of economic

recession.

y Growth of national economy.

y Proper management of natural disaster.y Proper management of law and order.

y Better infrastructure and facilities.


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In foreign market

y

Technological competitive advantage.y Boost to exports.

y Forex earnings through exports.

y Monopoly and high prices for hi-tec products in the

international market.y Earning through external market provide additional

funds for supporting R & D in future.

y Globalisation of operations leading to benefits of

economies of scale.


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y Facilities outbound by foreign direct investment.

y Earnings through technology transfer agreements.

y

Developing international reputation and attractinfoverseas investors.

y Increase of national influence over other countries.

y Growth of national economy in forign market.


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understanding technology