Understanding Technical English-3

8/14/2019 Understanding Technical English-3

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ontents

To th e Teacher1 Estimat ing RepairsCar repairs are used as an exa mple )2. Technica l R epor t an d Est imateHouse deco ra t ing i s used as an exam ple )3. Car Run ning Ins t ruct ions4 Tape-deck Ma in tenance5. The Electr ical Engineer6. Mach ines w i th Bra ins7. Electronics8 Televis ion9 Ai r -cond i t i on ing10 M an the Mas te r -bu i lde r11 Sys tem Bu i ld ing12. A Cont ract be tween a Bui lder and his Cl ient: Excerpts13 Cranes14 Fire Protect ion15. Solar Energy16 . Drainage17. Ship Repai r ing18. A r c - w e l d i n g19. The In terna l Cornbust ton Engine20 Hydraul icsConversion Tables


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UNDERST NDINGTECHNIC LENGLISH 3K METHOLD D D WATERS A KOHLER

bnnnnnnongman


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Longrnan Group Far East) Limitedua r ry Bay, Hong ongAssociated companies, branches and representativesthroughout the wor ld

Longman Group Far East) Ltd 1980Al l rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit tedin any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, r otherwise, withou t the priorpermission of the Copyright owner.First published 1980

Typeset in Hong Kong by Pearl Island Filmsetters HK) Ltd.Set in Monophoto Univers Medium 10/12 pt.Printed in Hong Kong bySing Cheong Printing Co. Ltd.

he cover photograph shows th Shell/Esso Brent Dproduction platform in the North Sea.


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othe eacher

This three-s tage graded reading course isin tended for those s tudents of Engl ish as afo re ign language who w ish to re la te the i rreading i n Engl ish t o top ics re levant t o the i rfuture careers as craftsmen or technicians.The course conta ins the fo l lowing features:1 The reading passagesEach passage is com plet e in i tsel f . The le ngthof the passages var ies f ro m abo ut 200 w or dsi n B o o k O n e t o a b o ut 300 w o r d s i n B o o kThree. The topics are of general interest toa l l technica l s tudents and requi re l i t t le spe-c ia li sed techn ica l kno wledg e o n the par t o fe i ther the s tudent or th e teacher . M os t o f thetechn ica l terms can be u nders tood f rom th econtext or f rom accompanying i l lus t ra t ions.The course can, therefore, be used wi thcon f idence by general Engl ish teachers w h ohave l i tt le technica l kno wle dge .2. The vocabularyThe emphas is here i s no t on teach ing h igh lyspec ia l ised technica l vo cabular ies . Thr oug h-out , the emphasis is more on present ing agenera l techn ica l vocabu la ry c om mo n t o a llc ra fts and technolog ies. The vocab ulary hasbeen se lected f rom a carefu l analys is o f th ewo rds m ost frequent ly used in bas ic tex tson bu i ld ing and bu i ld ing-assoc ia ted t radesand technolog ies, maintenance an d repai r -work , meta l -work , c i v i l eng ineer ing , and th efundamenta ls o f computer and e lect r ica ltechnology. At tent ion has a lso been paid t othe assoc ia ted pape r -work invo lved in g iv inges t imates and d raw ing-up con t rac ts . Fu l ldeta ils o f th is technica l lex is and o f the coregeneral E ngl ish lexis are give n in he teacher shand book t o the ser ies. A t var ious p lacesth roughout th i s b ook , s tuden ts a re asked t olook u p word s in the ir d i c tionaries . Theyshould remember that not a l l d ic t ionar iesconta in a l l words. I n many cases, however ,

t h ey w i l l b e a bl e t o f i n d t h e r o o t o f a w o r deven if they canno t f i nd the e xac t fo rm theyare look in g for .T h e n e w Longman Dictionary of Conternporary English i s recomme nded.3. Structura l cont ro lA l l the mater ia l is s t ructura l ly graded. Abasic assumpt ion has been m ade concern ingthe s tuden ts kno wle dg e a t po i n t o f en t ry ,and deta il s o f w ha t the s tuden ts a re expec tedt o k now , i f on ly passive ly , are g iven i n theteacher s hand book. Other s t ructures are in -t roduced gradual ly , and are carefu l ly deal tw i t h in the exerc ises . The comple te s t ruc tu rel is t is prov ided in the teacher s hand book.This l is t d i f fers f rom other wide ly used l is tsin tha t i t takes in to acc oun t tho se sen tencepa t te rns mos t commo n ly used in techn ica lwr i t i ng .4 The exercisesThese are des igned to exercise and t o testthe s tudents kno wle dg e. The exerc ises re-qu i re the s tuden ts to use words an d s t ruc tu restha t they have encoun te red i n the read ingpassages. An impor tant feature of the exer-c ises is tha t they rev ise the v ocabu lary in t r o-du ce d i n ear lier passages. There is, therefore,a ca re fu ll y bu i l t - i n rev ision fac to r th rough outthe boo k. For th is reason there are no separaterev is ion un i ts .5 Object ivesThis course i s no t i n t ended t o be a bas i cEngl ish course, and should be used inc on j unc t i on w i t h any go od gener al E ng li shcourse. I t s purpose i s t o p rov ide Eng l ish fo ra Speci f ic Purpose. The nee d for ESP hasbecome more and more apparen t over recen tyears . Th is book prov ides supplementarymater ia l to the usua l Eng l i sh p rogramme,w i th a techn ica l b ias .


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cknowledgements

TEXTWe are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:the author, E.W. Brown for an adapted extract from Ships Modern Industry series;Consumers Association for an extract from Extending Your House and an extract from Owning A-Car

used by permission of the publishers, Consumers Association. Copyright;Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. for an extract from Cost ing and Decorating by F.E. Chalrners from/ C l D ec o r a t ing News July 28 1970;Lutterworth Press for an adapted extract from Engineer, A Picture Career Book by Stewart Macmillan

and an adapted extract from B o y s B o o k of Sc ien t i f ic Ho bb ies by R H Warring;Fredrick Muller Ltd. for an adapted extract from This is Telev is ion by Richard Carrickford;Newsweek International Editorial Service for an adapted extract from Man The Master-Bui lder inN ew s w eek September 12th 1977 @ l977 Newsweek Inc;Oxford University Press for adapted extracts from M ac h i nes and Engines by A.G. Winterburn (Oxford

Children s Reference Library Vol 20) @ Oxford University Press 1973 by permission of Oxford UniversityPress;Popular Science for an adapted extract from Popular Sc ience p 146 November 1976. Reprinted fromPopular Science with permission. @ 1976 Times Mirror Magazines Inc;

Purnell Books for adapted extracts from Engineer ing Technology Foundat ions of Sc ience Library @Sampson Low, Marston and Company Ltd;

TEAC Corporation for an adapted extract from TEAC A 350 instruction Manual Stero Casset te Deck;Wormald lnternational ( U K ) Ltd. for an adapted extract from an advertising leaflet.

ILLUSTRATIONSWe are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyrightphotographs and illustrations:Architectural Press for page 63;Arnhold Co. Ltd. for page 61;Australian Information Service for page 21 top-left and bottom-left;Broken Hill Proprietary Co. Ltd. for page 54;British Crown Copyright, Science Museum, London for page 62;Camera Press for page 21 centre-left;Commission of India for page 20 top-right;Department of Energy, U.S.A. for pages 63 and 64;Gammon Building Construction Ltd. for page 51;Hong Kong Government:

Government lnformation Service for pages 2 15, 21 bottom-right, 23 top-right and bottom, 28, 33,36 top, 41, 43, 49, 52 55, 57 67, 69 71 left, 74, 81 and 85;Public Works Department for page 45;

Hong Kong Oxygen for pages 76 and 77;Hong Kong Tourist Association for page 20 centre;Hong Kong United Dockyards Ltd. for pages 71 right and 75;K.L.M. Royal Dutch Airlines for page 20 bottom-left;Leung Kai Tong for pages 14, 21 centre-right and 36 bottom-right;


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M a s s Transit Railway Corporation for page 2 top-right;National Museum of Wales for page 20 top-left;Oxford Children s Reference Library Vol. XX Mach ines and ng ines by A G C A Winterburn, published

by Oxford University Press, for page 27;The Shell Company of Hong Kong Limited for the cover photograph;South China Morning Post for page 36 bottom-left;The Science Museum, London for page 23 top-left;Wong Che Leung for page 36 bottom-right;Wormald International U K ) Ltd. for page 58.We are also very grateful to the following:Veronika Nell for drawing most of the illustrations;Sony Corporation of Hong Kong Ltd., wi thout whose assistance the photographs on page 4 would not

have been possible;Crown Motors Ltd., for their assistance with the illustration on page 1.


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1 E S T I M T I N G R E P I R S

Fig. 1 l A motor car repa i r es t ima te

T O P GARAGES LTD

Wh en yo u take your car -or, indeed, anypiece o f machinery-to be repaired, i t isgenera lly an adva ntage to ask for an est imate.You shou ld make sure an es t imate i s fu l l yi temised so tha t y ou can che ck i t a f te rwards .T h e n y o u c a n n o t be charg ed for unnecessarywork . Somet imes the repa ir canno t be accu-rate ly est imated unt i l some par ts have beendismant led. I f so, author ise th is am ou nt o fwork f i rs t and ask for an accurate est imateaf ter i t has been done.

DESCRIPTION OF WORKLabour ChargesEngine complete overhaulRegrind crankshaft rebore cylinderRemove reinstall air conditionerRefill freon for air conditionerMaterial Supplied4 Piston sub assembly w/pin1 Piston ring set1 Bearing set - crankshaft1 Bearing set - connecting rod1 Washer set thrush1 Gasket set engine overhaul1 C h a i n sub assembly1 Tensioner assembly1 Timing gear1 Water hose4 Spark plug1 Contact pointl Air filter1 Fuel filter1 Point set washer

. - -

W a g es a n d m e t h o d s o f c o s t i n g d i ff e r f r o m

US CHARGES263 0090 0080 0027 005 OO27 0030.0018 007 0034 0014 0013 0018 002 502 5 02 805 203 002 00

TOTAL 690 00---- - -

cen t o r th i r t y - th ree and one- th i rd per cen t ,o f w h a t t h e c u s to m e r i s c h a rg e d . T h e y d o n tu s u a ll y p a y a tt e n t io n t o h e t i m e t h e m e c h a n i chas taken . The charge t o th e cus tomer i sbased o n the m anufac tu re r s sugges ted t im e-schedu les fo r work . For examp le , i f t he t imea l low ed i s th ree hours and the mecha n ic takest w o a n d a h alf , t h e c u s t o m e r i s ch a rg e d f o rthree hours . The mechanic rece ives th i r typer cen t o f the to ta l amo un t charged , n o tt h i r t y p er c e n t o f t h e c h a r g e f o r t h e t w o a n da ha l f hours he a c tu a ll y w o r k e d o n t h e j o b .

garage to garage. Some garages pay the i r Labour charges to cus tomers cover no tmechan ics a f l at ra te per hou r and p ay t ime on ly th e cos t o f wages bu t a lso overheads .and a ha l f for over t ime. Others add a f ixed To get the cost per hour o f the overheads,percentage per hour t o the hour ly ra te . They d iv ide the cos t o f ru nn ing the work shop i tse lf~ a vor the over t ime at the sam e rate . by the number o f hours o f wo rk ava ilable .. T h e n a d d t o t h i s a n a m o u n t f o r p r o f i t.Garages wh ich have an incen t i ve schemepay the mechanic a par t , usual ly th i r ty perWe acknowledge the Consumers Assoc~at~onor an ext ract f r om Own~ng Car used by perrnlsslon of the publ~shers.Consumers Assoc~atlonCopyr~ght


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A mechanic working on a car engineEXERCISES

VocabularyA Study this sentence:When you take your car to be rt?aired, it isan advantage to ask for an estimate.Change the fo l lowing in to sentences in thestyle of the sentence abol e:i) When your car needs to be repaired,obtain estimates from several garages.ii) When you want to buy a second-hand

car, have it checked by a good mechanicfirst.iii) When you have a difficult job to do,

plan it carefully beforehand.B. Study this sentence:Methods of costing di f fer f rom garage togarage.Change the fo l lowing in to sentences in thestyle of the sentence above:i) The grades of oil needed are not thesame for every make of car.ii ) The types of spanners used are not the

same for every job.iii ) The method of paying mechanics is not

the same for every garage.

A mechanic working underneath a carC State wh ich w ord s in the passage meanthe f o l low ing :i) the amount of money left after all ex-

penses have been paidii ) hours worked in addition to normal

working hoursiii) a plan or programme of workiv) an extra payment made to encourage

more or better workv) expenses needed for carrying on a busi-ness

D L earn these prefixes:dis, di, dif w y or fromdismantle to take pieces away from; to taketo pieces.L o o k up the mean ings of t hese words i n yourdict ionaries:differential diffused distributordistorted distilledComple te each o f these sentences w i th aw ord t aken f rom the above l ist:i) The driver poured thewater into the battery.ii ) They repaired the and

then checked the rear wheels.iii) The light in the garage

made it difficult to see, so they used aspotlight as welt.


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( i v ) T h e m e t a l w a s s o t h a tt h e m e c h a n i c c o u l d n o t s t ra i g h te n t h e w h e e l .( v ) I f t he ge ts we t , a ca rw i l l n o t s tar t .

omprehensionA . List ll the items which make up t h eoverheads of a workshop.B. Choose t h e co r r e c t a n swe r a 6 c or dto e a ch of the following questions..( i ) A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p as sa ge , w h y i s i ti m p o r t a n t t o o b t a i n a f u l l y i te m i s e d e s t im a t e ?

a . Y o u w i l l a l w a ys o b t a i n a l ower p r i ce .b. You w i l l g e t be t te r se rv i ce.c. Y o u w i l l n o t h a v e t o p a y f o r u n n e c es -s ar y w o r k .d . Y o u w i l l n o t h a v e t o p a y a n y o v er ti m e.

( i i ) A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a ss ag e, h o w a rem e c h a n ic s p a i d ?

a. an hour ly rateb acco rd in g to t he sk il l neededc . i n a number o f d i f f e ren t waysd. b y a p e r c en t a g e o f t h e t o t a l o v e r h e a d s

( i ii ) A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p as sa ge , w h i c h of t h ef o l l o w i n g d o e s t h e c u s to m e r n o t h a v e t o p a yf o r ?

a. la bou r charges b ove rheadsc . t he es t ima te d. t h e p r o f i t

( i v ) A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a ss ag e, h o w c a n am e c h a n ic e s t i m a t e t h e c o s t o f a job?a . H e is u n a b l e t o e s t im a t e i t.b. H e c a n c h a r g e a p e r c en t a g e o f t h e t o t a lw o r k s h o p c o s t s .c. He can use the manu fac tu re r sschedu les .d . He can ask the cus tomer .

C. Explain what the following refer to:( i ) t h is a m o u n t o f w o r k i n li ne s 9 a n d 10( i i ) i t se l f i n l i ne 5

Language PracticeA. Study these sentences:( i ) M a k e s u r e t h e e s t i m a t e i s f u l l y i t e m i s ed .Y o u m a y w a n t t o c h ec k t h e w o r k a ft er w ar ds .( i i ) M a k e su r e t h e e s t i m a t e is f u l l y i te m is e d ,s o t h a t y o u c a n c h e c k t h e w o r k a f te r w ar ds .Change each of the following pairs ofsentences into a sentence in the style of ii )a b o v e :( i ) M a k e su re a l l t he spa re pa r t s a re gen-u i n e . Y o u m a y w a n t t o c l a im u n d e r th eguaran tee .( i i ) M a k e s u re y o u o b t a i n more t h a n o n ee s t im a t e . Y o u may w a n t t o g e t t h e w o r k d o n eas cheap ly as po ss ib le .( ii i ) M a k e su re y o u k e e p a c o p y of t h ee s t im a t e . Y o u m a y w a n t t o r e fe r t o i t l a t er .( i v ) M a k e s ur e a r e c o rd i s k e p t o f t h e t i m et h e m e c h a n i c t ak e s. Y o u may w a n t t o c h e c kh is pay.B. Study these sentences:( i ) S o m e ga r ag e s h a v e a n i n c e n t i v e s c h e m e .T h e y p a y t h e m e c h a n i c a p e rc e n t ag e o f w h a tt h e c u s t o m e r i s c h a r g e d .( it ) G a ra g e s w h i c h o p e r a t e a n i n c e n t i v es c h e m e p a y t h e m e c h a n i c a p e r c e n t a g e ofw h a t t h e c u s t o m e r i s c h a rg e d .Change e a c h of the following pairs of sen-tences into a sentence in the style of it )a b o v e :i) S o m e e s ti m at e s a r e n o t f u l l y i t e m i s e d.T h e y d o n o t g i v e a n a c c ur a te a c c o u n t o f t h e

w o r k t o b e d o ne .( i i ) S o m e ga ra ge s d o n o t w o r k o u t o v e r-heads co r rec t l y , They w i l l e i t he r ove rcha rgeo r un de rcha rg e the i r cus tomers .( ii i ) S o m e m a c h in e r y i s i d l e f o r m u c h o f t h et i m e . It i s a m a j o r cost p r o b le m i n s o m ew o r k s h o p s .


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(iv) Some garages have poorly skilled me-chanics. They find it difficult to keep theircustomers.C Study these sentences..

i ) Labour charges cover the cost of thewages. They also cover the overheads.(ii) Labour charges cover not only the costof the wages, but also the overheads.Change each of the following pairs of sen-tences into a sentence in the style of it)above :(i ) An estimate should include the cost ofspare parts. It should also include the labourcosts.(i i) Good garages employ skilled mechanics.They also employ good supervisors.(iii) The good mechanic is highly skilled.He is also a fast worker.(iv) Some machinery is expensive to install.It is also expensive to maintain.D Study this sentence:T h e charge is based on the manufacturer'stime schedules.hange the following into sentences in thestyle of the sentence above:(i) the cost per hour of the overheads /calculated / cost of running the workshop(i i) mechanic's wage / based / on the hoursworked(iii) cost of spare parts / worked out /supplier's price

his custom and you intend to write him arep1y. Use the following information as wellas that in the passage:Price of gear-box 30Wages 8 an hourOverheads:LightingAdvert ising per week of 45Rent 115 hoursTelephone 10Profit 20%The job took one mechanic three hours.Complete the letter below, explaining thecharges:

Watson's Garage,Main Street,Hopetown.26th August 19 . . .

Mr F. Jones,Short Street,Hopetown.Dear Sir,With reference to your complaint of 24thNovember, I am sorry that you find ourcharges too high. Because methods of cost ing

I would like to take thisopportunity of explaining our charges.The cost of the gear-box itselfThe job took our mechanic three hours.He is paid at the rate ofHence his wages for the job amounted to

ompositionY o u are the manager of a garage. An angrycustomer has written that he has been over-charged for a new gearbox in his car. Hebelieves that the amount charged i s toomuch for the job. You do not want t o lose

However, labour charges to our cus-tomers cover not only the cost of wages

. They includeOur charges for overheads for this job cametoA profit of is added to thesecombined charges for labour and overheads,


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making a total ofYou may remember that you did not ask foran estimate when you brought your car tous. When you take your car to be repaired,

am sure that if you checkwith other garages, you will find that ourcharges are quite reasonable. Therefore welook forward to receiving your cheque in thenext mail.Yours faithfully,William WatsonManager)


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2 TECHNIC L R P O R T ND ESTIM TE

THE REPORTThe present condition of the surfaces andthe proposed finishes is as follows:Ceil ing : Sof t distemper on plaster, badlycracked. Hang textured paper at 8.00 perroll and finish emulsion paint to match BS3-3033.Cornice: Soft distemper, some damage toexternal mitre on elevation. Finish to matchB S 3-3033.Walls : Emulsion paint in reasonable condi-tion, but some cracking and flaking apparenton elevations. Two walls to be finished asthe ceiling but to match B S 5-058 . Other tw owalls to be lined and hung with Vinyl wall-hanging at 18.00 per roll.Doors: Varnished oak, varnish badly chip-ped. Finish gloss to match BS 5-059.Arch i t raves and sk i r t ing : Generally inpoor state, badly chipped. Finish in glosswhite.W i n d o w - f rames : Existing paintwork inbad condition and requires stripping. Finishgloss white.THE ESTIM TECeil ing : Wash off all existing distemper, cutout and make good all cracks, size and hangwi th paper, pattern number XXX at 8.00 perroll and emulsion paint two coats. 250Co rn ice Wash off all existing soft distem-per, repair defective angle, prepare, seal andpaint one undercoat and one coat egg-shellfinish. 60Walls: Wash down, remove all loose paint,make good cracks and size. Two walls to behung with paper, pattern number XXX at8.00 per roll and emulsion paint t wo coats.

Two walls to be lined wi th white lining paper,and hung with Vinyl, pattern number XXX at18.00 per roll. 420

Doors and window-frames: Remove allexisting paint, rub down, knot, prime andstop, apply two coats undercoating and onecoat gloss finish. 210Arch i t raves and sk i r t ing : Wash and rubdown, fill all indentations and apply twocoats undercoating and one coat gloss finish.

60Mi sc el la ne ou s Prepare and sheet-up roomand adjacent areas; remove fittings, clean andreplace fittings, remove debris from site. 30

EXERCISESVocabulary

Walls are sized to make them non-porous.This is particularly necessary in countrieswhere the plaster on walls is soft and thuseasily absorbs water. Priming paintworkachieves several things. It gives protectionagainst the weather for wood that is exposedto the elements. I t helps cover up any defectsthere may be in the wood. It adds body tothe paintwork. (Subsequent coats of paintwi ll be much thinner.) Knotting is the processof treating knots in the wood, prior to paint-ing, to prevent them exuding resin. Stoppingis the process of f ill ing any holes in the wood.Sometimes, the word fill is used instead ofstop. Vinyl is a special type of wall-covering,also sold in rolls. It is plastic-coated and easyto clean. Textured paper i s paper that hasa design you can feel with your fingers.Making good cracks means filling them inbefore painting, to give a surface that is asperfect as possible. Varnish is coating thatcan be seen through, and is often applied towood.


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Fig 2 1 A room interior showing doorway andwallsA The words in List A are used in thepassage. Pair these with the words fromList B which could e substituted for themin the passage. Keep the original meaning:List A List Bpresent imperfectproposed nearbyapparent existingstripping noticeablesize suggesteddefective removingstop sealadjacent fillangle cornerB . Label figure 2.1 correctly using the termsbe10 W:cornice mitre architraveskirting angleC. Label the imperfections illustrated in figure2.2 correctly using the terms below:cracked flaking chipped indentationsD Learn this prefix:ad toadjacent next toLook up the meanings of these words in yourdictionaries:adjust adjoin admit adhere advance

Fig. 2,2 A damaged interior showing doorwayand wal lsComplete each of these sentences with thecorrect form of a word taken from the listabove:I ) T h e wall had not been sized properly,

so the wall-paper would notii) Because the job was so difficult, the

decorator asked for a n on thepayment for the work.iii) The window was too high and too small

t o very much light, so t h e ydecided to enlarge it.iv) The workshop the office

building.v ) The rates of pay w e r e out of date, and

had to be

omprehensionA E-xplain how the report is different fromthe estimate.B . Choose the correct answer a b c or dt each of the following questions:i) According to the paskage, on which

surface or surfaces is textured paper to beused

a. the ceiling onlyb. all wallsc, two walls onlyd. tw o walls and the ceiling


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ii ) According to the passage, what is tobe put underneath the Vinyl wall-hanging?

a. emulsion paintb. distemperc. white lining paperd, one coat gloss finish

ii i) According to the passage, which o f thefollowing mat.erials wi ll not be used for theproposed finishes

a. distemper b. paperc. emulsion paint d. Vinyl

iv) According to the passage, when is sizeapplied to a surface7

a. before it is paintedb. before the paper is hungc. after it has been paintedd. during stripping

C List all the materials that will be requiredto redecorate the room.

anguage PracticeA . This technical report and estimate iswritten in abbreviated English. Many wordshave been left out:For example:Soft distemper on plaster, badly cracked.For: The distemper on the plaster is soft andbadly cracked.Referring to the passage if necessary, rewritethe following in full:i ) Soft distemper, some damage to externalmitre on elevation.ii) Emulsion paint in reasonable condition.ii i) Finish in gloss white, generally in poor

state.B Study this example:I ) Two walls to be finished the same as

the ceiling.

it) Finish tw o walls the same as the ceiling.Change the following into the style of ii )above:i) The other two walls to be lined and

hung with Vinyl.ii ) All existing paint to be rubbed down.iii ) Defective angle to b e repaired.iv) Cracks to be made good and sized.v ) Two walls to be hung with oatmeal

paper.C Study this example:i) What is the present state of the surfacesand what f in ishes do you propose?ii) The present state of the surfaces and

the proposed finishes are as follows:Respond to the following questions in thestyle of ii ) above:i) What are the mechanical faults in thevehicle and what repairs do you suggest?ii ) What is the condition of the building

and what improvements do you recommend?ii i) What are the defects of the system andwhat modifications do you p lan?iv ) What are the health hazards in the

factory and what safeguards do you require?D. Study this example:i) Wash off all existing soft distemper fromthe ceiling.ii) Ceiling: Wash off all existing distemper.Change the following into th style of ii )

above:l ) Finish the architraves and skirting ingloss white.ii) The emulsion paint on the walls is in a

reasonable condition.iii) The varnish on the oak doors is badly

chipped.i v ) The existing paintwork of the window

frames is in bad condition.


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ompositiontudy th is p ic ture of room very careful lyt hen w r i t e a deta i led technica l repor t . T h e

owner w nts the four w lls to be hung withVinyl p ttern number 49A Y ou m us t dec i deh o w the rest of t h e r o o m is to be repairedpainted or plastered. Fig 2 3 damaged interior room with window


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3 C A R RUNNING INSTRU TIONS

Filling up wi th fuelWhen filling up with fuel avoid overf,illingthe tank. The fuel should not be visible in thefiller intake tube. If it is and the car is leftin the sun, the fuel may expand. Then there isa danger of fuel leakage. If the tank isaccidentally overfilled, park the car in theshade with the filler as high as possible.StartingCheck that the gear lever is in the neutral Fig 3 1 An over-f il led fuel tankposition and that the hand-brake is on. If temperature gauge speed gauge choke ignition kthe engine is cold, pull out the mixturecontrol (choke). Switch on the ignition,check that the ignition and oil-pressure lightsglow, and operate the starter. As soon as theengine starts, release the ignition key andwarm up the engine. Check that the oil-pressure gauge is registering or that the gear lever il pressure gaugeoil -pressure light goes out.Warming upWarming p th engine allowing it to Fig. 3 2 A car dashboard show ing dials andidle slowly is harmful and leads to excessive gaugescylinder wear. The correct procedure is tolet the engine run fairly fast, approximatelyone thousand revolutions (revs) per minute(1000 rpm), corresponding to a speed oftwenty-five kilometres per hour (25 kph) intop gear. This allows it t o reach its correctworking temperature as quickly as possible.Far less damage is done by driving the carfrom cold, than by letting the engine idleslowly.Running inThe way a new car is looked after will havean important effect on its future life. Engineand road speeds during this early period mustbe limited. During the first eight hundredkilometres:

After the running-in period, speeds shouldbe gradually increased up to maximum per-formance.Ignition lightThe light should glow when the ignition isswitched on. It should go out and stay outat a l l times while the engine is running abovenormal idling speed. On cars with an alter-nator, the warning light should go out im-mediately the engine is started. Failure to doso shows a fault in the battery chargingsystem. Check that the fan-belt is correctlytensioned, before consulting your dealer.Temperature gaugeWhen the engine is running, the gauge shows

Do not exceed seventy kilometres per hour, the temperature of the coolant leaving theDo not operate at full throttle in any gear. cylinder head. When the ignition is switchedDo not allow the engine to labour in any gear. off, the needle returns to the cold position.


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EXERCISESVocabulary

A . The wor ds i n L i s t A a re used i n t hepassage. Pair these w i t h the word s f romList B wh ich cou ld be subs t it u ted f o r t hemi n t h e passage K e e p the or ig inal meaning:List A List Bglow rest r ic tedreg i s te r i ng showinga l l ow ing resu l tef fect shinel imi ted permi t t ingB. Study these examples:Ver b No un Ad j ec t iveexpand expans ion expandedregister registra t ion registeredFi l l i n the b lank spaces in the tab le be low .

T h e w o r d s d o n o t a l l f o l l o w t h e s a m epattern.)Ve rb No un Ad j ec t ivel im i ta t i oncont ro l operat ional

excessivec o n n e c t i o nC. Learn this pref ix:i ) ove r t o o m uch ; t o o g rea tover f il li ng f i ll i ng to o m uc hi i ) over =a bo ve

overhead above the head e .g . an overheadcable)L ook u p t he m eanings o f t hese w ords i n yourdictionaries:over heat over turn ove rworkover -produce over -est imate over layover lap ove r - t ime overpassComple te each o f these sentences w i t h thecorrec t fo rm o f a w or d taken f ro m the above

list:i ) T h e y h a d t o p u l l o ff t h e r o a d w h e n t he ireng ine a n d w a i t f o r it t o cool.i i ) T o avo i d hav i ng j o ins , whe r e wa t e rm i g h t l eak i n , r oo f - t i les a l waysi ii ) T h e m e n ha d t o w o r k St h a t th e y c o u l d f i n is h t h e b u i l d in g b y t h e

com p l e t i on da t e i n t he con tr ac t.i v ) The bu i l der t he cos t o f

h i s m a te ri al s and l os t a con t r ac t t o b u i l d anew factory.

ComprehensionA. Wri te a paragraph o n each of t h e f o l l o w -ing:W ha t d r ive r s shou l d a t t em p t t o a vo i d when :a) s tar ti ng a n e w carb r u n n i n g i n a n e w c a rB . Choose the correct answer a b c or dto each o f the fo l lo win g ques t ions :i ) Acco r d i ng t o t he passage, wha t m aycause fue l t o l eak f r om a n ove r f u ll t an k?a. v is ib le fuel

b. expans i on of f ue lc. a f au l t y i n t ake t ubed . a l oose f ue l tanki i ) Acco r d i ng t o t he passage, w he n shou l dt he i gn i t i on key b e released ?

a. w he n th e o i l -p ressure gaug e reg is te rsb . w he n t he o i l -p r essu r e l i gh t goes ou tc . w h e n t h e m i x tu r e c o n t r o l c h o k e ) ispushed i nd . wh en t he eng i ne st ar ts

i i i) Acc ord in g to the passage, wh at e f fec tc a n i d l in g h av e o n a c o l d e n g i n e ?a. There is th e r isk o f fuel leakage.b . The cy li nde r s m ay be dam aged .c . The eng i ne w i l l l abou r i n any gear.d. Oi l p ressure w i l l b e i nc reased.


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(iv) According to the passage, what is therunning in period for a new car?

a. before the engine warms upb. while the engine is idlingc. when the warning lights are still ond. the first eight hundred kilometresExplrjtr~what the foll owin g refer to

I) i t in l~ ne .(ii) so in line 52.3 Language PracticeA St r~dyhese sentences:(i ) When you fill up with fuel, do notoverfill the tank.(i i) When filling up with fuel, avoid over-filling the tank.Change tile followl ng into sentences i n thestyle of (it) above:(i) When you run in a new car, do notexceed seventy kilometres per hour.(ri) When you warm u p the engine, do not

(iii ) Driving at speeds greater than a hundredand twenty kilometres per hour is usuallyillegal.(iv) Allowing the engine to labour in anygear is unwise.(v) Filling the petrol tank while the engineis running is prohibited.C. Study this definit ion:A jack is a tool which is used for raising a car.Change the fol l owin g into def init ions in thestyle of the sentence above:(I) alternator / mechanical generator / usedfor / supplying / alternating current(ii) coolant / liquid / used for / coolingengine(iii) starter / electric motor / used for /starting / car engine(iv) choke / valve / used for / controlling /intake of air(v) gauge / instrument / used for / measur-ing / oil pressure

allow ~t o idle.( i i ~ )When you top up the brake fluid, do not ompositionspill any of it on the paint-work of the car.( iv) When you park your car, do not parkit in the sun.v ) When you operate your vehicle over

long distances, do not travel a t high speedsfor long periods.B Study these sentences:( i) Warming up the engine by allowing itto idle slowly is harmful.(ii ) It is harmful to warm up the engine byallowing it to idle.Cfla t~ye he fol low ing into sentences in thestyle of 11) above:i ) Unscrewing a radiator cap while the

englne i s hot is dangerous.(i i) Lying under a jacked-up car is unsafe.

It is important to keep the bodywork andupholstery of your car in good condition.Use t he f ~ l l o w i ng o tes t o w ri te ou t someca r cleaning instructions:Interiorcarpets, ashtrays,seats: take out to cle nfloor-wells, pockets: brush or vacuumupholstery: clean wi th

upholstery cleanerExteriorchrome: i ) wash-soapy

water(ii) rinse-coldwater(iii) dry-chamois


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paintwork:

for rust (i) clean-chromecleaner(ii) wax(i) wash-deter-gent

[for dull cut back- abrasivepaint polish (gives smooth,

shiny, finish)-don trub too hard(expose undercoat)]ii) protect-waxpolish-not in sun-

dries quickly-hardto polish

acuum cleaner

Fig 3.3 Cleaning the i ns ide of a car

Fig 3 4 Clean ing the ou ts ide of a car


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4 T A P E D E C K M INTEN NCE

The inside of a tape deck Cleaning the pinch roller

Cleaning the tape- headsA n i m p o r ta n t p r o c ed u re i n t a p e - d e c kmaintenance is t o c lean the heads carefu l lyand f requen t ly . The heads shou ld a lways b ec leaned be fo re mak ing record ings and a tleast once for every e ight hours o f use. Ah igher qua l i t y o f record ing and reproduc t ionw i l l be ava ilable i f t he p roper c lean ing p ro -

cedure is fo l l owed . D i r t y heads w i l l cause areduct ion in f requency-response and i r reg-u lar head wear . In ext reme cases the dec kmay fa i l t o record a t all.Ch lo ro thane and abso lu te anhydrous a lco -ho l a re common ly used c lean ing f l u ids .Ch lo ro thane i s non- f l ammab le and hasexcellent c leaning proper t ies . A lc oho l isharmless to the machine: i t i s combus t ib lehowever and i ts c leaning proper t ies are no tcom pletely sat isfactory.

Removing the pinch rollerc o ve r . U s i n g a s t if f c o t t o n s w a b o r a pieceo f g a u z e d i p p e d i n c l e a n i n g f lu i d rub t h een t ire head sur face. Take ca re no t t o sc ra tchi t . Repeat the p rocedure o n each head un t i la l l t he d i sco loura t ion and tape ox ides havebeen removed . C lean a l l m et a l par ts overw h i c h t h e t a pe p ass es s u c h as t he caps tanshaf ts tap e gu ides and tape l i fters . A satis-f a c t o r y j o b c a n n o t b e d o n e w i t h t h e t h i nf lex ib le sha f ts o f ten p rov ide d b y shops;the re fo re use a sw ab w i t h a r i g id sha ft .A f te r a lo t o f use the p inch- ro l le r w i l l a l soa c c u m u l a t e a f i l m o f o x i d e . T o r e m o v e t h epinch-ro l ler for c leaning grasp it w i t h t h ef in g e r s a n d p u l l i t f o r w a r d . O n l y f l u i d s s u i t a b l efo r c lean ing rubber su r faces shou ld be usedo n t h e p i n c h- r o ll e r. D o n o t u s e c h lo r o th a n eas it wi l l cause de te r io ra t ion of t he rubber .

To c lean the heads f i r s t remove the head


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EXERCISESVocabulary

A F o rm n o u n s f r o m e a ch o f t h e f o l l o w i n gwords..(i ) reproduce (i i) discolour(ii i) accumulate (iv) deterioratev ) reduce

C o mp le te e a c h o f t h es e s e n te n c e s w i t h t h ec o rr ec t f o r m o f a w o r d ta k e n f r o m t h e a b o v eis :(i ) All should be removedfrom the heads.(ii) will be of a higherquality if the proper cleaning procedure isfollowed.(ii i) If the heads are dirty, there may b e a

in frequency response.(iv) Any of oxides willreduce the quali ty of the recording.v) The use of chlorothane as a cleaning

fluid wil l cause of the rubber.B Wri te the oppos i te o f these words :(i) irregular (ii ) non-flammable(iii ) harmful (iv) corn busti ble(v) satisfactory (vi) flexible(vii ) forward (vii i) suitable(ix) important(In less technical English, inflammable isoften used instead of flammable . Its oppo-site is non-inflammable instead of non-flammable .)C. L earn th is pre f ix :(i) re backreproduction (in the passage) play-back(i i) re againreproduction production againe.g. a reproduction of the famous painting,the Mona Lisa

copy artist reproducing paintings

L o o k u p t h e m e an in g s o f t he se w o r d s i nyour d ic t~onar ies :retract reinforced retainingreverse reconditionC o m p le te e a ch o f t h e s e s e nte nc e s w i t h t h ec o r re c t f o r m o f a w o r d t a k en f r o m t h e a b ov e11s(i) Most typewriters have an automaticribbon(ii) The pilot was worried when the wheelsdid not after take-off.(iii) He decided to buy aengine rather than a new one.(iv) The wall w a s made of

concrete ten centimetresthick.

ComprehensionA . L is t th e pa r ts of t h e t a p e -d e c k o ve r w h i c hth e ta pe passes.B. Choose the co r rec t answer a b c o r dto e a c h o f t h e f o l l o w in g q u e s ti o ns :i ) According t o the passage, in what way

is alcohol superior to chlorothane for cleaningpurposesa. It is non-flammable.

b. It is combustible.c. It has excellent cleaning properties.d. It can be used to clean rubber surfaces.


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( ii ) Acco r d i ng t o t he passage , w h i c h o f t hef o l l ow i ng pa r t s o f a t ape - deck i s m ade o frubbera. the tape headsb t he p in ch ro ll erc. the capstan shaf tsd. th e tape l i fters

( ii i) Acco r d i ng t o t he passage , wh i ch o ft h e fo l lo w i n g w o u l d y o u ot u s e t o c le a n at ape head?

a . a co t t on swab w i t h a r i g i d sha ftb. a p iece of gauzec. ch lorothaned, a p iece of glass paper( iv ) Acco r d i ng t o t he passage , wha t i s t hemain purpose o f c l ean ing tape heads?a. to reduce f r i c t ion

b t o remove ox ides and d i sco loura t i onc. to increase tape speedd. t o reduce f requency- response

C. Explain wh t the f o l l o w i n g r f r t o :( i ) i ts in l ine 17.( i i ) i t in l ine 23.anguage Practice

A Study this example:an impor tan t p rocedure / improve eng ineperformance / adjust th e carburet torA n i m po r tan t p r ocedu r e i n i m p r ov i ng eng i neper formance is t o adjust th e carburettor.Change the fo l l ow ing g roups of phrases intosentences in t he same way:( i ) t he most impor tan t p rocedure / instal le lect r ica l equipment / doub le-check a l lconnect ions( i i) t he nex t s tep / prepare th e so lu t i on /we i gh a nd m i x t he chem i cal s( i i i ) on e of the stages / c lean the sur face /remove a l l d isco lourat ion

( i v ) t he f i na l s tage / connec t t he equ i pm en t /ver if y t he vo l tage(v) an i m po r t an t p r ocedu r e / main ta intape-deck / c lean the headsB Stu dy these sentences:( i ) A h igher qua l i t y o f record ing and re -p r oduc t i on w i l l b e available.( i i ) Greater eng ine per fo rmance w i l l bepossib le.( i ii ) M o r e k il om et res t o t he l it re w i l l beobta ined.( i v ) Less d a m a g e w i l l b e d o n e t o t h e s u rfa ce .( v ) Fewer b r eakdown s w i l l occu r .Make new sen tences by c o m b i n i n g o n e oft he sen tences above w i th a sui table phrasef rom the l is t be low :0 ) i f t he veh i c le i s p roper lyserviced.( i i ) i f t he mo st su i tab le gearis engaged.( i i i ) i f t he eng ine i s correc tl ytuned.( ;v> i f t he pa i n t wo r k i s r eg -u la rl y waxed .(V ) i f t he p roper c lean ingprocedure i s f o l l owed .C. Stud y th is sentence:The heads shou l d a l ways be cleaned beforemaking recordings.Us ing the co rrec t form of the words changeeach o f t h e f o l l o w i n g groups o f words i n t oa sentence in the s ty le of the sentence above:( i ) est imate / a l w a y s / checked / pay b i l l( i i ) wa l l s / never / pa in ted / app l y / under -coa t i ng( i i i ) approval / a l w a y s / g i ven / c h a n g i n g /speci f i cat ions( i v ) t he head cove r / a l w a y s / r em oved /clean / heads


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car r l ayot ype - faceD T h e following w o r d s a r e o f t e n u s e d toj o i n s t a te m e n t s( I ) h o w e v e ~ (1 1) s u c h a s (111) t h e r e f o r eC h r r k l 7 0 W ' / l ow r v e r ' and therefore arei ~ s ~ dr l t l l p p a s s a g e on p 7 ' S u c h as ' Sused tn a s lm rl ar w a y ( T h e r e S a n e x a m p l eI n t h e passage i n C h a p t e r 5 p 18 ) Nowi ts > / l ~ s r o r d s t o j o ~ r ~h e g l o i i p s of sPrI-~ P I I I ' P S I P ~ W ( T h e n u m b e r s l n d l c a t e t heg t o u p s o f s e n te n c es w h e l e t h e y a r e t o beu s e d )( I ) T h e e n g l n e of t h e c a l w a s I n e xc e ll e ntc o l ~ d ~ t i o n h e b o d y w o ~ a n d u p h o l s te tywc l t i 111 R v e l y b a d s ta t e(1 1) T t i e te w e l e s e v e ra l t e a s o n s f or t h e, ~c cl cl en t T h o d r ~ v e l ' s a re le ss ne ss w a s o n e~ c a s o r ~ o o l v ~ s ~ b l l l t y a s a n o t h e t F a u l t yb t a k e s wa5 t h e t h ~ t d(111) A l l t h t : c s t r r na tes we l t priced t o o h l g hH r d t i c l d e d to d o t h e j o b h ~ n i s e l f

T t i e f o l l o w ~ l ~ c jo ~ c l s l e u s ed I n a t y p e w t l t e llIldlIltt'17;1111:f) 111;111~1;-ll

extt31 0 1 set v t c eI11t11 c' il t i t t l ~ s c o n n e c t b l l shI ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ I ~ I C I ~ ~ I ~y ~ j u - f a c e s c a i I l a g ety e l c l l o f f

Fig 4 1 A c r os s - s ec t~on f a typewi l tetC o / ~ ? p l c t el ~ eo / l o w / i l y n s t r / c t i o l ~ so t y l ) i 3wl i t e r i un t / 1 te /?a r 7c eby f t l l i i l y 111 t/113 O l c ~ i ~ l ( s7 t110 i l a s s a g p DP IOW w l t l ~ C O I I P C ~ o t r ~ ~

o f f ? ~ I I Y T / S 111 t lr l i s t a l o v ~Y o u t t y p c w t ~ t e ~h o u l d be r I c l

by a t y p e w r ~ t e ra t leas t on e a yea1 I f y o u d o a g r e a t d e a lof t y p l n g , m o r e ft e q u e n t s e r v ic i n g m a y b en e c e s s a ly I f y o u h a v e an e l e c t r i c t y p c -w l ~ t e t ,a l w a y s t u r n ~ t a nri

t h e p o w e l w h e n n o t 111 clstrC l e ar ) t h e u s l n r j ;I s t l f f

o t a c o m m e t c l a l t y p e c le a ne tA v o l d g e t t l t ig ekase l d l ~ tn t o t h e t y p e w l ~ t i : ~b y c no vl ng t h e t o t h e fat I t 3 f t0 1 light b e f o t e e r a s i n g A n excessive a r l l o ~ r r l to f q l t t m a y c a u s e t h e t os t l c k T h e o f t h e t y p e w t lt t j lwill s t a y n e w l o o k i r i y f o l y e a ts w l t t l nr n t n 1 1 7 i u m f


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5 TH ELECTRICAL ENGINEER

For thousands of years the only powerused by humans was that produced by themuscles of man and of animals. Later, manfound ways of making use of the forces ofwater and wind. Then, in the nineteenthcentury, steam power revolutionised Europeand created great industrial nations. Steampower had limitations, however; and manyindustries did not develop until electricitycould be widely used.

Electricity, made by steam power producedfrom burning coal, gas or oit, or by the forceof water turning turbines, or by atomicpower, has dramatically altered our way oflife. This cheap form of power that is broughtinto our homes so easily, operates suchmodern amenities as lighting, air-condition-ing, refrigeration, television and power tools.

There is a huge demand for electricity and,as a result of this, an increasing need forelectrical and electronic engineers all overthe world.

Electrical engineering can be divided intotwo main fields: power and electronics. Theformer includes the manufacture of elec-tricity and generating plants, machinery andcomponents. It ranges from the design ofelectric razors to the installation of a powerstation.

Electronics covers the field of light currentapparatus--including television and tele-phone engineering-also the design andmanufacture of such complex scientificinstruments a s the electron microscope andthe electronic computer.

To enter any of these fields of work, thestudent needs a good knowledge of basicengineering, such as an understanding of the

strength and properties of materials. H e alsoneeds a full understanding of circuit theoryand a solid knowledge of mechanicalengineering. Also he needs some practicalexperience of manufacturing in the electronicfield. At the same time, specialisation isessential. Hence a student has to decidewhether to specialise in heavy or lightelectrical engineering. Whatever his choice,the opportunities before him are many andvaried.

swivels so that it always faces th wind\tail or fin) \ direction of blades

direction of w ~

Fig. 5 1 A wind gene r a to r


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EXERCISESVocabulary

A . Study this example..Verb No un Ad jec t i vep ro du c e p ro d u c t i o n p ro d u c t i veSupply the noun and adjective forms of thefollowing verbs:( i ) revo lu t ion ise ( i i ) c reate( i i i ) deve lop ( i v) s t reng then(v ) i n c l u d eB. T h e w o rd s i n L is t A a re u s e d i n t h epassage. Pair each of these words with theword from List B which is its opposite inmeaning (as it is used in the passage).List A Lis t Bcreated decreas ingd e ma n d e x c lu d e sincreas ing destroyedinc ludes supp lypract ica l theoret ica lC. Learn this prefix:p r o f o r w a r dproduce to ma ke ; t o p u t f o rw a rdLook up the meanings of these words in yourdictionaries:p ro c e e d p ro to t y p eprope l progressComplete each of these sentences with thecorrect form of a word taken from the above/is :(1) A o f th e mach ine wa so n d isplay a t the exh ib i t ion .( i i ) Sc ien t is ts are exper imen t ing w i t h carsb y e lec t ri c i t y.( i ii ) B e f o re y o u w i t h i n -s tal l in g t h e e q u ip me n t, c h e c k t h a t t h e v o l t a g ei s correc t .

h a s b e e n d e la y e d b e -cause o f a sho r tage o f bu i ld i ng mate ria ls .

ComprehensionA Explain briefly, giving examples of each,what you understand by the terms light andheavy electrical engineering.

B. Choose the correct answer a, 6, c, d, or e,to each of the fol lowing questions:( i ) A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p as sa ge , w h i c h f o r mo f p o w e r h a s d ra ma t i c a l l y a l t e re d o u r w a yo f l i f e ?a . t h e fo r c es o f w i n d a n d w a te r

b. m u s c le p o w e rc s te a m p o w e rd . e l ec t ri c p o w e r

( i i ) A c c o rd in g to t h e p a ss ag e, w h i c h of thef o l l o w in g i s n o t u t i l is e d to p ro d u c e e le c t r i c i ty ?a. gas b. w a te r c . w o o dd. c o a l e . a to m ic p o w e r( i i i) A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p as sa ge , w h i c h o f t h efo l l o w in g i s a n e x a mp le o f p o w e r e l e ct r ic a l

eng ineer inga , t h e d e s i g n a n d m a n u f a c t u r e o f c o m -putersb. t e l e p h o n e a n d t e l e v i s i o n e n g in e e r i ngc t h e ma n u fa c tu re o f g e n e ra t i n g p l a n t sd the manu fac tu re o f sc ien t i f i c ins t ru -ments

( i v) A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p as sa ge , w h a t m u s ta s tuden t o f e lec t ri ca l eng ineer ing dec i de ?a . w h e t h e r o r n o t t o s t u d y t h e s t r e ng t hand proper t ies o f mater ia lsb . w h e th e r o r n o t t o l e arn a b o u t c i r c u ittheo ryc . w h e t h e r o r n o t t o o b t a i n s o m e p ra c ti ca lexper ience o f t he e lec t ron ic f ie ldd. w h e th e r o r n o t t o s p ec ia li se i n l i g h t o rheavy e lec t r ica l eng inee r ing


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MODERN USES OF POWER

Combine harvesters

A nuclear power station

F -

An electric train

microwave oven

hydro electric power station motorised hand plough


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C. Explain what the following refer to:( i ) Th is cheap fo rm o f power in l ine 15.( i i ) The former in l ines 24 and 25.( i i i ) It in l ine 27

Language PracticeA . Study these sentences:

i ) Humans used on ly the pow er p roducedb y th e m u sc le s o f m a n a n d o f animals.( i i) T h e o nl y p o w e r u se d b y h u m a n s w a stha t p roduced by t he musc les of m a n a n d o fanimals.Change the following into sentences in thestyle of i i) above:( i ) The engineers used on ly concre te re in-forced b y steel rods.( i i ) Bu i lders used on l y stone quarr ied loca l lyin the con struct ion o f these houses.( i i i ) The bui lders used only the materia lspecified i n th e contract.( i v ) The mechan ic used on ly the o i l re -comm ended by the m anufacturer .(v) The decora tor used on l y the wal l -paperordered b y his cl ient.B. Study these sentences:i) Electr ici ty has dramatical ly a l tered ourway o f l i fe . It i s m a d e b y s tea m p o w e rproduced b y burn ing o i l , gas or coa l .

( i i ) E lect ric ity , made b y steam po we r pro-duced by burn ing o i l , gas or coa l , hasdramatical ly a l tered our wa y o f l i fe.Change each of the following pairs ofsentences into a sentence in the style of ii)above:( i ) Heavy equ ipment has made manyengineer ing pro jects possib le in deve lop ingco un tr ie s . M u c h o f it has been provided bythe industr ia l nat ions.( i i ) The electr ic typewriter has enabled

typ is ts t o doub le the i r speeds. I t wa s in -vented i n Amer ica .( i i i) Power i s requ ired fo r d r i v ing th ismach ine . I t i s p rov ided by a sma l l mo to r .( iv) T w o stee l towe rs w ere erected. Theywere designed t o resist temperature changes.C . Study these sentences:( i ) There is an increasing need fo r e lect r ica lengineers because there is a huge demandfor e lectr ici ty.(i i) There i s a huge d emand fo r e lec t ri c it yand, as a result of th is, ther e is an increasingneed for e lectr ical engineers.Change the following into sentences in thestyle of ii) above :( i ) The fue l leaked ou t o f the tank becausei t had b een over- f i l led .( i i ) The o i l consum pt ion rose because therunn ing tempera tu re was t oo h igh .( i i i) The cus tomer had t o pay m o re th a n heexpected because the est imate was ih-accurate.( iv) A l l the m ach inery was id le fo r severa lhours because there w as a p ow er fa i lu re.

CompositionWrite a paragraph by joining the groupsof sentences that follow. Use the joiningwords suggested in the list below. (Thenumbers by the jo in ing word s ind ica te theg roups o f sen tences where they a re to beused.)( i ) wh en ( i i ) because . . .un t i l( i i i) no t on ly . ( i v ) becauseb u t a l so . a n d(v) as we l l a s . . (v i ) s ince . .and whe the r( i ) S team power was inven ted in then ineteenth century. . l revo lu t ion ised industry


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in Europe.i i ) S team power had i t s l im i ta tions . M an yindust r ies d id not develop. E lect r ic i ty waswidely used.i t i) E lectr ici ty can be produc ed f rom steampow er . I t c an be p r oduc ed f r om t h e f o rc e o f

w a t er . I t c an b e p r oduc ed b y nuc lea r pow e r .i v ) There i s a huge dem and fo r e lec t r ic i ty .

There is a need for e lect r ica l engineers .v ) A s tuden t needs a g o o d k n o w l e dg e o fbas ic eng ineer ing . He needs a f u l l unde r -s tand ing o f c i r cu i t theory. H e needs pract ica lexperience.vi) Spec ial isat ion is essent ial . A stude nt hast o dec i de . H e w i l l s peci al is e i n heav y o r

f ight engineer ing.


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6 MACHINES WITH B R I N S

Spinning Jenny

Electronic spinning machineryDuring the last hundred years, industry

has become more and more mechanised.Machines have taken over much of the workthat was formerly done by human hands andmuscles. ut in the past each machine hadto be looked after by a man or a womanwhose eyes and brain controlled and guidedit. Now a great change in our tools has begunto take place. Industry is being automated.The machines themselves are being giveneyes and brains, so that people are not neededto attend them. The eyes and brains aresupplied by specially-designed electrical cir-cu ts.

Traditional printing

Printing with electronic machineryThe operation of automatic machines is

based on feedback . The machine is givena way of watching what it does and ofrecognising when to stop and do somethingelse. A simple example o f feedback can befound in the control of a central-heating oi l-burner by a thermostat.

The working part of a thermostat is abar made of two pieces of different metals,attached back to back. The two metalsexpand when they get warm, but one expandsfaster than the other. s a result, when thebar gets warm, it begins to curl. When it


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(iii) A is a place where sub-stances are made pure.(iv) A is a device for auto-matically regulating temperature.(V ) A is the means by whicha machine is operated or regulated.C. Learn this prefix:semi = partlyserni-automatic = partly automaticLook up the meanings of these words in yourdictionaries:semi-skilled semi-circularsemi -conductor semi-solidsemi -transparentComplete each of these sentences with aword taken from the above list:(i) A transistor is a ofelectricity.(ii) Many workers wil l beneeded to build the gas pipeline.(iii) The protractor was inshape.(iv) They put glass in thewindow in order to keep out some of theglare.v ) Because the mixture was

it would not pour easily.

b. Machines are being automated.c. Al l industrial processes are now com-pletel automated.d. Men and women are not needed inlarge numbers in industry now.

(ii) According to the passage, what is thepurpose of feedback in automation?

a. It provides power to the machines.b. It provides the machines wi th informa-tion.c. It speeds up the refining process.d. It does the work of a catalyst.

(ii i) According to the passage, what happensto one of the pieces of metal in the bar whenthe temperature falls?

a. It touches a screw.b. It moves away from a screw.c. It heats the oil.d. It increases the f low of heat.

(iv) According to the passage, what is thefunction of the catalyst in refining oil?

a. It operates a thermostat.b. It regulates the temperature, pressureand flow of materials.c. It helps to speed up the process ofcracking the oil.d. It is part of an electrical circuit.

omprehensionA. State what equipment or parts you wouldneed to control an oil-burner according tothe temperature of the air.B . Choose the correct answer a b, c, or d,to each of the following questions:

i ) According to t h e passage, in what wayis industry changing now

a . Machinery has replaced human handsand muscles.

Language PracticeA . Study this example:(i) Automate the machines.ii) The machines are being automated.

Respond to each of these instructions withstatement in the style of ii ) above:

i ) Adjust the thermostat.(ii) Regulate the oil fl ow.(ii i) Refine the oil.(iv) Straighten the bar.v ) Check the bearings.


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B Study these sentences:i ) The temperature of the bui ld ing can bekept at any required level by adjusting t h ethermostat.i i ) The thermostat can be adjusted t o keepthe temperature of the bui ld ing at anyrequired level.Change the following into sentences in thestyle of (ii) above:i ) The ref inin g process can be speededup by using a catalyst.i i ) Produc t ion can be increased by install-ing automat ic equipment .i i i ) Reproduct ion can be improved by clean-

ing the recording and playback heads.i v ) The car can be ra ised to the requi redlevel by applying the jack .v ) T h e f l o w of a r iver can be contro l ledy construct ing a dam.

C. Study these sentences:i ) W hen d o the tw o m e ta ls expand?i i ) The t w o meta ls expand wh en they getwarm.

Respond to the following questions using awhen clause, as in ( ii ) above:i ) When does the bar beg in to cur l?i i ) Wh en does the bar st ra ighten ou t again ?i i i) When does the bar touch the scre w?iv) Whe n does the elect ric current begin tof l o w t h ro u g h i t ?v) When does the cur rent s top f low ingt hr o ug h i t ?

ompositionUsing both the diagram and the key supplied,write an explanation of how an electric liftworks, by filling in the spaces in the passagebelow:The ( A ) sl ides between B ) . I t i s suppor ted

Fig. 6.2 n electr ic lift elevator)by a C ) w h i c h is f ix e d t o a D). This s l idesup and do w n the l i f t shaft between anotherset of G ) . The rope goes u p t o t h e t op o fthe shaf t where i t passes several t ime s overE) w h i c h c a n be dr iven in e i ther d i rect ionb y F) . W hen the E) are dr i ven in one

d i rec t ion the A) i s ra ised and the D ) i sl owered. When the E) are dr i ven in theother direct ion the reverse occurs.KeyA : Carriage or cage w h ic h carries passengerso r goods u p and do w n the l i ft sha ft i n t hebu i ld ing not sho wn here).B: Guide ra ils o n wh ic h the cage sl ides.C: Wire rope wh ich suppor ts the car andw h i c h i s f ixed a t bo th ends t o t he onecounter -we ight .D: Counter -we ight . I t s we ight i s equa l tothat o f the car p lus ha l f the we ight o f thepassengers wh en the car is ful l .E Grooved pul leys.F: Electr ic motor which can dr ive the pu l leyin e i ther d i rect ion. The co ntro ls are ope ratedat a d is tance b y elect ro-magnets.G: Gu ide ra ils on w h i c h t h e c o u n t e r - w e ig h tslides.


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7 ELE TRONI S

computer console

Electronics is an extension of electricity.It i s the study and application of the phenom-ena of electrons and electromagnetic waves.In electronics, use is made of complexelectrical circuits employing transistors inaddition to more elementary components.

Such electronic circuits can range fromvery simple ones which perform elementaryon-off functions like a switch, to thosewhich are so complex that they can be.understood only by specialist engineers.Users of such equipment have to rely on thefact that it does work rather than on anunderstanding of how it works. If anythinggoes wrong with it they have to sen for anexpert to put it r ight. Computers, for example,are usually serviced by a team of experts whocheck them. They keep them working insteadof waiting for a fault to develop and thendealing with it.

Even so, a home-computer industry isexpanding rapidly. Low-cost micro-circuitsare bringing computing power to thousandsof homes in America. These computer kitsare not much bigger than a stereo receiver.The microprocessor is the beginning of asystem. It miniaturises the central processingunit of the computer. memory is alsoneeded to hold the computer programme.The larger memory you buy, the more you

Tapes and tape-drives

can do with the computer. The basic unit ofmemory is the byte , which usually consistsof eight bits . Each bi t is a or a 1, thebinary language of the computer.

Other uses of electronics are found in suchspecialised fields as radio, telecommunica-tions, audio and video reproduction systemsand control gear, and there are many otheruses. In many cases the circuits, althoughcomplex, are really combinations or exten-sions of basic circuits. The brain of anelectronic circuit was originally the radiovalve or tube , as it is sometimes known.Nowadays, although valves are still in use,the transistor h.as largely taken their place.

Computer terminals or Visual Display Units


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printer \IFig 7.1 computer rooEXERCISESVocabulary

A The words in List A are used in thepassage. Pair these with the words from ListBwhich could be substituted for them in thepassage. Keep the original meaning:List A List Bemploying equipmentelementary an) additional part s) ofaudio making use ofgear simpleextensions soundB . Study these sentences:i) He specialised in radio and telecom-

munications.ii ) He worked in such specialised fields as

radio and telecommunications.In ii) we see how the verb-form specialisedcan also be used as an adjective. A number ofother verb-forms commonly used in technicaland scientific English can also be used asadjectives. Some of these are listed in List ALook up the meanings of these verb-formsin your dictionaries. Then pair each of themwith the word in List B that it describes.

List A List Btransistorised metalcomputerised aircraftminiaturised needleoxidised cameramagnetised gearspressurised datasynchronised radioC. Learn this prefix:ex out, out ofextension stretching out in many directionsLook up the meanings of these words inyour dictionaries..expansion exhaust exceedextract exteriorComplete each of these sentences with aword taken from the above list:i) I t is unwise to seventy

kilometres per hour when running in a newcar.ii) Fumes rose from the motor because the

pipe w a s broken.iii) The walls had to be

stripped and then painted.iv)Huge machines were used to

minerals from the earth.v) When metals are heated,

occurs.

ComprehensionA Describe how electronic circuits are differ-ent from ordinary electrical circuits.B Choose the correct answer a b c or dto each of the following questions:i) According to the passage, which of the

following could be a component of anelectronic circuit?

a. a function


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b. a transistorc , a compute rd. a reprod uct ion system

( i i ) A c c o r d in g t o t h e pa ss ag e, w h y d o m a n yusers o f e lec tron ic equipm ent n ot unders tandh o w i t w o r k s ?a. They are spec ial ised engin eers.b. I t per forms on ly s imple funct ions.c . I t i s ex t remely com plex.d. I t comb ines var ious bas ic c i rcu its .

( i ii ) A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a ss ag e, w h i c h o f t h ef o l l o w i n g h o l d s t h e c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m m e ?a, t he m ic ro -c i r cu it b. t h e b y t ec. the microprocessor d . the mem ory

( i v ) Acco rd ing to the passage , wh a t a re thebra ins o f an e lec tron ic c i rc u i t?a. the users o f the equipme ntb. the expertsc. the special ised engineersd. the valves or t ransistors

C. Explain what the following refer to.( i ) they in l ine 5( i i ) i t in l ine 20anguage Practice

A . Study these sentences:( i ) Some c i rcu i ts are very complex. Theycan be unders tood on ly b y spec ia li st e n -gineers.( i i ) Some c i rcu i ts are so c o m p l e x t h a t t h e ycan be unders tood on ly by spec ia l i s t en -gineers.Change each of the follow~ngpairs ofsentences into a sentence in the style of it)above:( i ) Com puters are very cost ly t o purchase.M a n y o f t h e m a re r e nt e d.( i i ) Som e e lec tr ica l equ ipmen t i s d i f f i cu l t torepair . I t is cheaper t o replace defe ct ive parts

w i t h n e w o n es .( i i i ) E lec t rica l engineer ing invo lve s manydif ferent areas. Students must special ise.( i v ) The cos t o f a l l ra w m ate ria ls has ri senvery mu ch . A l l es tima tes w i l l have. to berevised.(v ) The veh ic le was ve ry bad ly damag ed.I t h a d t o b e t o w e d t o a g a ra ge ,B. Study these sentences:( i ) Users o f e lec t ron ic equ ipment re l y ont h e f a c t t h a t i t d o e s w o r k . T h e y d o n o t r e lyo n a n u n d e rs t an d in g o f h o w i t w or k s.( i i ) Users o f e lec t ron ic equ ipmen t rel y o nt h e f a c t t h a t i t d o e s w o r k r at he r t h a n o n a nu n d e rs t an d in g o f h o w i t w o r k s .Change each of the following pairs of sentences into a sentence in the style of it)above:i) M o s t a c c i d e n t s a r e c a u s e d b y h u m a nerror . The y are no t o f ten cause d by m e c h a n i -

cal fa i lure.( i i ) Mo de rn indus try depends o n eng ineer-in g sk i l ls . It d o es n o t d e p e n d ve ry m u c h o nma nual tabour .( i i i ) Many peop le purchase a ca r fo r i t sappearance . They d o n o t usua l ly pu rchase i tfo r i t s eng ine per fo rmance .( i v ) Mechan ics a re adv ised t o re fe r to th em a n u a l . T h e y s h o u l d n o t r e l y o n t h e i rmemories.(v ) Some bu i ld ing mate r ia l s a re chosen fo rthe i r cheapness. They are of ten not chosenfor the i r qual i ty .C Study these sentences:( i ) A l th ou gh the c i r cu i t s are comp lex , theyare real ly extensions of basic c i rcui ts.( i i ) The c i rcu i t s , a l though comp lex , a rereal ly extensions of basic c i rcui ts.Change the following into sentences in thestyle of ii ) above:


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(i) Although transistors are basically simplecomponents, they can perform complex func-tions.(ii) Although valves are still in use, theyhave been largely replaced by transistors.(i ii ) Although the new paints are expensive,they are extremely durable.(iv) Although alcohol, used for cleaning, isharmless, it is combustible.(v ) Although the machines are new, they

.are not reliable.omposition

Wri te out th is paragraph o computerschoos ing t he co r rec t w o r d f r om each g r oupof three:

usecomputer uses electronic pulses

usingto represent can moverepresent numbers. These movingrepresented by moved

revery fast since no moving parts is

wereinvolved, only the movement of electriccurrents.So the computer can do longcomplicatingcomplicate sums in a few seconds.complicated

would workComputers working on the binary

work

instead of the decimal system. Only twoare representedby

digits are used which represent therepresenting

switches on and off . The computerneedingneed a programme. Its set of instructionsneedsisare fed in to it by a code of holes oncan

is turnedpunched tapes. This information turns

turninto electric pulses. Some of this goes into

whenthe computer s memory bank where it is

whichrequireheld in the r ight order until requiring for

requiredIf

making calculations. When the computerUntil

has finished its calculations th resultis printedprinted on another punch tape or iswill printtypewiped out.written


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8 T L V IS ION

T he w o r d t e lev is i on i s m ad e u p o f t w opar ts , the Greek te le an d th e La t in v ideo .Te lev is ion means see ing a t a d is tance , andi t has taken m an y years to deve lo p . I t w a s n o tun t i l 1936 t h a t t h e B B C { t he B r i ti s h B r oad -cas t ing Company ) s ta r ted the f i r s t regu la rte lev is ion serv i ce i n the wor l d .

T he v iew e r , l ook i ng a t his e lev i s ion sc reen,does no t see a m ov i ng p ic tu re . H e sees aser ies of s t i l l photographs , ea ch a l i t t led i f fe ren t . These pass be fo re h is eyes soqu i c k ly t ha t he has an i m p r ess i on o f c o n -t i nuous m ov em en t .

T he p i c t u r e o n t he s cr een i s c om po s ed o f as eries o f l ines w h i c h r u n f r om l e f t t o r i gh tand f r om t o p t o bo t t om . T hes e l ines are l i neso f va r ious shades of l i gh t . Th ey t rave l ac rosst he s c r een s o qu i c k l y t ha t t hey g i v e t hei m p res s ion o f on e s t eady c on t i nuou s p i c tu r e .The v iewer sees twenty - f i ve p ic tu res pers econd, w i t h a fi x ed num be r o f l i nes m ak i ngu p e a ch p ic tu r e. D e p e n d i n g o n w h i c h s y st emi s used, the n umbe r o f l i nes i s e ither fourhund r ed and f i v e o r si x hund r ed and t w e n t y -f ive.

Un l i ke fi lms , w h i ch a re taken a t one t imeand t hen s how n a t ano t he r , a te lev is iont ransmiss ion is usual ly ins tantaneous . Eventsare seen at th e same t im e as they tak e p lace.I n s ou nd b r oadc ast i ng , s ounds a re c hang edinto smal l e lec t r ic cur rents by a m i c r ophone .These smal l cu r ren ts a re then car r ied by acab le to a t ransm i tte r . The t ransm i tte r sendst hem ou t i n t o s pac e as r ad i o w av es . T heyc a n b e p i c k e d u p b y a s o u n d r e ce iv er w h i c hc hanges t hem bac k i n t o t he o r i g i na l s ounds .

A s im ila r m eth od i s used i n te lev ision .The p ic tu re i s seen b y a n electr ic eye --- thete lev is ion camera-wh ich change s i t i n t o

series of sti l l photographs will be seen as amoving picture

smal l e lec t r i c cu r ren ts . As w i th sound rad io ,the e lec t r i c cu r ren ts a re car r ied by a cab let o a t r ans m i t t e r w h i c h r ad i a t es t hem i n t os pac e i n t he f o r m o f e l ect r ic a l w av es . T hew a v e s c a r r y i n g t h e s o u n d a n d t h e p i c t u r ear r i ve a t the an tenna o f the rece iver . Theyc rea te curren ts w h ic h a re sen t t o the rece iverth r ou gh a transm ission l i ne . It c h a n g es t h e mbac k i n t o t he p i c t u res t ha t t h e v i ew e r s eeson his sc reen.


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A telex machine and operator

A ship s te legraph room

EXERCISESVocabulary

A Look up the meanings of these words inyour dictionaries:microphone telephone telegraphvideotape gramophone videophoneprintagramComplete e a c h of these definitions with aword taken from the above list:1) is an instrument thattransmits the human voice to a distance by

electric currents.ii) A i s a method of send-

ing graphic messages by the use of electriccurrents along wires or by wireless.iii) A i s a magnetic tape

used for recording television programmes.iv) A i s an apparatus that

transmits both sound and picture to a distanceby electric current.V> A is a machine forreproducing music or speech recorded on

flat discs.vi) A is an instrument for

changing sound waves into electrical waves.vii) A is a telegram sent

via telex machine.B. The words in List A are used in thepassage. Pair these with the words from List

which could be substituted for them in thepassage Keep the original meaningList A List Bseries made up ofcontinuous sends outcomposed of non-stopdepending on sequenceradiates according toC Learn this prefix:trans acrosstransmit to send across, to send onLook up the meanings of these words inyour dictionaries:transport transformertranslucent transfertransparentComplete each of these sentences with thecorrect form of a word taken from the above/ is :i) One of the fields in civi l engineering is

road _ systems.ii ) The builder used glass

in the bathroom window.iii) e used g lass in the

windows overlooking the garden.iv) A was used to convert

the current into a higher voltage.v) The engineer was t

Ethiopia to work on a new dam.


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Comprehension so un d or p ic tures.d. They b o th use an e lec t ri c eyeA. Expla in br ie f ly the d i f ference be twe en th e C. Exp la i n w ha t t he f o l l ow i ng r e fe r t o :f ou r hund r ed and f i v e a n d the s ix h u n d r e d a n d ( i ) These in l ine 11twe nty - f i ve systems. ( i i ) They i n l i ne 34

B. C hoose the cor rec t answer a b c, or d ( i i i ) It i n l i ne 39to each o f t he fo l l o w in g que s t i ons .( i ) Acc ord in g to the passage, t he numbers Language Practicef ou r hund r ed and f ive a nd s i x hund r ed andtwenty- f i ve refer to:a. the m ake or bra nd of the te lev is ion set

b. t he number o f s t i l l pho tographs theviewer sees per secondc. t he num ber o f l i nes wh i ch m ake upeach p ic tured. the measurement o f a smal l e lectr iccur rent

(ii) Acco r d i ng t o t he passage , wh a t doesthe v iewer see on h is te lev is ion screen?a. ra dio wa vesb. a mov ing p i c tu rec, a sequence o f d i f f e ren t s t i l l pho to-graphsd. a ser ies of l ines( i i i) Accord ing to the passage, wh at i sinstantaneous t ransmiss ion of e ven ts ?a. the t ransmiss ion of events i n t o a ser iesof s t il l pho tographsb. a broadcast of events as they happenc, the separat ion of events in to a seriesof s t i l l photographsd. t he transmission o f sou nd or v i s i on bymeans o f rad io waves

( i v ) Acco r d i ng t o t he passage , i n wha t wa yare radio an d te lev is ion s imi lar?a . They bo t h use a m i c r ophone t o t u r nsou nd into e lect r ic cur rent.b. They bo th use a camera to tu rn p i c tu resinto an e lectr ic cur rent .c . They b o th use rad io waves t o t ransmi t

A. St ud y these sentences:( i ) he B B C did not s tar t the f i rs t regularte lev is ion serv ice un t i l 1936.( i i) I t w a s n o t u n ti l 1936 t h a t t h e B B Cstar ted th e f irst regu lar televis ion service.C hange t he f o l l ow i ng i n t o sen t ences i n t hesty le of i t ) above:(i) The B B C d i d no t b r oadcas t a secondchanne l u nt i l th i r ty years la ter.( i i ) Co lour t e lev i s ion wa s no t i n t roduce dunt i l t he 1970s .( i i i ) The P A L (Phase Automat ion L ine)syst em wa s no t deve l oped un t i l m a ny yea rslater.( i v ) V i ewer s d i d no t have a cho i ce o f p r o -grammes un t i l commerc ia l t e lev i s ion wasin t roduced.( v ) C a lc u la to rs d i d n o t c o m e i n t o c o m m o nuse un t i l t hey w ere m in ia tu r i sed .B. S t u d y the f o l l o w i n g :( i ) The number o f l ines is f our h undred andf i ve o r s i x hundred and twe nty - f i ve . (sys tem /use)( i i ) Depe nd i ng o n w h i ch sys tem i s used, t henumber o f l i nes i s f our hu ndred an d f i ve o rs ix hund r ed and t wen t y - f ive .C h a n ge t h e f o l l o w i n g i n t o s e nt en c es i n t h es ty le o f i i ) above :

i ) The journe y takes four or f ive hours.( rou te / take)


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strikerii ) The job w il l take six or seven days.method / employ)iii ) The building wi ll last fifty or a hundred

years. materials / use)iv) The finish wi ll be glossy or mat. paint /

apply)C. Study these sentences:i) A television transmission is usually in-

stantaneous. Films are taken at one time andshown at another.ii) Unlike films, which are taken at one time

and shown at another, .a television transmis-sion is usually instantaneous.iia) Unlike television transmission, which isusually instantaneous, films are taken at one

time and shown at another.hange each o f the following pairs of sen-ten es into a sentence in the s ty le of it) ori i a ) above:

i ) Ordinary electrical circuits are usuallysimple. Electronic circuits can be understoodonly by experts.ii) Steam power cannot easily be brought

into the home. Electric power has few limita-tions to its use.iii) Distemper c a n be washed off a wall.

Paint must be removed by heat or with apaint remover.iv) Engines that run on petrol draw air and

petrol vapour through the inlet valve. Dieselengines only draw in air.

CompositionThe following words are often used to joinstatements:because if since whenso that a which

button/ bell push)

wires along whichcurrent flows

electro-magnetsattery

Fig 8 1 An electr ic ellWrite a paragraph by joining the groups ofsentences below. You wi ll have to do somerearrangement of words. Take care with yourgrammar. Use the following joining wordsand combinations of joining words. Thenumbers indicate the groups of sentenceswhere they are to be used.)i) becauseii) when so that . . whichiii) as . . so that . whichiv) i fv) sincei) The electro-magnet i s the simplest wayof making electricity do work at some distance

away. Electro-magnets are used in electricdoorbells.ii) You push a button or bell push) at the

front door. A current flows along wires to amagnet or magnets. This attracts a smallmetal striker. The striker hits the bell.iii) The metal striker moves. It switches off

the current. The magnet no longer attractsthe striker. The striker returns to its originalposition.iv) The button is still being pushed. The

whole thing is repeated.v ) This all happens very quickly. The bell

gives a continuous ringing noise.


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condenser f n

cool ir

Fig. 9 1 An air conditioner

Drugs and chemicals require controlled at-mospheric conditions for their successfulmanufacture.

In libraries and museums, excessive hu-midity, dust and acid vapours can causeirreparable damage to paintings, the bindingsof books and manuscripts. In metal-working,especially where machined parts require closetolerances, a controlled temperature is neces-sary to prevent parts from expanding orcontracting. In hospitals, operating theatresare furnished with air-conditioning equip-ment especially designed to remove everyparticle of dust.

We can see from the above that air-conditioning i s far more than just a deviceto make our lives more comfortable in hotand humid weather. It is an essential part ofmany industrial processes.

EXERCISESVocabulary

A Answer these questions:(i) Which of the following is a confinedspace

a. a large car parkb. a building site

ompressor

tor

c. an operating theatred. a builder s yard(ii) Which two atmospheric conditionsare mentioned in the passage?(i ii) What do you understand by the expres-sion close tolerances in lines 28-9

B. The words in List A are used in thepassage. Pair these with the wor s fromList B which could be substituted for themin the passage Keep the original meaning:List A List Bmaintains providedappropriate specificextensively keepsgiven widelyfurnished suitable

C Learn these prefixes:ir; il; im; in not; the opposite ofirreparable not reparable (of non-materialthings)e g an irreparable lossirrepairable not repairable (of materialthings)e.g. those shoes are irrepairableLook up the meanings of these words inyour dictionaries:illegal irregular inorganicimpurities impermeable


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Complete each of these sentences with aword taken from the above list:i) The in the metal were

reduced by oxidisation.ii) I ti s to exceed the speed

limit.iii) The mechanic investigated the

flow of petrol into the engine.iv) The geologist found an

layer of rock thirty metres down.v) In some basic engineering courses youare required to do both general and

chemistry.

omprehensionA State what air-conditioning can do to theatmosphere in a confined space.B Choose the correct answer a 6 c or dto each of the following questions:i) According to the passage, what is

essential in the textile industry?a . low temperaturesb. high temperaturesc . controlled humidityd. dust-free air

ii) According to the passage, what cancause paper distortion in the printing in-dustry?

a. air-conditioningb. controlled humidityc. regulated temperatured. uncontrolled heat and damp

iii) According to the passage, what is animportant factor in the emulsion coating ofphotographic materials?

a. maintenance of a particular temperatureb. a high dust and acid vapour contentc. the prevention of expansion and con-traction

d. the provision of cool airiv) According t o the passage, what is the

main function of air-conditioning in hospitaloperating theatres

a. temperature controlb. the regulation of humidityc. the removal of all dust from the at-mosphered. to increase the comfort of the theatrestaff

C State why it is necessary to control theatmosphere in a library or museum.

Language racticeA Study this definition:Air-conditioning is a mechanism for cleaningthe atmosphere.Complete the following definitions in thestyle of the sentence above:i) A pulley is a device forii) A computer is a machine foriii) A refrigerator is an appliance foriv) A thermostat is an apparatus forv) A telegraph is an instrument for

B Study this sentence:The temperature and humidity should beappropriate for the purpose for which thebuilding is being used.Use the following to form statements in thestyle of the sentence above:i ) viscosity / oilii) voltage / currentiii ) octane grade / fueliv) quality / material


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C. Study these sentences:i) Paper distortion can be prevented by

the regulation of temperature and humidity.ii ) The regulation of temperature and

humidity is necessary to prevent paperdistortion.Change the fo l lowin g in to sentences in t hestyle of ii) above:i) Dust can be removed from the atmos-phere only by specially designed air-condi-

tioning.ii ) Drugs and chemicals can be manu-factured only in controlled atmosphericconditions.ii i) Close tolerances in machined parts canbe obtained only in a controlled temperature.iv) The emulsion coating o materials can

be carried out only in a dust-free atmosphere.v) Damage to paintings and bindings can

be avoided only by the provision of anatmosphere free of acid vapours.

CompositionWri te out th is paragraph on refrigerationchoos ing the correct w or d f rom each groupo f three:

refrigerator works on the principle thatevaporates

when a liquid condenses or changes into asolidifies

absorbsgas, it releases or takes up heat from its

transformssurroundings. An evaporator is used in a

turnrefrigerator to reverse a liquid into

circle

evaporator

Fig 9.2 An electr ic refrigerator

the gasan electricity. By so doing it absorbs heata oilfrom the food inside the refrigerator and

warmkeeps the food hot Water turns into

coldsteam a t a temperature ofa hundred degrees centigradeninety degrees centigrade which is itsnought degrees centigradeboiling point. But there are manyliquidssolids that evaporate or becomesemi -solids


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ratesgas- l i ke at mu ch tower temperatures.condensa t i onA l i qu id suc h as th is is mad e to c i rcu late

pipesthrough holes in the refr igerator p ic k ing upin letsheat from the food . Then as t evaporates i ti s sucked in to a compressor dr iven b y anelectr ic motore lec tro -magnet where t ga i ns m or eatomic engine

heatenergy Then t is pum p ed t h r ough acoolness

c o o l e dcondenser wh r i t i s evapora ted back t o asol id i f iedl iqu id ready t o s tar t around again. The heatco l lec t ed f r om t he f ood and f r om th

condensercompressor passes ou t of the doo rp ipesin to t he k i tchen .


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10 MAN THE M A S T E R B U IL D E R

he construction of a race-course . w h i c h c o s t USS110 mi l l i on t o completeMan, in his struggle to tame his environ- twenty years to build.

ment, has become, since prehistoric times, amaster-builder. The practical art and scienceof civil and mechanical engineering arosefrom his four basic needs: for agriculture,building, communication and power. Theneed for agriculture led to hydraulic en-gineering; the need for building, to structuralengineering; the need for communication, toa variety of civil engineering; and the needfor power, to mechanical and electrical en-gineering.

Today vast building projects are under-taken by construction companies. At JamesBay for example, on

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Understanding Technical English-3