UNDERSTANDING STEM UNDERSTANDING STEM CELL RESEARCHCELL RESEARCH

UNDERSTANDING STEM UNDERSTANDING STEM CELL RESEARCHCELL RESEARCH

Larry Goldstein, Ph.D.Larry Goldstein, Ph.D.

Vice Chair, Public Policy CommitteeVice Chair, Public Policy Committee

The American Society for Cell BiologyThe American Society for Cell Biology

UNDERSTANDING THE DEBATE UNDERSTANDING THE DEBATE ABOUT HUMAN STEM CELL ABOUT HUMAN STEM CELL

RESEARCHRESEARCH

UNDERSTANDING THE DEBATE UNDERSTANDING THE DEBATE ABOUT HUMAN STEM CELL ABOUT HUMAN STEM CELL

RESEARCHRESEARCH WHY ARE THESE TECHNOLOGIES WHY ARE THESE TECHNOLOGIES

NEEDED?NEEDED? LIMITS OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTLIMITS OF ORGAN TRANSPLANT ““REGENERATIVE MEDICINE”REGENERATIVE MEDICINE”

EMBRYONIC AND ADULT STEM CELLSEMBRYONIC AND ADULT STEM CELLS SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR

TRANSPLANTATION AND CLONINGTRANSPLANTATION AND CLONING SCIENCESCIENCE LEGAL SITUATIONLEGAL SITUATION

CELLS ARE THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE CELLS ARE THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE HUMAN BODYHUMAN BODY SMALL BUSINESSESSMALL BUSINESSES

CELLS HAVE DIFFERENT JOBSCELLS HAVE DIFFERENT JOBS SPECIALIZE/DIFFERENTIATEDSPECIALIZE/DIFFERENTIATED PANCREATIC CELLS-INSULINPANCREATIC CELLS-INSULIN NEURONS-TRANSMIT SIGNALSNEURONS-TRANSMIT SIGNALS HEART CELLS-CONTRACT TO PUMP BLOODHEART CELLS-CONTRACT TO PUMP BLOOD

MANY DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY BREAKDOWNS MANY DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY BREAKDOWNS IN THE CELLIN THE CELL SOMETIMES CELL ALIVE BUT DAMAGEDSOMETIMES CELL ALIVE BUT DAMAGED SOMETIMES CELL DIES AND IS LOSTSOMETIMES CELL DIES AND IS LOST

BASIC PRINCIPLESBASIC PRINCIPLESBASIC PRINCIPLESBASIC PRINCIPLES

MANY DISEASES ARE MANY DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE

DAMAGE OR LOSSDAMAGE OR LOSS

MANY DISEASES ARE MANY DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE

DAMAGE OR LOSSDAMAGE OR LOSS ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE-BRAIN CELLS (4 MILLION)ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE-BRAIN CELLS (4 MILLION) PARKINSON’S DISEASE-BRAIN CELLS (1.5 MILLION)PARKINSON’S DISEASE-BRAIN CELLS (1.5 MILLION) RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA-RETINAL CELLSRETINITIS PIGMENTOSA-RETINAL CELLS CANCER-VARIOUS (8.2 MILLION)CANCER-VARIOUS (8.2 MILLION) DIABETES-PANCREATIC CELLS (16 MILLION)DIABETES-PANCREATIC CELLS (16 MILLION) MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-MUSCLEMUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-MUSCLE HEART FAILURE AND OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR HEART FAILURE AND OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR

DISEASE-HEART MUSCLE (58 MILLION)DISEASE-HEART MUSCLE (58 MILLION) KIDNEY AND LIVER DISEASEKIDNEY AND LIVER DISEASE

SCIENCE 287:1423

USING TRANSPLANT USING TRANSPLANT ORGANS TO REPLACE ORGANS TO REPLACE

DAMAGED TISSUEDAMAGED TISSUE

USING TRANSPLANT USING TRANSPLANT ORGANS TO REPLACE ORGANS TO REPLACE

DAMAGED TISSUEDAMAGED TISSUE THE GOOD:THE GOOD:

KNOWN SOURCES-LIVE DONOR OR CADAVER KNOWN SOURCES-LIVE DONOR OR CADAVER SURGICAL REPLACEMENT METHODS ADVANCEDSURGICAL REPLACEMENT METHODS ADVANCED DONOR ORGAN ARCHITECTURE GENERALLY APPROPRIATEDONOR ORGAN ARCHITECTURE GENERALLY APPROPRIATE

THE BAD:THE BAD: DIFFICULT TO FIND GENETICALLY MATCHED DONORSDIFFICULT TO FIND GENETICALLY MATCHED DONORS LONGEVITY AND SAFETY CAN BE PROBLEMATICLONGEVITY AND SAFETY CAN BE PROBLEMATIC

THE UGLYTHE UGLY DONOR TISSUE NOT ALWAYS KNOWN, E.G., ALZHEIMERS OR DONOR TISSUE NOT ALWAYS KNOWN, E.G., ALZHEIMERS OR

PARKINSONSPARKINSONS NEED FAR OUTSTRIPS SUPPLYNEED FAR OUTSTRIPS SUPPLY

HOW MIGHT STEM CELLS HELP?HOW MIGHT STEM CELLS HELP?

HOW CAN STEM CELLS HELP?HOW CAN STEM CELLS HELP?HOW CAN STEM CELLS HELP?HOW CAN STEM CELLS HELP?

WHAT ARE STEM CELLS?WHAT ARE STEM CELLS? CELLS THAT CAN DIVIDE TO GIVE RISE TO: CELLS THAT CAN DIVIDE TO GIVE RISE TO:

MORE STEM CELLSMORE STEM CELLS CELLS THAT CAN ADOPT SPECIALIZED JOBSCELLS THAT CAN ADOPT SPECIALIZED JOBS

WHY ARE STEM CELLS PROMISING?WHY ARE STEM CELLS PROMISING? THE RAW MATERIAL TO REPLACED DAMAGED CELLS THE RAW MATERIAL TO REPLACED DAMAGED CELLS

AND ORGANS?AND ORGANS? TOOLS TO UNDERSTAND AND COMBAT DISEASETOOLS TO UNDERSTAND AND COMBAT DISEASE

LIMITS OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTLIMITS OF ORGAN TRANSPLANT SOLUTION TO SUPPLY AND SOURCE PROBLEMSSOLUTION TO SUPPLY AND SOURCE PROBLEMS

OVERVIEW OF NORMAL OVERVIEW OF NORMAL MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENTMAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT

OVERVIEW OF NORMAL OVERVIEW OF NORMAL MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENTMAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT

ADAPTED FROM WWW.NIH.GOV/NEWS/STEMCELL/FIG1B2.GIF

SPERM

ZYGOTE(TOTIPOTENT)

BLASTOCYST FETUSFERTILIZATION

INNER CELL MASS(PLURIPOTENT)

IMPLANTATION

EGG (OOCYTE)

ADULT

EXAMPLES OF NATURALLY EXAMPLES OF NATURALLY OCCURRING STEM CELLSOCCURRING STEM CELLS

EXAMPLES OF NATURALLY EXAMPLES OF NATURALLY OCCURRING STEM CELLSOCCURRING STEM CELLS

ADAPTED FROM WWW.NIH.GOV/NEWS/STEMCELL/FIG2.GIF

TOTIPOTENTCELLS

PLURIPOTENTSTEM CELLS(EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS)

OTHER COMMITTEDSTEM CELLS (NEURONS, ETC.)

WHITE BLOODCELLSPLATELETS

RED BLOODCELLS

SPECIALIZED CELLS:

BLOOD STEM CELLS

“ADULT”STEM CELLS

SPERM

ZYGOTE(TOTIPOTENT)

BLASTOCYST FETUSFERTILIZATION

INNER CELL MASS(PLURIPOTENT)

EGG (OOCYTE)

ADAPTED FROM WWW.NIH.GOV/NEWS/STEMCELL/FIG3.GIF

ADULT

HOW ARE EMBRYONIC HOW ARE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS DERIVED?STEM CELLS DERIVED?HOW ARE EMBRYONIC HOW ARE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS DERIVED?STEM CELLS DERIVED?

INNER CELL MASS

CULTURED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS (ES)

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS?EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS?

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS?EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS?

STRONG, RELIABLE, HIGHLY REPRODUCIBLE STRONG, RELIABLE, HIGHLY REPRODUCIBLE DATA ESTABLISH PLURIPOTENCY (ALMOST 20 DATA ESTABLISH PLURIPOTENCY (ALMOST 20 YEARS OF DATA ON EXPERIMENTAL YEARS OF DATA ON EXPERIMENTAL ORGANISMS)ORGANISMS)

SOLID THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SOLID THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL FOUNDATION TO:FOUNDATION TO: INDUCE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALIZED CELL TYPESINDUCE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALIZED CELL TYPES SOLVE REJECTION PROBLEMSOLVE REJECTION PROBLEM

CAN HAVE GOOD GROWTH PROPERTIESCAN HAVE GOOD GROWTH PROPERTIES PROMISING “PROOF OF PRINCIPLE” RESEARCHPROMISING “PROOF OF PRINCIPLE” RESEARCH

SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT POSSIBLE USE OF EMBRYONIC POSSIBLE USE OF EMBRYONIC

STEM CELLS TO TREAT STEM CELLS TO TREAT DISEASEDISEASE

SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT POSSIBLE USE OF EMBRYONIC POSSIBLE USE OF EMBRYONIC

STEM CELLS TO TREAT STEM CELLS TO TREAT DISEASEDISEASE PRO:PRO:

APPARENT PLURIPOTENCY-COULD GENERATE ANY CELL TYPEAPPARENT PLURIPOTENCY-COULD GENERATE ANY CELL TYPE SOURCE-USUALLY FROZEN EMBRYOS REMAINING AFTER IVFSOURCE-USUALLY FROZEN EMBRYOS REMAINING AFTER IVF SUFFICIENT SUPPLY-CELLS HAVE SUBSTANTIAL GROWTH POTENTIAL ONCE SUFFICIENT SUPPLY-CELLS HAVE SUBSTANTIAL GROWTH POTENTIAL ONCE

DERIVEDDERIVED GENETIC MATCH TO LIMIT REJECTION-MHC REPLACEMENT AND OTHER IDEASGENETIC MATCH TO LIMIT REJECTION-MHC REPLACEMENT AND OTHER IDEAS LONGEVITY-LIKELY TO BE SUBSTANTIALLONGEVITY-LIKELY TO BE SUBSTANTIAL

CON:CON: PROPER ARCHITECTURE-NEEDS WORKPROPER ARCHITECTURE-NEEDS WORK NOT YET KNOWN HOW TO CONTROL CELLS NOT YET KNOWN HOW TO CONTROL CELLS SAFETY-UNKNOWNSAFETY-UNKNOWN NEW REPLACEMENT METHODS NEEDEDNEW REPLACEMENT METHODS NEEDED GENETIC MATCH/REJECTIONGENETIC MATCH/REJECTION

SOME EXISTING EXAMPLES OF SOME EXISTING EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF EMBRYONIC STEM THE USE OF EMBRYONIC STEM

CELLSCELLS

SOME EXISTING EXAMPLES OF SOME EXISTING EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF EMBRYONIC STEM THE USE OF EMBRYONIC STEM

CELLSCELLS PARTIAL REPAIR OF SPINAL CORD DAMAGE IN PARTIAL REPAIR OF SPINAL CORD DAMAGE IN

RATRAT PARTIAL REPAIR OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PARTIAL REPAIR OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

MODEL IN RATMODEL IN RAT PARTIAL REPAIR OF PARKINSON’S MODEL IN RATPARTIAL REPAIR OF PARKINSON’S MODEL IN RAT INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION TO MUSCLE, INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION TO MUSCLE,

NEURONS, PANCREATIC CELLSNEURONS, PANCREATIC CELLS STUDIES OF DISEASE MECHANISM, E.G., ALSSTUDIES OF DISEASE MECHANISM, E.G., ALS REPEATED DEMONSTRATION THAT MOUSE REPEATED DEMONSTRATION THAT MOUSE

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ANY ADULT TISSUEANY ADULT TISSUE

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ADULT STEM CELLSADULT STEM CELLS

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ADULT STEM CELLSADULT STEM CELLS

MOST WORK SUGGESTS RESTRICTED CAPACITY AND MOST WORK SUGGESTS RESTRICTED CAPACITY AND RESTRICTED GROWTH POTENTIALRESTRICTED GROWTH POTENTIAL

A COMPARATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF RECENT A COMPARATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF RECENT EXPERIMENTS SUGGEST MORE POTENTIAL THAN EXPERIMENTS SUGGEST MORE POTENTIAL THAN ORIGINALLY THOUGHTORIGINALLY THOUGHT

BUT, MANY OF THESE SURPRISING RECENT BUT, MANY OF THESE SURPRISING RECENT EXPERIMENTS-EXPERIMENTS- ARE NOT YET REPRODUCIBLEARE NOT YET REPRODUCIBLE ARE CHARACTERIZED BY FLAWED DESIGN, FLAWED ASSAYS, ARE CHARACTERIZED BY FLAWED DESIGN, FLAWED ASSAYS,

OR POOR QUALITY DATAOR POOR QUALITY DATA MOST EVALUATIONS OF EXISTING DATA BY EXPERTS MOST EVALUATIONS OF EXISTING DATA BY EXPERTS

ON ADULT STEM CELLS AND EXPERT SCIENTIFIC ON ADULT STEM CELLS AND EXPERT SCIENTIFIC BODIES STATE THAT EVIDENCE DOES NOT SUPPORT THE BODIES STATE THAT EVIDENCE DOES NOT SUPPORT THE CONTENTION THAT “ADULT STEM CELLS CAN REPLACE CONTENTION THAT “ADULT STEM CELLS CAN REPLACE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS”EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS”

SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT POSSIBLE USE OF ADULT POSSIBLE USE OF ADULT STEM CELLS TO TREAT STEM CELLS TO TREAT

DISEASEDISEASE

SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT POSSIBLE USE OF ADULT POSSIBLE USE OF ADULT STEM CELLS TO TREAT STEM CELLS TO TREAT

DISEASEDISEASE PRO:PRO: SOURCE-BONE MARROW WELL KNOWNSOURCE-BONE MARROW WELL KNOWN GENETIC MATCH OK IF AUTOLOGOUSGENETIC MATCH OK IF AUTOLOGOUS GENETIC MATCH FOR BMT “SOLVABLE”GENETIC MATCH FOR BMT “SOLVABLE”

CONCON UNKNOWN POTENCY-PLURIPOTENT, MULTIPOTENT, UNIPOTENT?UNKNOWN POTENCY-PLURIPOTENT, MULTIPOTENT, UNIPOTENT? RARE-NO SOURCE IDENTIFIED FOR MANY DISEASESRARE-NO SOURCE IDENTIFIED FOR MANY DISEASES SUBSTANTIAL GROWTH AND IDENTIFICATION ISSUESSUBSTANTIAL GROWTH AND IDENTIFICATION ISSUES PROPER ARCHITECTURE-NEEDS WORKPROPER ARCHITECTURE-NEEDS WORK LONGEVITY AND SAFETY ISSUES UNKNOWNLONGEVITY AND SAFETY ISSUES UNKNOWN NEW REPLACEMENT METHODS NEEDEDNEW REPLACEMENT METHODS NEEDED GENETIC MATCH/REJECTIONGENETIC MATCH/REJECTION

SOME EXAMPLES OF THE SOME EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF ADULT STEM USE OF ADULT STEM

CELLSCELLS

SOME EXAMPLES OF THE SOME EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF ADULT STEM USE OF ADULT STEM

CELLSCELLS BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTSBONE MARROW TRANSPLANTS PANCREATIC DUCTAL CELLS USED TO REPAIR PANCREATIC DUCTAL CELLS USED TO REPAIR

MOUSE MODEL OF DIABETESMOUSE MODEL OF DIABETES MANY RECENT EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENTIATION MANY RECENT EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENTIATION

IN VITRO AND ACROSS “TYPICAL” BOUNDARIESIN VITRO AND ACROSS “TYPICAL” BOUNDARIES INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION OF BONE MARROW CELLS INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION OF BONE MARROW CELLS

AND CELLS FROM LIPOSUCTION TO MANY DIFFERENT AND CELLS FROM LIPOSUCTION TO MANY DIFFERENT CELL TYPESCELL TYPES

INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION OF BRAIN STEM CELLS TO INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION OF BRAIN STEM CELLS TO MANY DIFFERENT CELL TYPESMANY DIFFERENT CELL TYPES

-MUCH OF THE WORK IS RECENT AND CONTROVERSIAL-MUCH OF THE WORK IS RECENT AND CONTROVERSIAL-MORE WORK AND DEMONSTRATION OF -MORE WORK AND DEMONSTRATION OF

REPRODUCIBILITY NEEDED!!REPRODUCIBILITY NEEDED!!

EXCERPTS FROM: STEM CELL RESEARCH SUCCESS IN US EXCERPTS FROM: STEM CELL RESEARCH SUCCESS IN US THE WORLD TODAY - THURSDAY, AUGUST  22, 2002 12:45 THE WORLD TODAY - THURSDAY, AUGUST  22, 2002 12:45 (HTTP://WWW.ABC.NET.AU/WORLDTODAY/S656192.HTM)(HTTP://WWW.ABC.NET.AU/WORLDTODAY/S656192.HTM)

EXCERPTS FROM: STEM CELL RESEARCH SUCCESS IN US EXCERPTS FROM: STEM CELL RESEARCH SUCCESS IN US THE WORLD TODAY - THURSDAY, AUGUST  22, 2002 12:45 THE WORLD TODAY - THURSDAY, AUGUST  22, 2002 12:45 (HTTP://WWW.ABC.NET.AU/WORLDTODAY/S656192.HTM)(HTTP://WWW.ABC.NET.AU/WORLDTODAY/S656192.HTM)

BEN KNIGHT: YOU SAY IT'S THEORETICALLY POSSIBLE THAT ADULT CELLS MIGHT BE BETTER AT TREATING SOME DISEASES, EMBRYONIC CELLS MIGHT BE BETTER AT TREATING OTHER DISEASES. DO YOU HAVE ANY IDEA OF WHICH IS WHICH?

CATHERINE VERFAILLE: AT THIS POINT, I THINK IT'S WAY TOO EARLY. FOR INSTANCE, THE EXAMPLE I ALWAYS USE, IS EMBRYONIC CELLS MAKE VERY READILY HEART MUSCLE CELLS, WHICH IS THUS FAR OFF AND VERY HARD TO DO WITH THE ADULT CELLS. SO FOR INSTANCE IF THAT'S HOLD TRUE, IF YOU THINK ABOUT READING HEART [UNCLEAR] DOWN THE LINE, YOU MAY HAVE TO RESORT BACK TO EMBRYONIC CELLS TO DO THAT AND THE ADULT CELLS MAY NOT TURN OUT TO BE FEASIBLE FOR THAT.

BEN KNIGHT: YOU'RE CALLING EFFECTIVELY FOR TANDEM RESEARCH, HAVE YOU BEEN FOLLOWING THE DISCUSSION IN AUSTRALIA ON THIS SUBJECT?

CATHERINE VERFAILLE: I HAVE, AND I COME FROM THE US WHERE THE SAME DISCUSSION WAS HELD ABOUT A YEAR AGO, AND THERE'S STILL ON-GOING DISCUSSIONS FOR THERAPEUTIC CLONING, WHICH IS SORT OF THE SAME DISCUSSION AT ONCE. AND SO I THINK MY MESSAGE HAS ALWAYS BEEN, EVEN THOUGH WE'RE EXCITED ABOUT THE ADULT CELLS, THAT IT'S TOO EARLY TO SAY THAT THEY WILL REPLACE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS TO THE POINT THAT OUR INSTITUTION, THE STEM CELL INSTITUTE, WE ACTUALLY RECRUITED AND INVESTIGATED WHO HAS EXTENSIVE EXPERIENCE IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELL WORK, SO WE'RE NOW IN A POSITION TO DO EXACTLY WHAT YOU MENTIONED, WHICH IS TO PARALLEL RESEARCH AND COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE TWO CELL TYPES.

© 2002 ABC | PRIVACY POLICY© 2002 ABC | PRIVACY POLICY

ADAPTED FROM WWW.NIH.GOV/NEWS/STEMCELL/FIG4B.GIF

BLASTOCYST

INNER CELL MASS(PLURIPOTENT)

EGG (OOCYTE) (REMOVE OOCYTE NUCLEUS)

FUSION

SOMATIC CELLNUCLEAR TRANSFER

WHAT IS NUCLEAR WHAT IS NUCLEAR TRANSPLANT TRANSPLANT

TECHNOLOGY?TECHNOLOGY?

WHAT IS NUCLEAR WHAT IS NUCLEAR TRANSPLANT TRANSPLANT

TECHNOLOGY?TECHNOLOGY?

ADULT???

INNER CELL MASS

CULTURED PLURIPOTENTSTEM CELLS

EXAMPLES OF NUCLEAR EXAMPLES OF NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION TO TRANSPLANTATION TO

GENERATE ADULT GENERATE ADULT ANIMALSANIMALS

EXAMPLES OF NUCLEAR EXAMPLES OF NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION TO TRANSPLANTATION TO

GENERATE ADULT GENERATE ADULT ANIMALSANIMALS SHEEPSHEEP

CATCAT GOATGOAT COWCOW PIGPIG MOUSEMOUSE

BUT EFFICIENCY POOR AND FREQUENT BUT EFFICIENCY POOR AND FREQUENT ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENTABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT

IMPRINTING PROBLEMS MAY BE SEVEREIMPRINTING PROBLEMS MAY BE SEVERE LIKELY TO BE UNSUCCESSFUL OR DANGEROUS IN LIKELY TO BE UNSUCCESSFUL OR DANGEROUS IN

HUMANS!HUMANS!SCIENCE 288:1723

SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT POSSIBLE USE OF NUCLEAR POSSIBLE USE OF NUCLEAR

TRANSPLANT TO TREAT TRANSPLANT TO TREAT DISEASEDISEASE

SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ABOUT POSSIBLE USE OF NUCLEAR POSSIBLE USE OF NUCLEAR

TRANSPLANT TO TREAT TRANSPLANT TO TREAT DISEASEDISEASE

PRO:PRO: SOURCE-ADULT CELLS AND OOCYTESSOURCE-ADULT CELLS AND OOCYTES THEORETICAL PLURIPOTENCYTHEORETICAL PLURIPOTENCY SUFFICIENT SUPPLY-COULD BE LARGESUFFICIENT SUPPLY-COULD BE LARGE GENETICALLY ALMOST IDENTICAL SO MINIMAL REJECTIONGENETICALLY ALMOST IDENTICAL SO MINIMAL REJECTION LONGEVITY-LIKELY TO BE SUBSTANTIALLONGEVITY-LIKELY TO BE SUBSTANTIAL

CONCON PROPER ARCHITECTURE-NEEDS WORKPROPER ARCHITECTURE-NEEDS WORK NOT YET KNOWN HOW TO CONTROL CELLS NOT YET KNOWN HOW TO CONTROL CELLS SAFETY-UNKNOWNSAFETY-UNKNOWN NEW REPLACEMENT METHODS NEEDEDNEW REPLACEMENT METHODS NEEDED

ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES ABOUT NUCLEAR TRANSPLANT ABOUT NUCLEAR TRANSPLANT

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES ABOUT NUCLEAR TRANSPLANT ABOUT NUCLEAR TRANSPLANT

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY CONTROVERSIAL ETHICAL STATUS OF EARLY HUMAN CONTROVERSIAL ETHICAL STATUS OF EARLY HUMAN

EMBRYO AND PRODUCT OF NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTEMBRYO AND PRODUCT OF NUCLEAR TRANSPLANT PUBLIC ANTIPATHY TOWARDS CLONINGPUBLIC ANTIPATHY TOWARDS CLONING NEED TO SAFEGUARD BENEFICIAL USES WHILE NEED TO SAFEGUARD BENEFICIAL USES WHILE

PROTECTING SOCIETY FROM ILLEGITIMATE USESPROTECTING SOCIETY FROM ILLEGITIMATE USES LEGISLATIVE SITUATIONLEGISLATIVE SITUATION

WHERE TO DRAW THE LINE?WHERE TO DRAW THE LINE? CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESHOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SENATESENATE

CRIMINALIZING RESEARCH METHODS VS. WITHOLDING CRIMINALIZING RESEARCH METHODS VS. WITHOLDING PUBLIC FUNDINGPUBLIC FUNDING

WHERE SHOULD WE WHERE SHOULD WE DRAW THE LINE?DRAW THE LINE?

WHERE SHOULD WE WHERE SHOULD WE DRAW THE LINE?DRAW THE LINE?

ADAPTED FROM WWW.NIH.GOV/NEWS/STEMCELL/FIG4B.GIF

BLASTOCYST

INNER CELL MASS(PLURIPOTENT)

EGG (OOCYTE) (REMOVE OOCYTE NUCLEUS)

FUSION

SOMATIC CELLNUCLEAR TRANSFER

ADULT???

INNER CELL MASS

CULTURED PLURIPOTENTSTEM CELLS

WELDONBROWNBACK

CALIFORNIAHATCH-FEINSTEIN-KENNEDY-SPECTER-HARKIN