Understanding Properties (and non-English sounds)

Don’t just memorize!!

Try to really • understand each of the properties, not just memorize them

Practice

• blue

• blue

• bang

• toupee

• ban

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

Practice

• blue

• blue

ba• ng

• toupee

ba• n

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

Practice

• blue

• blue

ba• ng

• toupee

ba• n

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

Practice

• blue

• blue

ba• ng

• toupee

ba• n

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

Practice

• blue

• blue

• bang

• toupee

• ban

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

Practice

• blue

• blue

ba• ng

• toupee

ba• n

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

Practice

• blue

• blue

ba• ng

• toupee

ba• n

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

Practice

• blue

• blue

ba• ng

• toupee

ba• n

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

Practice

• blue

• blue

• bang

• toupee

• ban

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

Practice

• blue

• blue

ba• ng

• toupee

ba• n

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

Practice

• blue

• blue

ba• ng

• toupee

ba• n

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

[bejng][bejŋ]

[bejŋg]

Practice

• blue

• blue

ba• ng

• toupee

ba• n

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

[bejng][bejŋ]

[bejŋg]

Practice

• blue

• blue

ba• ng

• toupee

ba• n

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

[bejng][bejŋ]

[bejŋg]

Practice

• blue

• blue

ba• ng

• toupee

ba• n

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

[bejng][bejŋ]

[bejŋg]

Practice

• blue

• blue

• bang

• toupee

• ban

• moo

• dent

• new

• cap

[bejng][bejŋ]

[bejŋg]

Practice with “-ng” and “-nk” words

• “Bank”

[bejnk] [bejŋk]

• “Bang”

[bejnɡ] [bejŋɡ] [bejŋ]

• “Bingo”

[bɪnɡow] [bɪŋɡow] [bɪŋow]

Practice with “-ng” and “-nk” words

• “Bank”

[bejnk] [bejŋk]

• “Bang”

[bejnɡ] [bejŋɡ] [bejŋ]

• “Bingo”

[bɪnɡow] [bɪŋɡow] [bɪŋow]

Practice with “-ng” and “-nk” words

• “Bank”

[bejnk] [bejŋk]

• “Bang”

[bejnɡ] [bejŋɡ] [bejŋ]

• “Bingo”

[bɪnɡow] [bɪŋɡow] [bɪŋow]

Practice with “-ng” and “-nk” words

• “Bank”

[bejnk] [bejŋk]

• “Bang”

[bejnɡ] [bejŋɡ] [bejŋ]

• “Bingo”

[bɪnɡow] [bɪŋɡow] [bɪŋow]

Non-English sounds

If you truly understand each property, you should be able to apply •them in different combinations to create new non-English sounds

Non-English sounds

If you truly understand each property, you should be able to apply •them in different combinations to create new non-English sounds

We• ’ve been focusing on Standard English, but remember the IPA is for all human speech sounds

You are not expected to know any of this • – if I use a non-English IPA symbol in a data problem, you will be given its four or five properties

http://www.ipachart.com/•

Consonant properties

Place of articulation1. Where is the constriction?

Manner of articulation2. What type of constriction?

Voicing3. Vocal cords vibrating or not?

Oral/nasal4. Air flowing through nasal passage?

[ɸ] = voiceless bilabial fricative

1. Place of articulation Where is the constriction?

2. Manner of articulation What type of constriction?

3. Voicing Vocal cords vibrating or not?

4. Oral/nasal Air flowing through nasal passage?

[ɸ] = voiceless bilabial fricative

Place of articulation1. Bilabial made with both lips

Manner of articulation2. What type of constriction?

Voicing3. Vocal cords vibrating or not?

Oral/nasal4. Air flowing through nasal passage?

[ɸ] = voiceless bilabial fricative

Place of articulation1. Bilabial made with both lips

Manner of articulation2. Fricative large constriction, small stream of air let through

Voicing3. Vocal cords vibrating or not?

Oral/nasal4. Air flowing through nasal passage?

[ɸ] = voiceless bilabial fricative

Place of articulation1. Bilabial made with both lips

Manner of articulation2. Fricative large constriction, small stream of air let through

Voicing3. Voiceless no vibration

Oral/nasal4. Air flowing through nasal passage?

[ɸ] = (oral) voiceless bilabial fricative

1. Place of articulation Bilabial made with both lips

2. Manner of articulation Fricative large constriction, small stream of air let through

3. Voicing Voiceless no vibration

4. Oral/nasal Oral no air flowing through nose

[β] = voiced bilabial fricative

Spanish • uva ‘grape’

“In between a ‘b’ and a ‘v’”

[β] = voiced bilabial fricative

Spanish • uva ‘grape’

“In between a ‘b’ and a ‘v’” ???

[β] = voiced bilabial fricative

Spanish • uva ‘grape’

“In between a ‘b’ and a ‘v’” ???

In what way • is it like a ‘b’ and in what way is it like a ‘v’?

[β] = voiced bilabial fricative

• Spanish uva ‘grape’

“In between a ‘b’ and a ‘v’” ???

• In what way is it like a ‘b’ and in what way is it like a ‘v’?

[b] = voiced, bilabial

[v] = voiced, fricative

[ɬ] = voiceless alveolar oral fricative

Floyd

Welsh llwyd ‘grey(-haired)’

Lloyd

[ɬ] = voiceless alveolar oral fricative

Floyd

Welsh [ɬ]wyd ‘grey(-haired)’

Lloyd

[ɬ] = voiceless alveolar oral fricative

Floyd

Welsh [ɬ]wyd ‘grey(-haired)’

Lloyd

voicelessoral

alveolarlateral fricative

[ɬ] = voiceless alveolar oral fricative

[fl]oyd

Welsh [ɬ]wyd ‘grey(-haired)’

[l]oyd

voicelessoral

alveolarlateral fricative

[ɬ] = voiceless alveolar oral fricative

[fl]oyd

Welsh [ɬ]wyd ‘grey(-haired)’

[l]oyd

voicelessoral

alveolarlateral fricative

alveolarlateral fricative liquid

[ɬ] = voiceless alveolar oral fricative

[fl]oyd

Welsh [ɬ]wyd ‘grey(-haired)’

[l]oyd

voicelessoral

alveolarlateral fricative

alveolarlateral fricative liquid

alveolarlateral fricative liquid

[ɬ] = voiceless alveolar oral fricative

[fl]oyd

Welsh [ɬ]wyd ‘grey(-haired)’

[l]oyd

voicelessoral

alveolarlateral fricative

alveolarlateral fricative liquid

alveolarlateral fricative liquid

voicelesslateral fricative

Vowel properties

Height1. How high is the tongue?

Backness2. How backed is the tongue?

Tense/lax3. How extreme is your tongue position?

Rounding4. Are your lips rounded?

Voicing5. Vocal cords vibrating or not?

[y] = rounded high front vowel

French • sy

“In between an ‘ee’ and an ‘oo’” ???

“Soft” ???

[y] = rounded high front vowel

• French sy

“In between an ‘ee’ and an ‘oo’” ???

“Soft” ???

“You should look/feel ridiculous” ?????

[y] = rounded high front vowel

French • sy

“In between an ‘ee’ and an ‘oo’” ???

“Soft” ???

“You should look/feel ridiculous” ?????

In what way • is it like an [i] and in what way is it like an [u]?

[y] = rounded high front vowel

French • sy

“In between an ‘ee’ and an ‘oo’” ???

“Soft” ???

“You should look/feel ridiculous” ?????

In what way • is it like an [i] and in what way is it like an [u]?

[i] = front

[u] = rounded

Non-pulmonic sounds

Non-pulmonic sounds

• Implosives

• Ejectives

• Clicks

Non-pulmonic sounds

Non-pulmonic sounds

Xhosa • clicks

Zulu song with clicks•

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W• 6WO5XabD-s (Khoisan clicks)

Signed languages

Languages in which meaning is conveyed manually, rather than •acoustically

NOT just a translation of spoken languages•Are not dependent on spoken languages•Develops and changes by people who use them, just like spoken languages•British Sign Language and American Sign Language (ASL) are very different, •and mutually unintelligibleASL shares more with Japanese than it does with English•

NOT the same as body language, which is non• -linguistic communication

Properties in signed languages

1. Handshape Shape of hand that is creating the sign

2. Movement Movement of the handshape that makes the sign

3. Palm orientation Orientation of your palm when making the sign

4. Location Location of the sign on or in front of your body

5. Non-manual markers Facial expressions and body movement

Properties in signed languages

Handshape1. Shape of hand that is creating the sign

Movement2. Movement of the handshape that makes the sign

Palm orientation3. Orientation of your palm when making the sign

Location4. Location of the sign on or in front of your body

Non5. -manual markers Facial expressions and body movement

Properties in signed languages

Handshape1. Shape of hand that is creating the sign

Movement2. Movement of the handshape that makes the sign

Palm orientation3. Orientation of your palm when making the sign

Location4. Location of the sign on or in front of your body

Non5. -manual markers Facial expressions and body movement

CHAIR = move dominant hand down twice

SIT = move dominant hand down once

Properties in signed languages

Handshape1. Shape of hand that is creating the sign

Movement2. Movement of the handshape that makes the sign

Palm orientation3. Orientation of your palm when making the sign

Location4. Location of the sign on or in front of your body

Non5. -manual markers Facial expressions and body movement

Properties in signed languages

1. Handshape Shape of hand that is creating the sign

2. Movement Movement of the handshape that makes the sign

3. Palm orientation Orientation of your palm when making the sign

4. Location Location of the sign on or in front of your body

5. Non-manual markers Facial expressions and body movement

MOTHER = tap thumb of your open-five hand on chin

FATHER = tap thumb of your open-five hand on forehead

Properties in signed languages

Handshape1. Shape of hand that is creating the sign

Movement2. Movement of the handshape that makes the sign

Palm orientation3. Orientation of your palm when making the sign

Location4. Location of the sign on or in front of your body

Non5. -manual markers Facial expressions and body movement

Raised eyebrows = yes/no question

Lowered eyebrows = wh-question

Languages treat different features as “important”“Important” “Not important”

Tenseness in English (beet vs. bit) Tenseness in Korean, Spanish

Handshape in American Sign Language Handshape in English

Nasality in French vowels Nasality in English VOWELS

Tone in Mandarin Chinese Tone in English

Retroflex vs. lateral in English liquids (right vs. light) Retroflex vs. lateral in Japanese liquids

Breathy voice in Gujarati, Hindi, Zulu Breathy voice in English

Creaky voice in Jalapa Mazatec Creaky voice in English

Languages treat different features as “important”“Important” “Not important”

Tenseness in English (beet vs. bit) Tenseness in Korean, Spanish

Handshape in American Sign Language Handshape in English

Nasality in French vowels Nasality in English VOWELS

Tone in Mandarin Chinese Tone in English

Retroflex vs. lateral in English liquids (right vs. light) Retroflex vs. lateral in Japanese liquids

Breathy voice in Gujarati, Hindi, Zulu Breathy voice in English

Creaky voice in Jalapa Mazatec Creaky voice in English

Ingressive speech

Languages treat different features as “contrastive”“Contrastive” “Not contrastive”

Tenseness in English (beet vs. bit) Tenseness in Korean, Spanish

Handshape in American Sign Language Handshape in English

Nasality in French vowels Nasality in English VOWELS

Tone in Mandarin Chinese Tone in English

Retroflex vs. lateral in English liquids (right vs. light) Retroflex vs. lateral in Japanese liquids

Breathy voice in Gujarati, Hindi, Zulu Breathy voice in English

Creaky voice in Jalapa Mazatec Creaky voice in English

Ingressive speech

• Whistle speech• https://youtu.be/PgEmSb0cKBg?t=3m56s

• https://youtu.be/PgEmSb0cKBg?t=7m12s

• WALS map for “uncommon consonants”