UNDERSTANDING ELECTIONS IN PAKISTAN Tek Singh 3 Northern Punjab 16 Rawalpindi 7 Islamabad 2 Attock 3 Jhelum 2 Chakwal 2 NA SEATS 150 + ~~ PUNJAB Population: 55% Continued…-7-Seats:2

- 1 -

25 January, 2008

Dr. Dr. IjazIjaz Shafi GilaniShafi GilaniChairman Gallup PakistanChairman Gallup Pakistan

UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDINGELECTIONSELECTIONS

IN PAKISTANIN PAKISTAN

- 2 -

11Prospects forProspects for

Elections 2008Elections 2008

22Electoral Electoral BehaviourBehaviour and and the History of Riggingthe History of Rigging

- 3 -

ELECTIONS 2008ELECTIONS 2008

PAKISTANPAKISTAN’’S S 88thth NATIONAL ELECTIONSNATIONAL ELECTIONSO Yahya

1970O Bangladesh

O PNA

O Zia ul Haq

O IJI/Nawaz

Tenure 1

Tenure 2

Tenure 2

O Party less

O Benazir Tenure 1

O Nawaz

O Benazir

O Nawaz

O Pervez Musharraf

?2008

2000

1997

1993

1990

1988

1985

O Bhutto1977

Past History

- 4 -

3 3 DECISIVE FACTORSDECISIVE FACTORS

Geography or TurfElectoral Arenas

Behaviour PatternsVoting Patterns

System EffectsRules of the Electoral

Game

- 5 -

GEOGRAPHY OR TURFGEOGRAPHY OR TURF

NA SEATS

272+ ~~

Population: 165 Million

Registered Voters: ~ 80 Million

PAKISTANContinued…

- 6 -

Continued……… GEOGRAPHY OR TURFGEOGRAPHY OR TURF

Seats:5

Seats:6

Seats:2

Seats:3

Seats:5

Seats:4

Seats:3

Seats:4

Seats:4Seats:6

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:5

Seats:6 Seats:11

Seats:3

Seats:2 Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:7

Seats:5

Seats:5Seats:4

Seats:13

Seats:7

Seats:4

Seats:5Seats:3

Seats:7Seats:3

Seats:2

Seats:5

Seats:6

Seats:2

Seats:3Seats:5

Seats:4

Seats:3Seats:4

Seats:4

Seats:6Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2Seats:5

Seats:6 Seats:11Seats:3

Seats:2 Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:7

Seats:5

Seats:5Seats:4

Seats:13

Seats:7

Seats:4Seats:5

Seats:3

Seats:7Seats:3

Seats:2

PUNJAB 150Southern Punjab 44Bahawalpur 5Multan 6Rahimyar Khan 6Muzaffargarh 5Vehari 4Khanewal 4Bahawalnagar 4Dera Ghazi Khan 3Rajan Pur 2Lodhran 2Pakpattan 3Central Punjab 57Lahore 13Gujranwala 7Sheikhupura 7Sialkot 5Kasur 5Okara 5Gujrat 4Sahiwal 4Narowal 3Mandi Bahauddin 2Hafizabad 2Western Punjab 33Mianwali 2Khushab 2Bhakkar 2Sargodha 5Layyah 2Jhang 6Faisalabad 11Toba Tek Singh 3Northern Punjab 16Rawalpindi 7Islamabad 2Attock 3Jhelum 2Chakwal 2

NA SEATS

150+ ~~ PUNJABPUNJAB Population: 55%55% Continued…

- 7 -

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:3

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:4

Seats:2

Seats:3

Seats:3

Seats:2

Seats:3

Seats:6

Seats:2Seats:2

Seats:3

Seats:20

SINDH 61

Karachi City 20Interior Sindh 41Sakkur 2Ghotki 2Khairpur 3Nawabshah 2Naushero Feroz 2Larkana 4Shikarpur 2Jacobabad 3Mirpur Khas 3Tharparkar 2Sanghar 3Hyderabad 6Badin 2Thatha 2Dadu 3

NA SEATS

61+ ~~ SINDHSINDH Population: 25%25% Continued…


Sindh

- 8 -

Seats:4

Seats:2

Seats:2Seats:3

Seats:2

Seats:1Seats:1

Seats:1Seats:2

Seats:1Seats:2

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:2

Seats:1 Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:2

Seats:1

Seats:1

NWFP 35

Peshawar (Valley Region) 13Peshawar 4Nowshera 2Charsadda 2Mardan 3Swabi 2

Southern NWFP 7Kohat 1Karak 1Bannu 1Hangu 1Lakki Marwat 1D. I. Khan 2

Malakand 8Malakand 1Shangla 1Swat 2Upper Dir 1Lower Dir 1Chitral 1Buner 1

Hazara Division 7Abbottabad 2Mansehra 2Haripur 1Kohistan 1Batagram 1


NA SEATS

35+ ~~ NWFPNWFP Population: 15%15% Continued…

- 9 -

Calculus of Electoral Politics in Pakistan2007

Seats:2

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

BALUCHISTAN 14

Quetta Sub Region 6Quetta 1Quetta, Chagi, Matsang 1Pishin, Ziarat 1Loralai 1Zhob, Killa Saifullah 1Killa Abdullah 1

Kalat Mekran Sub Region 8Kohlu, Sibi, Dera Bugti 1Nasirabad 1Kachhi 1Kalat, Mastung 1Khuzdar 1Awaran, Lasbela 1Panjgur, Kharan 1Kech, Gwadar 1


NA SEATS

14+ ~~ BALOCHISTANBALOCHISTAN Population: 5%5% Continued…

- 10 -

Significant PointsSignificant Points

1- Provinces are vastly different in Size

2- Each Province has its unique DIVERSITY in Voting Behaviour

Sindh: Urban-RuralBalochistan: Pashtun-BalochNWFP: Peshawar Valley

Hazara DivisionSouthern DivisionsMalakand Division

PUNJAB: NorthCentralSouthWest Continued…

- 11 -

3- Political CompetitorsVary from Province to Province

Significant Points

- 12 -

Vote Bank

All Pakistan Voting Pattern

Major Political Parties 1970 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002

% of votes 23% 30% 37% 40% 45% 39%No. of seats 18 54 106 72 134 99*% of votes 39% 38% 37% 38% 21% 26%No. of seats 81 93 44 86 18 61% of votes 38% 30% 26% 22% 32% 35%No. of seats 39 57 57 58 52 109**

PML and PML-led AlliancesPPP and PPP-led Alliances

Others

- 13 -


% of votes 45% 47% 42% 51% 32% 37%No. of seats 18 31 24 33 18 27 % of votes 25% 27% 18% 15%No. of seats 13 15 12 13 % of votes 55% 28% 31% 48% 50% 48%No. of seats 9 2 7 13 16 21

Boycott

PPP and PPP-led Alliances

MQM NA

Others

Sindh Voting Pattern

Continued….. Vote Bank

Continued…

- 14 -


% of votes 27% 18% 18% 41% 13% 18%No. of seats 2 3 2 10 2 3 % of votes 56% 65% 48% 38%No. of seats 13 14 12 13 % of votes 73%* 26% 17% 59% 26% 44%No. of seats 5 0 0 8 2 6

BoycottMQM

Others

NA


Urban Sindh Voting Pattern


Continued…

- 15 -


% of votes 51% 68% 58% 57% 42% 45%No. of seats 16 28 22 25 16 24 % of votes 3% 3% 0% 5%No. of seats 0 1 0 0 % of votes 49%* 29% 40% 43% 58% 49%No. of seats 4 0 7 3 12 15

BoycottNA


MQM

Others

Interior Sindh Voting Pattern


Continued…

- 16 -

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:3

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:4

Seats:2

Seats:3

Seats:3

Seats:2

Seats:3

Seats:6

Seats:2Seats:2

Seats:3

Seats:20

SINDH 61

Karachi City 20Interior Sindh 41Sakkur 2Ghotki 2Khairpur 3Nawabshah 2Naushero Feroz 2Larkana 4Shikarpur 2Jacobabad 3Mirpur Khas 3Tharparkar 2Sanghar 3Hyderabad 6Badin 2Thatha 2Dadu 3

NA SEATS

61+ ~~ SINDHSINDH Population: 25%25% Continued…

Sindh


- 17 -


% of votes 22% 21% 12% 7% NA 17%No. of seats 0 2 2 0 3 3*% of votes 2% 7% 15% 18% NA 10%No. of seats 0 1 2 1 0 0% of votes 21% 17% 19% 10% NA 19%No. of seats 1 4 2 2 2 6% of votes 45% 19% 29% 22% NA 33%No. of seats 3 2 3 4 2 3% of votes 10% 35% 25% 42% NA 22%No. of seats 0 2 2 4 1 2

Others

PML and PML-led AlliancesPPP and PPP-led AlliancesReligious Parties (Primarily JUI)Regional Parties (Balochistan

Balochistan Voting PatternContinued….. Vote Bank

Continued…

- 18 -

Seats:2

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

BALUCHISTAN 14

Quetta Sub Region 6Quetta 1Quetta, Chagi, Matsang 1Pishin, Ziarat 1Loralai 1Zhob, Killa Saifullah 1Killa Abdullah 1

Kalat Mekran Sub Region 8Kohlu, Sibi, Dera Bugti 1Nasirabad 1Kachhi 1Kalat, Mastung 1Khuzdar 1Awaran, Lasbela 1Panjgur, Kharan 1Kech, Gwadar 1

NA SEATS

14+ ~~ BALOCHISTANBALOCHISTAN Population: 5%5% Continued…


- 19 -


% of votes 14% 23% 23% 16% 10% 12%No. of seats 1 8 5 5 0 2*% of votes 27% 27% 24% 32% 37% 18%No. of seats 7 8 8 10 15 4**

% of votes 33% JUI-F: 11%

JUI-F: 20 %

PIF: 11% MDM: 2% IJM: 11%

JUI-F: 8% JI

Boycott

MMA: 45%

No. of seats 6 4JUI-F

(4)

PIF (2) MDM (1) IJM (2)

0MMA (29)

% of votes 19% 18% 15% 15% 19% 9%No. of seats 3 2 6 3 9 0% of votes 7% 21% 18% 13% 26% 16%No. of seats 8 3 3 2 1 12

PPP and PPP-led AlliancesPML and PML-led Alliances

ANP***

Religious Parties (Primarily JUI, JI and MMA in 2002)

Others

NWFP Voting PatternContinued….. Vote Bank

Continued…

- 20 -

Seats:4

Seats:2

Seats:2Seats:3

Seats:2

Seats:1Seats:1

Seats:1Seats:2

Seats:1Seats:2

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:2

Seats:1 Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:1

Seats:2

Seats:1

Seats:1

NWFP 35

Peshawar (Valley Region) 13Peshawar 4Nowshera 2Charsadda 2Mardan 3Swabi 2

Southern NWFP 7Kohat 1Karak 1Bannu 1Hangu 1Lakki Marwat 1D. I. Khan 2

Malakand 8Malakand 1Shangla 1Swat 2Upper Dir 1Lower Dir 1Chitral 1Buner 1

Hazara Division 7Abbottabad 2Mansehra 2Haripur 1Kohistan 1Batagram 1

NA SEATS

35+ ~~ NWFPNWFP Population: 15%15% Continued…


- 21 -


% of votes 23% 38% 49% 45% 59% 52%No. of seats 10 45 92 52 107 85*% of votes 42% 40% 39% 39% 22% 27%No. of seats 62 53 14 47 0 33% of votes 35% 22% 12% 16% 19% 13%No. of seats 10 17 9 13 7 20

PML and PML-led AlliancesPPP and PPP-led Alliances

Others

Punjab Voting Pattern


Continued…

- 22 -

Seats:5

Seats:6

Seats:2

Seats:3

Seats:5

Seats:4

Seats:3

Seats:4

Seats:4Seats:6

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:5

Seats:6 Seats:11

Seats:3

Seats:2 Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:7

Seats:5

Seats:5Seats:4

Seats:13

Seats:7

Seats:4

Seats:5Seats:3

Seats:7Seats:3

Seats:2

Seats:5

Seats:6

Seats:2

Seats:3Seats:5

Seats:4

Seats:3Seats:4

Seats:4

Seats:6Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2Seats:5

Seats:6 Seats:11Seats:3

Seats:2 Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:2

Seats:7

Seats:5

Seats:5Seats:4

Seats:13

Seats:7

Seats:4Seats:5

Seats:3

Seats:7Seats:3

Seats:2

PUNJAB 150Southern Punjab 44Bahawalpur 5Multan 6Rahimyar Khan 6Muzaffargarh 5Vehari 4Khanewal 4Bahawalnagar 4Dera Ghazi Khan 3Rajan Pur 2Lodhran 2Pakpattan 3Central Punjab 57Lahore 13Gujranwala 7Sheikhupura 7Sialkot 5Kasur 5Okara 5Gujrat 4Sahiwal 4Narowal 3Mandi Bahauddin 2Hafizabad 2Western Punjab 33Mianwali 2Khushab 2Bhakkar 2Sargodha 5Layyah 2Jhang 6Faisalabad 11Toba Tek Singh 3Northern Punjab 16Rawalpindi 7Islamabad 2Attock 3Jhelum 2Chakwal 2

NA SEATS

150+ ~~ PUNJABPUNJAB Population: 55%55% Continued…


- 23 -

PunjabElectoral Performance of Muslim League(s)

(1970-2002)

23 %

38 %

49 %45 %

59 %

52 %

10 (seats out of 82)

45 (seats out

of 115)

92(seats out of 115)

52(seats out

of 112)


85(seats out

of 149)

5101520253035404550556065707580859095

100105110

1970 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002Elections

Per

cent

age

of v

otes

/ N

umbe

r of

NA

sea

ts

5101520253035404550556065707580859095100105110

% of votes No. of seats

The Decisive Contest in Punjab

- 24 -

PunjabElectoral Performance of Pakistan People's Party

(1970-2002)

27%22 %

39 %39 %40 %42 %

0(seats out

of 114)





33 (seats out

of 149)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

1970 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002Elections

Per

cent

age

of v

otes

/ N

umbe

r of N

Ase

ats

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

% of votes No. of seats

The Decisive Contest in Punjab

- 25 -

P u n ja bE le c to ra l P e rfo rm a n c e o f P a k i s ta n P e o p l e 's P a r ty

(1 9 7 0 -2 0 0 2 )

2 7 %2 2 %

3 9 %3 9 %4 0 %4 2 %

0( s e a ts o u t

o f 1 1 4 )

4 7 ( s e a ts o u t o f 1 1 2 )

1 4( s e a ts o u t o f 1 1 5 )

5 3 ( s e a ts o u t o f 1 1 5 )

6 2 ( s e a ts o u t o f 8 2 )

3 3 ( s e a ts o u t

o f 1 4 9 )

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

5 5

6 0

6 5

1 9 7 0 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 7 2 0 0 2E le c tio n s

Per

cent

age

of v

otes

/ N

umbe

r of N

A

seat

s

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

5 5

6 0

6 5

% o f vo te s N o . o f s e a ts

P u n ja bE l e c to ra l P e r fo rm a n c e o f M u s l i m L e a g u e (s )

(1 9 7 0 -2 0 0 2 )

2 3 %

3 8 %

4 9 %4 5 %

5 9 %

5 2 %

1 0 ( s e a ts o u t o f 8 2 )

4 5 ( s e a ts o u t

o f 1 1 5 )

9 2( s e a ts o u t o f 1 1 5 )

5 2( s e a ts o u t

o f 1 1 2 )

1 0 7( s e a ts o u t

o f 1 1 4 )

8 5( s e a ts o u t

o f 1 4 9 )

51 01 52 02 53 03 54 04 55 05 56 06 57 07 58 08 59 09 5

1 0 01 0 51 1 0

1 9 7 0 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 7 2 0 0 2E le c t io n s

Per

cent

age

of v

otes

/ N

umbe

r of

NA

sea

ts

51 01 52 02 53 03 54 04 55 05 56 06 57 07 58 08 59 09 51 0 01 0 51 1 0

% o f v o te s N o . o f s e a ts

- 26 -

All Pakistan winner inNational AssemblyPPP PPP ahead by 19% PPP ahead by 52 seats(Winner gets 37% vote nationally)

(42:23%) (62:10*) seats for Ml(s)

PPP PPP ahead by 2% PPP ahead by 8 seats(Winner gets 39% vote nationally)

(40:38%) (53:45) seats

ML ML ahead by 10% ML ahead by 78 seats(Winner gets 37% vote nationally)

(49:39%) (92:14) seats

PPP ML ahead by 6% ML ahead by 5 seats (Winner gets 38% vote nationally)

(45:39%) (52:47) seats

ML ML ahead by 37% ML ahead by 107 seats(Winner gets 46% vote nationally)

(59:22%) (107:zero) seats

No clear winner ML(s) ahead by 24% ML(s) ahead by 48 seatsPPP (26%), PML-Q (24%), PML-N (11 %)

PML(Q) (35%), PML(N) (16%), PPP (27%)

PML(Q) (67), PML(N) (16); PPP (34) seats

National Assembly Elections

Voting Ratio: ML and PPP in Punjab

Edge of National Assembly Seats in Punjab

1970

2002

1988

1990

1993

1997

The Dramatic 5% Swing Factor in Punjab

- 27 -

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%P

erce

ntag

e E

dge

of W

inne

r ove

r Run

ner-u

p

Edge in % Votes 19% 2% 10% 6% 37% 24% 30%

Edge in % of NA seats 38% 4% 38% 2% 52% 18% 40%

1970 1988 1990 1993 1997 20022008

(Projection)

The Dramatic 5% Swing Factor in Punjab

- 28 -

FPTP System andFPTP System andHUNG PARLIAMENT THESISHUNG PARLIAMENT THESIS

FPTP works against producing Hung Parliaments

Hence despite spoken and unspoken wishes to obtain Hung Parliaments the outcome in most elections has been to

the contrary

- 29 -

Hung Parliament

1970 Party Share in Votes ( %) Number of Seats in NA % of SeatsWinner AL 39% 160 53%

Runner-up PPP 19% 81 27%

1988 Party Share in Votes ( %) Number of Seats in NA % of SeatsWinner PPP 39% 93 47%

Runner-up IJI 32% 54 27%Runner-up MQM 5% 13 7%

1990 Party Share in Votes ( %) Number of Seats in NA % of SeatsWinner IJI 37% 105 53%

Runner-up PDA 37% 45 23%Runner-up MQM 6% 15 8%

- 30 -

1993 Party Share in Votes ( %) Number of Seats in NA % of SeatsWinner PPP 38% 86 44%

Runner-up PML-J 4% 6 3%Runner-up IJM 2% 4 2%Runner-up PML-N 40% 72 37%Runner-up PIF 3% 3 2%

1997 Party Share in Votes ( %) Number of Seats in NA % of SeatsWinner PML-N 46% 136 69%

Runner-up PPP 21% 18 9%

2002 Party Share in Votes ( %) Number of Seats in NA % of SeatsWinner PML-Q 26% 78 29%

Runner-up MMA 11% 45 17%Runner-up NA 5% 12 4%Runner-up PPP-P 26% 63 23%Runner-up PML-N 12% 15 6%

Continued……. Hung Parliament

- 31 -

Hung Parliament?

53%47% 53%

44%

69%

29%

9%23%

37%23%27%27%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

1970 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002% o

f Sea

ts in

Nat

iona

lA

ssem

bly

Winner Runner-up

- 32 -

Trends in Musharraf’s Net Approval Ratings

Year

Net Approval Rating:

(Approval minus Disapproval)

Surrounding Events

1999 85% Honeymoon2000 34% Honeymoon is over2001 32% A New Phase is about to start2002 25% 2002 Elections2003 81% Post Election Government2004 70%2005 54%2006 59%

32% Moves on to hold next Elections, Seeking Third Term Presidency

7% Judicial Crisis takes its toll2008 Zero Benazir Bhutto Assassinated

2007

The Post Election Government continues

- 33 -

85%

34% 32%

25%

81%70%

54% 59%

32%

7%Zero

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mar.2007

Nov.2007

Jan.2008

Net Performance Rating ofPervez Musharraf

(1999-2008)

Method to Calculate: The performance Ratings were sought in a 5 Point Scale. The score above is calculated by the following tabulation: - Score =(Very Good+ Good) – (Bad + Very Bad)

- 34 -

S T O R Y O F D E M O C R A C Y ( F r o m A n t i q u i t y t o 2 1 s t C e n t u r y )

D E M O C R A C Y - - - - - - - - - - - O R I G I N S

I n d i v i d u a l S o c i a l G r o u p

G e n e r a t e s P o w e r

R e g u l a t o r s o f P o w e r

b e c o m e t o o ‘ P o w e r f u l ’

D I L E M M A

R e t u r n t o R a l l y t o I n d i v i d u a l G r o u p B e h a v i o r B e h a v i o r

A n a r c h y O p p r e s s i o n

S O L U T I O N S

L e v i a t h a n S o c i a l C o n t r a c t

( O p p r e s s i v e R u l e r ) ( S e l f - G o v e r n a n c e ) O B J E C T I V E

O r d e r T a m i n g o f P o w e r

M a g n a C a r t a S h a r i n g o f

P o w e r

- 35 -

E a r l y P a r l i a m e n t s o f t h e E l i t e

I n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f P o w e r S h a r i n g A r r a n g e m e n t s

E l e c t i o n s + P a r l i a m e n t s

U n i v e r s a l S u f f r a g e + P o l i t i c a l P a r t i e s

E l e c t i o n s D i r e c t

R e p r e s e n t a t i v e D e m o c r a c y D e m o c r a c y

I N S T I T U T I O N A L I Z A T I O N D I L E M M A S

B u r e a u c r a c y D i s e m p o w e r m e n t

E f f i c i e n c y C o r r u p t i o n

S O C I A L C H A N G E S

C o n t i n u i t y C h a n g e s

O u t d a t e d H a b i t s F o r m – Y e s a r e p o w e r f u l S u b s t a n c e - N o S e l f A d a p t a t i o n

I n f o r m a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y w h i c h o u t d a t e s a s p e c t s o f t h e I n t e r m e d i a t i o n b y R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s

o f t h e R e p r e s e n t a t i v e

D e m o c r a c y

C h a n g e s i n t h e S p a c e o f D e m o c r a c y w h i c h i s t h e N a t i o n - S t a t e

• G l o b a l i z a t i o n a n d R e g i o n a l i z a t io n

• C o m p l e x i t y

o f G o v e r n a n c e ( r e q u i r i n g T e c h n o c r a t i c S o l u t i o n )

C i i

- 36 -

Satisfied, Disillusioned OR Disgusted with Democracy, 2000V O P 2 0 0 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

Arm

enia

Rus

sia

Ukr

aine

Cam

eroo

nM

exic

oK

azak

hsta

nG

eorg

iaC

olom

bia

Pak

ista

nC

roat

iaP

arag

uay

Per

uB

elar

usB

osni

a &

Her

z.La

tvia

Bol

ivia

Kor

eaTu

rkey

Est

onia

Ecu

ador

Japa

nB

ulga

riaG

hana

Rom

ania

Thai

land

Mac

edon

iaP

olan

dTa

iwan Ita

lyU

SA

UK

Finl

and

Sw

eden

Fran

ceD

enm

ark

Cze

ch R

ep.

Hun

gary

Uru

guay

Lith

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Documents

UNDERSTANDING ELECTIONS IN PAKISTAN Tek Singh 3 Northern Punjab 16 Rawalpindi 7 Islamabad 2 Attock 3 Jhelum 2 Chakwal 2 NA SEATS 150 + ~~ PUNJAB Population: 55% Continued…-7-Seats:2