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Understanding
ECONOMICSTATISTICSAN OECD PERSPECTIVE
Enrico Giovannini
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Understanding
Economic StatisticsAN OECD PERSPECTIVE
Enrico Giovannini
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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies
work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges
of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to
help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate
governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population.
The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy
experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to
co-ordinate domestic and international policies.The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United
Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities
takes part in the work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisations statistics
gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the
conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members.
This work is published on the responsibility o the Secretary-General o
the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not
necessarily reect the ofcial views o the Organisation or o the governments
o its member countries.
Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 5 of this book are translated and adapted from Le statistiche economiche by
Enrico Giovannini, Bologna, Societ editrice il Mulino, 2006. Copyright 2006 by Societ editrice
il Mulino, Bologna.
Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda.
OECD 2008
You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications,
databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials,
provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public orcommercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy
portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center
(CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre franais dexploitation du droit de copie (CFC) [email protected].
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Foreword
Understanding economic statistics isbn 978-92-64-03312-2 oecd 2008 3
FThe aim o this book is to help the reader to better understand how to use economic
statistics in general and OECD statistics in particular. It introduces the main concepts
used by statisticians and economists to measure economic phenomena and provides
tables and charts with relevant data. Moreover, the book describes how the production
o international statistics is organised, who are the main data producers, what are the
main databases available over the Internet and how can the quality o statistics be
assessed. Thanks to this book, the users will better understand where to nd and how to
use OECD statistics on gross domestic product, governments public decit and debt,
short-term economic indicators, dierent sectors o economic activity, globalisation,innovation, labour market, etc. Special attention is paid to indicators used to assess
both macroeconomic and structural policies. In each section, reerences to sources and
suggestions or urther reading are provided.
Why this book? As Jean-Claude Trichet, President o the European Central Bank,
said at the 2004 OECD Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policy, nowadays we
are bombarded by statistics, the volume o which oten creates conusion, rather
than inormation. The challenge to nd the most appropriate gures or a particular
phenomenon becomes even harder when international comparisons are needed. The
number o sources increased dramatically over the last decade and the use o search
engines on Internet sometimes help in nding the best source, but oten they listwebsites that contain conficting data or do not provide appropriate metadata to assess
their quality.
The OECD is recognised worldwide as a ormidable source o statistical inormation
on economic, social and environmental topics and this book aims to help students and
researchers better understand the world in which they live and nd appropriate evidence
to carry out their work. It also aims to help journalists and analysts evaluate economic
trends and assess the eectiveness o policies. Finally, it is designed to help policy
advisors compile meaningul statistical reports to compare economic perormances and
provide evidence-based advice to decision makers.
Some chapters in the book (chapters 1, 2, 3 and 5) are adapted rom my earlier work Lestatistiche economiche, published by Il Mulino in 2006. The chapter ocusing on OECD
statistics, (chapter 4), is the result o a collective eort by several OECD statisticians and
I would like to collectively thank them or their contribution, not only to the book, but
especially or their invaluable eort in continuously providing innovative and high-quality
statistics to the whole world, with proessionalism and ethical integrity. In doing so, we
provide our contribution to better decisions, better policies and nally to a better world.
I would also like to thank the colleagues working in the Publishing and Communications
Directorate who contributed to the publication o this book.
Enrico Giovannini,
OECD Chie Statistician
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This book has...
A service that delivers Excel files
from the printed page!
Look for the StatLinks at the bottom right-hand corner of the tables or graphs in this book.
To download the matching Excel spreadsheet, just type the link into your Internet browser,
starting with thehttp://dx.doi.org prex.
If youre reading the PDF e-book edition, and your PC is connected to the Internet, simply
click on the link. Youll nd StatLinks appearing in more OECD books.
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Understanding economic statistics isbn 978-92-64-03312-2 oecd 2008 5
Table oF conTenTs
T ttChapter 1 The Demand or Economic Statistics .................................................... 11
1.1. F h p h s Wl W h l ..................... 141.2. F h ly 1980 ll ................................................................ 151.3. a lk h uu ............................................................................................. 18
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts, Defnitions and Classifcations................................... 23
2.1. th y ........................................................................................ 242.2. e ................................................................................................ 26
2.2.1. Huhl............................................................................................... 26Table 2.1 Resident households and breakdown by size o household
and geographical distribution ........................................................................ 28Table 2.2 Average monthly household expenditure by occupational
status o reerence person ............................................................................. 282.2.2. ep ............................................................................................... 29
Table 2.3 ISIC Rev. 3.1 industrial classication o economic activities
Categories and divisions ................................................................................ 31
Table 2.4 Enterprises and employees by size class in the total industry(excluding construction) ................................................................................. 33Table 2.5 (a) Groups, enterprises and employees belonging to groups,
by number o employees ................................................................................ 34Table 2.5 (b) Groups, enterprises and employees belonging to groups,
by number o enterprises involved in the group ............................................ 35Table 2.6 Exporting enterprises, employees and exports by number
o employees .................................................................................................. 35Table 2.7 (a) Enterprises and employees by legal orm ............................... 36Table 2.7 (b) Enterprises and employees by legal orm............................... 36Table 2.8 Farms (including publicly owned holdings) and total area
by total area class and type o occupancy (area in hectares)........................ 382.2.3. gl v ................................................................................ 38
Figure 2.1 Procedure or classiying units in the general
government sector.......................................................................................... 40Table 2.9 Institutions, local units and employees by geographical
distribution .......................................................................................................... 412.3. e ........................................................................................ 42
2.3.1. Pu, vlu .................................... 43
Table 2.10 Production account .................................................................... 452.3.2. cup, pl ...................... 45Table 2.11 National nal consumption and domestic nal consumption.... 46
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Table oF conTenTs
2.3.3. F pu l .................................. 48
2.4. Vlu u p p ..................................................... 492.5. ix u ................................................................................................... 502.6. t ......................................................................................................... 54
Figure 2.2 Components o a time series: trend-cycle, seasonal variation,
irregular variation ............................................................................................ 55Figure 2.3 General industrial production index Raw data........................ 56Figure 2.4 Consumer price index All items .............................................. 56Figure 2.5 General industrial production index Seasonally adjusted data . 56
2.6.1. mu h v ............................................. 562.6.2. sl ju pu ............................................................ 59
Chapter 3 The Main Producers o Economic Statistics ......................................... 65
3.1. th l l y ................................................................... 663.2. th oecd l y .............................................................................. 723.3. th eup sl sy h eup sy cl bk .... 73
Chapter 4 An Overview o OECD Economic Statistics........................................... 77
4.1 aulu hy ....................................................................... 78
Figure 4.1.1 Outlook or world crop prices to 2017..................................... 79Figure 4.1.2 Total Support Estimates or OECD countries ......................... 80
Fuh ......................................................................................... 814.2 ey ................................................................................................ 82
Figure 4.2.1 Total primary energy supply per unit o GDP .......................... 84Figure 4.2.2 Crude oil spot prices ............................................................... 84
Fuh ......................................................................................... 854.3 iuy v .......................................................................... 86
bu phy ....................................................................................... 86
Ky ............................................................................................. 87
Figure 4.3.1 Birth and death rates .............................................................. 87ep y z l................................................................................ 87
Figure 4.3.2 Enterprises with less than 20 persons engaged ..................... 88iu ........................................................................................................... 89
Ky ............................................................................................ 89Figure 4.3.3 Penetration o insurance industry........................................... 90
Fu p .............................................................................................. 90
Ky ............................................................................................. 91Figure 4.3.4 Importance o pension unds relative to the size
o the economy in OECD countries ................................................................... 92bk ply ............................................................................................... 92
Ky ............................................................................................ 93th oecd Pu mk rul d ............................................. 93
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Table oF conTenTs
Figure 4.3.5 Product market regulation....................................................... 94
Fuh ......................................................................................... 954.4 gl v .......................................................................................... 96
gl v u .......................................................................... 96
Ky ............................................................................................. 96Figure 4.4.1 Government net borrowing/net lending .................................. 97
sl xpu ............................................................................................. 97Figure 4.4.2 Public social spending ............................................................ 99
rvu .............................................................................................. 99
Ky ............................................................................................. 100Figure 4.4.3 Total tax ratio .......................................................................... 100
tx w ..................................................................................................... 101
Ky ............................................................................................. 101Table 4.4.1 Tax burden................................................................................. 102
cl v ................................................................................... 102
Ky ............................................................................................. 103Table 4.4.2 Central government debt .......................................................... 104
Fuh ......................................................................................... 1054.5 s, hly v .................................................................. 106
rh vlp ............................................................................... 106
Ky ............................................................................................ 108Figure 4.5.1 R&D intensity........................................................................... 109
iv ........................................................................................................... 109Figure 4.5.2 Firms collaborating in innovation activities, by size ................ 111
Ky ............................................................................................. 112Table 4.5.1 Percentage o enterprises total turnover rom e-commerce ... 113
bhly .................................................................................................... 114
Ky ............................................................................................. 115Figure 4.5.3 Total expenditures on biotechnology R&D
by biotechnology-active rms ........................................................................ 116
P .............................................................................................................. 117Ky ............................................................................................. 117
Figure 4.5.4 Share o countries in nanotechnology patents led
under PCT....................................................................................................... 118
Fuh ......................................................................................... 1194.6 gll ...................................................................................................... 120
il .............................................................................................. 121
Ky ............................................................................................. 122Figure 4.6.1 Relative growth o exports o goods ....................................... 123
Figure 4.6.2 Relative annual growth in exports o services ........................ 123F v .................................................................................. 124
Ky ............................................................................................ 124
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Table oF conTenTs
Figure 4.6.3 FDI Flows to and rom OECD .................................................. 125
avy ull .................................................................................... 126Ky ............................................................................................ 127
Figure 4.6.4 Employment in manuacturing and services in aliates
under oreign control...................................................................................... 128m ............................................................................................. 128
Figure 4.6.5 Foreign-born persons with tertiary attainment ....................... 129dvlp ................................................................................ 131
Figure 4.6.6 Net ODA in 2006...................................................................... 132
Fuh ......................................................................................... 1334.7 sh- ........................................................................ 134
e vy .............................................................................. 134
Ky ............................................................................................. 134Figure 4.7.1 Industrial production ................................................................ 136Figure 4.7.2 Mean absolute revision to rst published estimates
o quarter-on-previous-quarter growth rates or GDP at dierent intervals . 137c lu .................................................................................................... 138
Figure 4.7.3 Unit labour cost (industry) ....................................................... 139cu p h f u ............................................... 139
Figure 4.7.4 Dierent measures o infation, United States ........................ 141
Figure 4.7.5 Producer price indices: manuacturing ................................... 142bu y uvy u p uvy ............................ 144
Ky ............................................................................................. 145Figure 4.7.6 Business condence indicator................................................ 146
cp l ............................................................................ 146Figure 4.7.8 OECD leading indicator........................................................... 147
Fuh ......................................................................................... 1484.8 Lu ................................................................................................. 149
Ky ............................................................................................ 149Figure 4.8.1 Unemployment rates ............................................................... 151
Fuh ......................................................................................... 1514.9 i u huhl ............................................... 152
Figure 4.9.1 Distribution o household disposable income among
individual ............................................................................................................. 152
Fuh ......................................................................................... 1544.10 my l ........................................................................ 155
my ......................................................................................... 155
Ky ............................................................................................. 155Figure 4.10.1 Broad Money.......................................................................... 156
bl py .......................................................................... 156Figure 4.10.2 Current account balance o payments .................................. 157i ...................................................................................................... 157
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Table oF conTenTs
Ky ............................................................................................. 158
Table 4.10.1 Interest rates February 2008 ................................................... 159Fuh ......................................................................................... 160
4.11 nl u .............................................................................................. 161e u ........................................................................................... 161
Figure 4.11.1 Real GDP growth.................................................................... 162Figure 4.11.2 GDP per capita ....................................................................... 163
Puvy ........................................................................................................ 164Figure 4.11.3 Growth in GDP per hour worked ........................................... 165
ipu-upu l ........................................................................................... 166Fl u l h ............................................................ 167
Ky ............................................................................................. 168Quly l u .............................................................................. 168
Figure 4.11.4 OECD total, GDP volume ....................................................... 169Figure 4.11.5 Quarterly GDP volume growth............................................... 170
Puh pw p ................................................................................. 170
Ky ............................................................................................. 171Figure 4.11.6 Comparative price levels and indices o real GDP per head . 172
Fuh ......................................................................................... 1734.12 oecd e ................................................................................. 174
Table 4.12.1 Economic Outlook N.82, Summary o projections ................ 175Fuh ......................................................................................... 176
4.13 tl .............................................................................................. 177
Ky ............................................................................................ 178Figure 4.13.1 Index o geographic concentration o GDP ........................... 179Figure 4.13.2 Gini index o inequality o GDP per worker........................... 179
Fuh ......................................................................................... 1804.14 e hy: l- h wl y ........................... 181
Table 4.14.1 Comparative Levels o Economic Perormance, China
and Other Major Parts o the World Economy............................................... 182Table 4.14.2 Shares o World GDP .............................................................. 182Fuh ......................................................................................... 183
Chapter 5 Assessing the Quality o Economic Statistics ....................................... 185
5.1. th quly .................................................................................. 1865.2. il v h vlu quly ........................................... 188
Figure 5.1 Trust in ocial statistics and belie that policy decisions
are based on statistics.................................................................................... 195
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ct 1
T d e sttt
The media publish economic data on a daily basis. But who decides which
statistics are useul and which are not? Why is housework not included in the
national income, and why are nancial data available in real time, while to
know the number o people in employment analysts have to wait or weeks?
Contrary to popular belie, both the availability and the nature o economic
statistics are closely linked to developments in economic theory, the
requirements o political decision-makers, and each countrys way o looking
at itsel. In practice, statistics are based on theoretical and interpretative
reerence models, and i these change, so does the picture the statistics
paint o the economic system. Thus, the data we have today represent the
supply and demand sides o statistical inormation constantly attempting
to catch up with each other, with both sides being strongly infuenced by
the changes taking place in society and political lie. This chapter oers a
descriptive summary o how the demand or economic statistics has evolved
rom the end o the Second World War to the present, characterised by the
new challenges brought about by globalisation and the rise o the services
sector.
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O h j u vlp p,, l h h u pu l h h v ph,h p. th h u ly h hvu p, lkly v h y whl, k ply u , wh h p lvv, .
b k ly h vll lp, p ly h p h hp h yp x, h h ul pl v h . i h pl, hul h h u u
y y p pul pul wk. all yp u, p, qu l, h l, u, v pul vw ly, h w pul hy. i h , h l vw ly, u u h,h whh p u u.bu h, h vlp huhu h y lly lk vlp hy. F xpl, h h yl ( h u u u, uh plu u) vy whh hl wk p (p-Ky, l u yl, .), h wll-
ply/uply.dp h x vy h u h wy y wk, ul p h pu y p ly h h l lvl. th pul wk wly u h h sy nl au (sna),pulh 1993 y h j l/upl (Un, Un; h o e cp dvlp, oecd;h il my Fu, imF; h Wl bk, Wb; h sl o h eup cu, eu). th sna, lk eup v, whh ll h eup sy nl rl au (esa)
v l ppvl 1996 eup cul ul, huy uully p, l u vy vl ph. i p, l u h pu l l . thsna ul, h, h x y vlp u h ul vy.
th pul wk u vlp h sna h llyh h Ky hy. thu, h u h sna v h l k , h h ll v, l vl ph. i u , hwv, h h sna
x h u ly l vl ph. Lly, hul l h h sna uj p vw p, vul ph l. a v h 1993 sna h 2008 y h
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l l uy, 44 u u
lv k h sna l l wh h h y ll, h vlp h -ll w y, .th vluy pph hw h h sna l, h u h yp h pl ll p u pu , y u puly .
e pu y u , whh xly v l u . th ul whh h u lyhlevel vl h wy hy change v . i h ,h lly lu vlu vl ( xpl, h
vlu v pu y y); h ,u hw pul vl h v ( xpl,h v pu w h l y h ). dp hp h yp qu, vy u lyl pll u, l p h l plp. th p v ly u qu, u l h h l h pl v u v , h h h lu vlu.
i h x, h qu ly qu wp h hlh pul y. th h ,
ply k p ply u h lvl , v , h pu (gdP), whh p h fw v pu y h u pu v uy( h w y h l y) v p ( y qu). Whl h lvl gdP p h ppul h ly uhh u h wll- v uy ( ll l p), v v l ( h w p) u wh, h x whh uully h l ply.
by p lvl v gdP, pl pl ly
p vy, ph , ., wll h uul u, l xly p. th l wh h hvu vul p, uh huhl u. F , h uy h u u, whh ul ul ply, qu h ly lul vul u. sl lulu h ul ply hy vul llw h up k pvy uply, hu pv uul v pl ply upp lvl.
Whl u gdP h h pll
, h h s Wl W h h hw y vy. th h vlp uu, lly l vlp y pl. th why, u h u
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oecd u, hlpul lk fy h
hl vlp h l , y h - ppv.
1.1. F t t t s w w t t t
du h 1950, vlp h h lll, lh h j l , wh l, h h uu u w hl, h wl h s l l xy fw w p l h u ph. i
pul, u y J. m (1907-1995), r. s (1913-1991) s. Kuz(1901-1985) l h u wh w l h System oNational Accounts (pulh 1952) ly fu hw l w h, pl u. o u, h wk hl l u p ly h w , u l h p w ( eup u, xpl, h w ppulu 1941). n hul h l ply y h hl h vlp , hy lyw up h hl l u w u h h y hl h l h h lvly vll l u.
th 1960 w p l , ly u upp ply vlp. th uy h s xp lu v h y l yll fuu, wuu, h lv, wll jp . th w u ul wpu h l u ly h l vy. iplll, h w l kl l l h pul pv h u. i h x, h vlp ll ply l: l-l l qu y pu, up, ply,
, . wll y l vl. i , h w l h l uy k ly llypl l . th ul j vlplly pl , ly y h b W uhlv (h Un, imF Wb), u l y lvly w uh h eup e cuy h oecd.
th 1970, h y h h p-w y lpy, j ly h l l y uphvl llw h 1973 l , p p wh h . il l ly v
ly f u ul y l ,h h l l lvl. s p hl lvl p (f hypf), upl wh k fuu
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vy lvl ply y u, ul
, pl xpl pu l l y, l k l u, whh w qu h pu w l, pulh h quly.
c wh v vw ply, v l k w xp k qu h lvl , h pul p, h l pl v, ., p v h vl, h vw l whh ply wul v. ah , u h ul h - pu l wh h h h lv p l h pu,
whh l u p uu l v h fw lu. Lly, h pl l wh h p uqu p pl h l pll , h h l k y l pul p.
a h eup lvl, v h vlp cuy u, h lly pl l w ly. ih p, w ly h l ulu h w y h p, h w h whh eup ply w. bu y h 1970, h h pu eup x l u,
vu , wll h l vy pu.
du h p, h w k hw y h h p hlv l . cuplwh h, h w l ply y u u ply u y w u ul hu . th uly p uu v l vl, uh l xh , , f (hw), l ph .rh w k pv v--qu ply
v up wh w l, h ly h yl vlu uu h h uu vu . a ul, l w uh ll, whh h l p u (plly vlp u) hh l y , p h lv p vu ply u, v ul pu k ull p.
1.2. F t y 1980 t gt
thuhu h 1980, h hy h plyuw p h, v l , h w h l y pu, h xp hl l y. Wh p h w ll ,
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h l u yl upply ,
u ly h hvu p k (luh j k). th w l -ph xpl h u z whp uu (uh h u vl h vlp p up) w pu (uu v u, h wh u-, .).i , h vlp - ly u-ul (yplly hly quly) l, wll l, ph. i u h w h l v quly, pp h l uh pu u-ul v--qu h pu vy wh h p h l uy, vlp w .
th 1980 l w y l , wll hk k, whh huhl w hw v . i h v h u vll (up, v, .) h w l u pu h y upply puvy, wh pul ph u h -ll -v y ( uu y).
ch y ul l, wll h hw y huhl h l k, h h
p huhu h p h y. m v , whh p h ly fw , huhl lu. e uul ly h h kw p vyylu. Flly, w hqu - ly w vlp ppl h uy ph, ly l pph h u h vul hl pl y u quv ly , h l ly .
i eup, pl w , v ll h p
ply k. th ul p h cuy uu h l h 1950 h u l lul h hu l u h u h cuy u, hfw uul u lly v , pl hv h lv p h uy/,qu ly l y y. tw h h1980, u h p up h eup U (eU), h h cuy u w ll. rulw ppv y h eup cul u s pu pl wh l . i y u,
h p h x qu l u, ly h p h l l u. a h llvl, wk w h vlp up hll kp p wh w l.
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th 1990 w h h h y, h wv h uh
u l y y h hll vlu ll.
The concept o the Inormation Age suggests a number o propositions. It impliesthat there is more inormation now than ever beore, which is indisputable. The
concept also implies that more people spend more time producing and using more
inormation than ever beore, which is also indisputable. Beyond that, the concept o
a new Inormation Age also suggests that the role o inormation is more important
in the economy than ever beore, and that inormation is replacing some earlier
uel o the American economy. These two propositions are orceully debated and
disputed.
th v w w 1993 y J.W du a.c. g h k Statisticsor the 21st Century. Hwv, h l h 20h uy p,h p h y ully p, lyy u y pll -k y whl, h h p pll w w . thllw hv wuh pu y y, ul hv fu h vlp :h p h kwl y h l y; h xy y pu p hk w u hl (ict); h ll l y;
h h i v ll u u u ; h ll y h ul , ppl pu .
th ph, h wh h w l v u h l vy (h vlp, l , wl v, .), h xp p ull p, h hk h l h s h ul y,hv vly h l l ppu. thy hv pul h (whh ll ) h hqu u h ( xpl, u v ,
ly h i ll ). ev h p h l l u h qu. thk hvlly w hly, w pu l hv ully pp h k, whl p u u pu l y h w y ( ) l l . Ply k qu v l ly , ly h- , u l h h , h , h pu uu wh h w u .
th h l k p u u h hw p uppl ly y l u, u l y vy
l u h l. th w w h w vlp l vl l h quh vlp l wk pv phv
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vlu h v uy. Lly, h y l
ly , u pu p h hk hp, l , whh hv u ll ly ll-p h k uly f l ( xpl, h vy ull).
i eup, h p pp, u h eupmy U ul up h . bh h eup c (huh h sl o heup cu - eu), h eup cl bk (ecb) hv h pu l l y pu h xly ly l. o h h h, l u h l
ply y h eU h l pl, qully h h u-l lvl (l, pvl ll),u y h w l u eup u.
Flly, h vlly l l l (u, p, huhl, .) h pu h vlp wl hqu ly u ph h hvu vul ( pul uj ypl), u ppl h, l ply v. ah , h u vu u h hl uh, wll u, v l h
h , l l whh lv u. th vl h , wh w ly upp x h pl u h ll l pl .
1.3. a k t t utu
th pvu u l h l 50 y hul hlp h lz h pu hv w y. i hul l hw hw w h
u wh why ull-f xy u vy ul. F xpl, wh h y ply k, pl uh w h wh ly h upl h wh h p l ul lvl.
a ul, h vy h ply , whl h l ly u l l l , wll h ly p h hvu pul up p(uul u, vul k pvy, .). Wh h , pl uh h p , lv (plly h p whh qu, u uh l h ll), h ly wpp h -ph pl, wh
ll y h .
i h wl u, u--l p vly ly u l l
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vlp, u l vu p h whh hy
p, ul lvl l l. by , ll u w l p, ply l h ll k whh hywk, h w vy. th h h ,h pul pv, wh ll , p h uj . Lly, huhl ly w h qul ( uu), xp hy u, l xluvlyu v h (lv, h p, i, .).
Lk h uu, pl y h h wll puly h h y . i h pl, wll u h v (whh ly
u v 70% gdP y vlp u), wh w pu ply p p. th u l vwll k p h hul u wh l : p uh h hu lpl ly h uj qu,l ll y .
Whl h l vu ph wh h pu v p v vl u, h wll k ul u h ul vul l .th wll qu hk h wy whh uly
pl, plly wh h xh w l lu k l pv .
thk h vlp l h vlu pul ply, h wll puly l h l l u (). suh , whh ly pp h l l lvl, wll vlyp l l u wll l wh wuly l hll (plly h p pvy). Flly, u h ,l vl wll l w u wk
pl h h h h, ly l pl hk wh lly vlly ul.
d , l vl l h vlp p ,i.e. h v p ph l x, u ku (, , .). th , vy uh pp y h , u v pul pl ll pul u wll v y l (up, hu h, .). alhuh hvlp p y hulqu h u xv l hl, pu pu
h l l u v w w wk,lu ujv wll- hpp ( l ).
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ally, h l l u, uh ch, ru,
bzl, pu pu l pu pl. th l vlly l h l, wll h hh p wh whh h u vlv, k h u ky lu ppul,gdP, ply l ul. th, u llx h ll ph, uh ul hl l y fw.
a l uy l x u h vl vlpu, plly h p, wh h vlly quly ky lw. nwh h y h l uy upp
l py h u, vl h hv u, hy pu u h l pll uh, hu ull.
o u, v l vll, h py h linormation knowledge u -ky vul, huhl, u pll u lly p h u l u, h u p h uylvl vlp l puly ulul . tk xpl h u h oecd, j v: hu wh elh-pk ulu (h U s, c, h U
K, aul, .) h u nh eup (sw, Fl,nwy, .) ply ul l pll ulul l, whl h u h u uh u. i h , h ulu f ly h lvl pul u v h pu l , u l lvl v ppl h y u,u j pv p, wll h pl quv p (lu ) hw h py hl lvl. by , h u h lpul v l , lw lvl ly uh w
ll l p pll, pll ly l lkly lly u .
a v l ulu ly pv h py l , u l h y whh u uly, h ll h p vupply. nully, h lh pv u p pup, p. Hwv, u wh hh lvl l ulu, h l pp ll pul , h pu whh u y pll fu. th h l u
h pul u h h u lw h ph p u pu l . th vl uh h h ly l , hu h h.
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th , l u hv hw h v h lly v
u, h pp ppl wh kw ll h u h uy whh hy lv wk ll hh. a xpl, uvy u 2003 pl z h U s hw h h ly ly h ky vl uh h pul h x u, h lvl h u w u h l wly qu l, plly ppl wh h lw lvl u, wh u lv ( ph y pll lu l), wh hv pul pll l wh u wh hpp h uy.
th lu h uh hl: 1) p u h
ply, ly ply l h u; 2) h ky hyph uly l (i.e. h p ully , l lly lh) l wy ly, u pp h vul u lly u; 3) h ll hp h kwl hul pph -k, v huh ul h y wul wh l.
i lu, h l ply y pul pl pv w h uu, wll h uly u hv uh ll h l quly. thu, h
hll h y h pu wll h py pv quly , u pu wh qulywll lly v h u. Ful h hll wll h wh h l ulu vy u lvl, wh pl h wl h. Fllw h ppl l u, h vlu v hul u h h h u h u. i h ( -k v), w xp h u xp h/h kwl h l wl, l h h vul llv wll-. Ul w, ll h p u hul p l . i, h u h l u
h quy pulh h ul h , h w hp pu h u h l u. o h uu hll wll hw u h p l h-k p, h vul h pl pll.
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ct 2
b ct, dt
ct
How is an economic system dened? Who are the economic agents, and
how is a household distinguished rom an enterprise? How is the growth o an
economy measured? How is a time series dened, and what is the dierence
between a trend, a cycle and a seasonal variation? This chapter provides
an overview o the main concepts and methodological tools necessary to
read and analyse the main economic statistics described in Chapter 4. Ater
introducing the main denitions concerning the economic system, we shall
analyse the characteristics o the principal economic agents (households,enterprises and public and private institutions) using examples drawn rom
OECD countries, and then we shall review the main economic aggregates
as dened in national accounts, rom gross domestic product to national
income. The second part o the chapter will be devoted to a brie presentation
o index numbers and time series analysis, which are indispensable tools or
reading economic statistics.
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2.1. T yt
th economic process h v huh whh v y hu pu, u u. Fxpl: ly up h v y vul; p pu hy u pu h ; v h w k uh y uvy u.
o h ul h v p h hy vlv l w vu . th h luly ul h u h p: economic agent p ll y h ply v
l p. a h vulu wh puh v, p h pu , wk wh pv h h lu pu p, . th vul ( whh hy hullyu p, jv, hvu, .) h lly up institutional sectors h p up ul u (p,huhl, l v, .), h whh:
isentitledtoowngoodsorassetsinitsownright;itisthereforeabletoexchangeh whp wh h ul u;
isabletotakeeconomicdecisionsandengageineconomicactivitiesforwhichit
hl ly pl ul y lw; isabletoincurliabilitiesonitsownbehalf,totakeonotherobligationsorfuture
;
haseitheracompletesetofaccounts(includingabalancesheetofassetsandll) wul pl ul, h llvwp, pl pl u h u, qu.
th ul u h lly h sy nl au (sna).
all h wh v y ( , uy, .) h wy hy wh h h wh h u h y economic system. a y ly h y h phyl hll h hw pu (i.e. lyw ulu, uy, .), u l y ulul ul hul hw u (lw, ul, .). thu, h y whhh l w vul hvly ul yh ly llw uk w v x v.th y plly p wh h y wll hhly ul y; y whh w l p pu h v h wh v u ll p ly
w l .
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th h y l p u hy
fu h quly h hw h y u. Fxpl, wh y h y h p w lp, lvly pl ll u h u h y, u wh h y p y llp, xly ul / u .slly, y h h pully l uu ( -v)y,i.e. h y h vl h x v uh,pu u hll.
a y lly l u. theconomic territory h whh h u , p puu h
. tlly, h llw yp : supranational y: y p up v
s h hv h huh l h h u l y ( xpl, h up u h l h eup U);
national y: y hv y h wh h v u v s (F, c, .);
regional y: y u h v u u-l (, pv, .);
local y: y h vu, u p , l vlh ( xpl, ll lu y ul ).
th p y xly p u llw u uh wagents residing p y non-resident agents,hy k pl u h u h yp vl, uh up, pu, . i h wh h l y,i.e. h wh u p pl p ( l y),
. i , -.i ly, wh h vlp l h p ll, h xly ul kw h l x w - h u h k hvll y. gv h xp p ull hu l , ly ul l h u h h fw , v v u h l.
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2.2. e gt
a w hv ju , uh u h sna, ulu (i.e. h -k ) u hv uy -k y u h ppl u kp ( l plly)pl u . iul u h h ppl u hy p. i h , wh ul :
households, whh p h ppl u: 1) u h v pu y h ul ; 2) pu vh l; 3) qu l l . th huhl
l lunon-prot institutions serving households, whh pv -k(i.e. l) v u y huhl;
enterprises, whh pu v l p whh qu l l . th l lunon-prot institutions serving enterprises, whh pu v l u y p;
general government, whh, ulll pll pl l ul, pu pplly -k v (ply) vul llv up u wlh.
t w - u lly uy ll h l l ul , rest othe world. L u w x l h h h .
2.2.1. hu
F l p, household ll up ppl hh lv , wh pl , ll, h wlh wh u yp v llvly, ly hu
. th up ppl u y , ly lhp,y, p, uhp , hy hully h uply (v hy y y h uply ). a huhl y l p. s wh ply h huhl v h h lv , h uply h uply wh h uy .
a , h l p huhl ly l hu ll, h y v h p huhl v p. i hul l p u h,
w hll l, y x l uvy vul h h huhl. Hwv, uvy l pv
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basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions 2
y huhl, h -ll ul-pup uvy h huhl
up wlh.i p ly huhl h h u l hu h. th amilywh h huhl h h huhl wh l, p , huh l, p . cquly, h p ly lly v h h huhl; , huhl y lu l v l ll ( h l-p huhl), y lu vll l ly ( xpl, hl lv h pl h llly p h/h pu) l ly (xpl, w l wh p ).
F xpl, il u (tl 2.1), 2001, ly57 ll p wh h l y, h w 21.8 ll huhl, hp v 1991 (up y ly 2 ll). o h,ly 5.5 ll l p (ly ww ww) ly 6 ll w p ( whh ly 500,000 w u upl).th w lhly w h 6 ll huhl wh u p. s4.5 ll huhl upl whu hl h w 9 ll upl wh hl. Lly, uhly 2 ll ly h wp w p huhl wh hl. th v u p huhl w 2.6 (2.8 1991), wh vlu 2.4 h nh-W
2.9 h suh. th wh h lw v w Lu Vll a(2.2), whl cp h h hh (3.1).
i h huhl wh h , pl l. gv h vul ph l h(ply, uply, u, yu, lly, .), hw h y huhl l uuuly h u ph - h? th p lly p huhl uvy h h hreerence person. th p hh p h pul l wh ly lhp . thu, h h huhl, h wll uully h
p, whl h w wll h pu, h p hl,. i h h, h h h wll uully h p . th h huhl w l ly y h numbero members, u y hlabour market status h p (llyv v), h h employment status (ply, uply, j-k,.),age,income,housing tenure (w, , .) .
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tl 2.1 Resident households and breakdown by size o household
and geographical distributionily, 2001
Geographical
distribution
Households by number o members Total
One per son Two
persons
Three
persons
Four
persons
Five
persons
Six or more
persons
Households Members Average
number o
members
per
household
North-West 1 767 208 1 840 037 1 390 009 966 118 207 367 46 461 6 217 200 14 813 530 2.4
North-East 1 116 042 1 208 212 962 636 701 273 184 009 59 838 4 232 010 10 530 285 2.5
Centre 1 061 905 1 188 248 941 315 780 561 208 574 61 596 4 242 199 10 820 324 2.6
South 940 888 1 100 449 935 550 1 150 759 474 806 145 822 4 748 274 13 860 137 2.9
Islands 541 578 568 465 476 696 537 495 191 070 55 689 2 370 993 6 569 745 2.8
Italy 5 427 621 5 905 411 4 706 206 4 136 206 1 265 826 369 406 21 810 676 56 594 021 2.6
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336610548652
Source: il sl o.
th l u y l uvy. F xpl, hhuhl up uvy F, u p p h u huhl , h upl u h p (tl 2.2) h yp huhl.
tl 2.2 Average monthly household expenditure by occupational statuso reerence personF, 2001
Occupational status o reerence personFood Non-ood Total
Value (in euros) Percentage Value (in euros) Percentage Value (in euros)
Farmer 6 092 19.3 25 553 80.7 31 645
Sel-employed 7 165 16.3 36 696 83.7 43 861
Managers and proessional workers 8 327 15.5 45 508 84.5 53 835
Employees 4 789 18.6 20 926 81.4 25 715
Manual workers and similar 5 551 19.6 22 782 80.4 28 333
Retired 4 576 20.7 17 529 79.3 22 105
Others not employed 3 201 20.2 12 675 79.8 15 876
Total 5 513 18.4 24 450 81.6 29 963
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336618155337
a) ilu xp u, , .
Source: insee, Le Budget des Familles en 2001.
t u h v pu y p, l v h h wl, huhl p h hy v pp
puv v. thy y l puv v hlv, uh u ly u ( hp, u, .) (p hu). i h , hy unincorporated enterprises.m ply, up p pu u p
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basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions 2
ll y p w ( h h huhl, u ul
l h v ); h x h u yup p l h p u h w; hp uh wh h u hy ul lhp wh h u u ll h w hl; , h w plly ll, whu l, y l u h u pu.
Flly, nPisH (n-P iu sv Huhl) pv v (uully , y ul hp up u) h huhl, uh l p, lv hl, . nPisH y p pv
v ply h h hlv (uh pl l , pll p, u, u, huh lu , l, ulul, l p lu).
th w u pu huhl ypl lu, whl h l u vw huhl v ll ply up (wh h uvy u) h pl wh pl lh wh ky u y whl k pl (wh h uvy u uy ph l p). i h , huhl l y h
h p h l u, lhuh ll pl, l h pul lvl, u -l, xpl y uhu huhl h l-ph h.
2.2.2. et
th p lu vu yp . th enterprise h h vy pl h pup pu pv v l. ap h uy h h l pu, l
u p. th y pl h p p vully php ll .
ep p ll vy (ulu, uy v). i h ulul , hwv, h p yp y, agricultural holding. F ulul u pup, ululhl h- u ulul pu p ll lvk ll l u whlly, ply, ulul pup y p , whu l, ll , z l. i lu, u u l ulul pu. th u y l -ulul v,
h p hul p ly; h h vlu h lpu ll ulul pu. al, lh pl u hpv ulul v hul, l, lu.th ul w p ulul hl h
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h qu h u- (p
h vy), whl ulul hl, h p vy ulu, y l pu h ul.
ep y l h y h. i h sna,p h ul p, whhp p up p. mv, qu-p up p h u hy w p, whh hv pl u, lu l h.
Wh h ul p w ypl uh:
non-nancial corporations: p wh ppl vy h pu
k -l v; nancial corporations: ul u pplly l
uxly l v.
a h vu wy ly p, l economicactivity ly ky p. th yp l hh h h vy pu u, i.e. h h h v pu, h u whh h , h pu h pu p hly u. th pv h v y h x. F xpl, h y pully plx pu p, h l u, hhly h pu v py v h yp pu.
th l v h International StatisticalIndustrial Classication (isic rv. 3.1) pulh 2002. a h eup lvl, hp l kw nace rv. 1.1, whh lly l whisic rv. 3.1. nace rv. 1.1 h h llw lvl:
Level1:Categories(one-letteralphacodeAtoQ);
Level2:Divisions(2-digitcodes);
Level3:Groups(3-digitcodes);
Level4:Classes(4-digitcodes).
i vl u, h l pp l v hl l. th l, lhuh uhly wh h l , k u h py l puuu y l lvl l uul y vpully p h uy.
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basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions 2
tl 2.3 ISIC Rev. 3.1 industrial classication o economic activities
Categories and divisions
A Agricul ture, hunting and orest ry
B Fishing
C Mining and quarr ying
D Manuacturing
15 Manuacture o ood products and beverages
16 Manuacture o tobacco products
17 Manuac ture o tex tiles
18 Manuacture o wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing o ur
19 Tanning and dressing o leather; manuacture o luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and ootwear
20 Manuacture o wood and o products o wood and cork, except urniture; manuacture o articles o straw and plaiting materials
21 Manuacture o paper and paper products
22 Publishing, printing and reproduction o recorded media
23 Manuacture o coke, refned petroleum products and nuclear uel
24 Manuacture o chemicals and chemical products
25 Manuacture o rubber and plastics products
26 Manuacture o other non-metallic mineral products
27 Manuac ture o basic metals
28 Manuacture o abricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
29 Manuacture o machinery and equipment n.e.c.
30 Manuacture o ofce, accounting and computing machinery
31 Manuacture o electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.
32 Manuacture o radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
33 Manuacture o medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks
34 Manuacture o motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
35 Manuacture o other transport equipment
36 Manuacture o urniture; manuacturing n.e.c.
37 Recycling
E Electricity, gas and water supply
F Construction
G Wholesale and retail trade; repair o motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods
H Hotels and restaurants
I Transport, storage and communicat ions
J Financial intermediation
K Real estate, renting and business activit ies
L Public administration and deence; compulsory social security
M Education
N Health and social work
O Other community, social and personal service activities
P Activities o private households as employers and undierentiated production activities o private households
Q Extraterritorial organizations and bodies
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ep y l h h , uh z, ,
ll , pup pu, hll p, . th l ysize o enterprise h u ply, wh h employee p wh (h l l) wk p u u h k. eply hv yp : xpl, l ply h wh hv h, u hv, xpl (w l) pl ply, u uh , wh h ply uu . o uu pl p ply l h p u l u. rul ply h whl wh h ply pl py x l uy u / wh h ul lhp uj l lu ll.
th z l h vu pup.F xpl, h p h eup lvl l pwh w h 250 ply ll u-z p; hl u h l pup y p hy quly pl y h eU. i u uh ily, wh y ll vy ll p x, h eup z l pp vy uul; h, h hhl u lyh y. ov , h z u p hly, ply u ll h vu up p.F xpl, tl 2.4 hw h vlu h ul h Us, p z.
glly, p pu vy pu. Fuh, h v,kw y v, u h pplvy. th principal activity vy wh vlu xh y h vy u wh h u (h upu h pplvy u v pl lv h u,v huh hy y u w up w pl ).
aancillary activity upp vy uk wh p
h wh whh h ppl y v u;lly v lly pu v ly u pu ly k puv vy, h vlu vul lly vyupu lkly ll p wh h h v h p (e.g.l ul). Flly, unit o homogeneous production pu u whh ly l (-lly) puv vy u (h u lly vl pul uuly h y pu-upu l).
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basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions 2
tl 2.4 Enterprises and employees by size class in the total industry
(excluding construction)Usa, 1992 2002
Size classes
(number o employees)
1992 2002 Growth rates (percentages)
Enterprises Employees Enterprises Employees Enterprises Employees
1-9 214 626 707 793 210 322 693 444 -2.0 -2.0
10-19 55 629 758 189 52 299 711 304 -6.0 -6.2
20-99 68 632 2 809 125 64 467 2 588 453 -6.1 -7.9
100-499 17 203 3 070 757 17 732 2 703 843 3.1 -11.9
500 or more 5 431 12 420 510 10 635 9 600 428 95.8 -22.7
Total 361 521 19 766 374 355 455 16 297 472 -1.7 -17.5
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336664670860
Source: oecd 2006, Structural and Demographic Business Statistics, oecd pulh.
ah xly p w p u in a singlelocation,i.e. p h y u h vy l ll u (lh), p wha number o locations. nully, y ll p hv l l, u h l u y u-z l p. i, p wh u l hv ll u y h u.
th w h ll pu, h vlp puwk, h w l ly pl, pu lu hw l up p hv u j h pu u y. t w l pu hv pullyp, i.e. h p p ll u.th h p ul pl l wh h l p, h whp uu h l w ll u p u. th w vul p up p p h .
a h eup cul rul eec n. 696/93, enterprise group p u h y ll / l lk. a up p hv h -k (pu, l,.) y l p l x.th p l ully ul h up: l p pl h ly pp jy h , uh p, u v y. th ly xy l v up hhl ll h jy (+50%) y h v pw. th l p y , ul. Hwv, vl y x wh h v() hl l lk v k,
v wh l h 50%, h h wly hl y yll v. cl p y l x huh lk -p whp lk w , h l.
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th ownership h l, h p
l whp p, jy y whp. mjy whp (+50%) y h, v pw, y l vul ply l h p y h v, u y whp ull ply l h p (huh h p). i hw, h whp u p ufu l.
Wh up, h llw yp p :
holdingcorporation: p h l up uy p wh ppl vy w h up. Wh h hlp uy h p ll, hhl p ;
theparent(controlled)enterprise: p ll y h ulu h ll ly ly h 50% h h v h h p 31 d h y. Wh h llp wh h l y u ll y -ul u, h ll p .
U h l asia (tl 2.5), h il sl iu h h 2003 h w h 59 000 up, whh p 138 000 p ply h 5.1 ll ppl. gup vlv 3.2%
lly v p -h ply p. Hwv, hu 20% ( 57% ply) w lul wh h u p ly. s 63.4% up p wh 1-9 ply (u 4.7% ply), u h wh500 ply , v huh hy ly p 2% h l, u v 3 ll ply. th 649 up u h l l v, whh u 12% h ply pl up, whl 9.2% up ll.
tl 2.5 () Groups, enterprises and employees belonging to groups,
by number o employeesily, 2003
Number o employeesGroups Enterprises Employees
Number % Number % Number %
1-19 38 045 63.4 65 155 46.9 239 225 4.7
20-99 15 599 26.0 36 394 26.2 691 950 13.5
100-499 5 016 8.4 18 755 13.5 1 019 649 19.9
500-4999 1 216 2.0 12 513 9.0 1 513 669 29.5
5000 and more 87 0.1 6 115 4.4 1 658 631 32.4
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336677172303
Source: il sl o.
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tl 2.5 () Groups, enterprises and employees belonging to groups,
by number o enterprises involved in the groupily, 2003
Number o enterprises involved in the groupGroups Enterprises Employees
Number % Number % Number %
1 22 799 38.0 22 799 16.4 631 833 12.3
2 24 116 40.2 48 232 34.7 854 685 16.9
3-4 9 852 16.4 31 942 23.0 829 308 16.2
5-9 2 472 4.1 14 968 10.8 839 705 16.4
10-49 652 1.1 11 025 7.9 1 133 322 22.1
50 or more 72 0.1 9 966 7.2 824 272 16.1
Total 56 963 100.0 138 932 100.0 5 123 125 100.0
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336677172303
Source: il sl o.
alhuh h vy ull w lly v h l , uh l ll u y p p h vy ul u p pu v h k l. cquly, h p u w p h hv l wh h h wl (exporting/importingenterprises) p ly w h k. a tl 2.6, F h ppxly 19 000 xp p wh
h 20 ply. nully, h p xp p w h z h p , h p 40% pwh 2 000 ply . i hul l p u h h w xp -xp p xly lyl p, h (puvy, ply, .) xp lly h -xp, v h z vy .
tl 2.6 Exporting enterprises, employees and exports by numbero employees
F, 2005
Number o employees
Enterprises Employees Exports
NumberExports rate
(exports/turnover)
Value
(million euros)
Share o
total exports
(percentage)
20-49 10 409 16.5 320 156 8 591.2 3.3
50-99 4 155 22.0 261 576 10 638.9 4.1
100-249 2 872 30.7 406 080 23 802.3 9.2
250-499 1 031 34.6 321 495 25 309.9 9.7
500-999 523 33.1 320 564 35 306.7 13.6
1 000-1999 213 39.1 271 194 33 016.1 12.7
2 000 and more 134 40.3 781 244 123 079.7 47.4
Total 19 337 34.7 2 682 309 259 744.8 100.0
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336765200553
Source:Enqute annuelle dentreprise 2005, m l.
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th l p y h ll v wh h uy
ll, k l p h ul. F xpl, tl 2.7hw h vll ily nwy.
tl 2.7() Enterprises and employees by legal ormnwy, d 2004
Legal orms Enterprises EmployeesNumber o employees
per enterprise
General partnership 7 739 10 401 1.3
Limited company 128 745 1 096 705 8.5
Public limited company 417 59 203 142.0
General partnership with shared liability 6 205 6 363 1.0
Sole proprietorship 155 505 61 438 0.4
Other legal orms 19 194 159 290 8.3
Total 317 805 1 393 400 4.4
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336776126426
a) eply h k p p 1 Juy 2005, ply y d 2004.Source: s nwy.
tl 2.7() Enterprises and employees by legal ormily, d 2001
Legal orms Enterprises Employees Number oemployees per
enterpriseSel-employed Dependent Total
Sole proprietorships (a) 2 667 160 3 079 521 1 129 363 4 208 884 1.6
Partnerships 824 627 1 548 403 1 426 911 3 011 314 3.6
Corporations 531 590 692 343 6 892 706 7 585 049 14.3
Co-operatives (b) 47 719 114 869 671 218 786 092 16.5
Other orms 12 870 14 686 106 883 121 569 9.4
Total 4 083 966 5 485 822 10 227 081 15 712 908 3.8
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336780633170
a) al lu l-ply wk ll p.b) exlu l -pv.
Source: il sl o.th intended use o goods h p l . F yy, vl eup u pulh h pu x h yll uy h u h (up,v, .), h h hl lvl. s 2001, hwv, yll hv m iul gup (mig) h cuy lvl. th up llw: u ul, u -ul, pl , y. th up / v vy h up h pvl, i.e.
whh h h up/v ly ulup, -ul up, .
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cl y h technology intensity h lv
vy l . th l, lly pp y hoecd l p y eu, uh u up /: hh hly, u-hh, u-lw lw hly. th vuuu l h u up hp hll lvl h , h y r&d p, hhly h puh pl .th l u ly xp/p fw vlu hperormance h vu vy.
F ulul hl, h l h z h hl, h yp upy, h yp h l l
(u, hll, .). tw hv p vlu h z h : h u lu ply; h ul ulul (Uaa). gv h p ulul pu h hh ly quly vlv h v vuwy x, h lu pv u y u ply u ull- quvl u (Fte). a Fte l hu wkv y v ul hu wk ull- j k pl h vu yp wk ully pv u uh u vlu h z wy h lu h u ul v p. typlly, uv whh h lu ply l h Fte, w 10 Fte, h 10 Fte. a lv u h z h ulul u,xp h l u plly .
aulul hl l l h yp upy. ou, h yp upy p h ll wk, u .F xpl, ily (tl 2.8) h llw u:
those directly armed by the owner, wh uh p whhly ly lu u l l lu. i h yp upy whh w hl pv ul lu h ulul hl;
those armed by employees: wh h w xluvly ply h p p ul lu, whl h wk ( h ly ) lly h ulul hl;
share arming o complete holdings: wh ul ll p u hl h h ly, wh uk wh h h ly yu ll wk qu h hl h xp hl.
other orms o occupancy: h y lu h h vulpl l (wh h h hl, u lyvl pl l h wk u whu h ly ) h l lvk ( k w
h w h pu h w h lvk).
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Flly, ulul hl l h pl -pl.
th lu h pl h pu , u vl,p p, z lvk - lvk; h l uv h p h l p lvk h h p lvk .
tl 2.8 Farms (including publicly owned holdings) and total area by total areaclass and type o occupancy (area in hectares)
ily, 2003
Type o occupancy
Total area class
Less
than 1 1 - 2 2 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 50 50 - 100
100 and
more Total
Direct arming by owner 538 187 395 797 459 838 232 384 139 163 99 526 29 408 14 427 1 908 730
Only family labour 455 831 334 230 385 686 190 982 110 226 76 641 19 491 7 159 1 580 246
Predominantly family labour 64 303 47 726 54 055 30 150 20 204 15 780 6 503 4 101 242 822
Predominantly labour from outside family 18 053 13 841 20 097 11 252 8 733 7 105 3 414 3 167 85 662
Farming with employees only 10 209 5 276 10 045 5 879 5 479 5 973 2 775 5 380 51 016
Share arming o complete holdings - 402 - 142 207 72 47 69 939
Other orms o occupancy 390 221 242 603 244 214 115 549 2 578
Total 548 786 401 696 470 125 239 008 145 093 105 785 32 345 20 425 1 963 263
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336781812148
Source: il sl o.
2.2.3. G gvt
th l v p:
all institutionalunitsthatproducenon-marketgoodsand services intended forllv vul up ply y pulypy y u l h ;
allinstitutionalunitswhosemainfunctionis toredistributethecountrysincome wlh.
i pul, h ul l v uv hllw u:
central government: h lu ll h v h ls h h l wh uhy lly x h y, xp l l uy u;
local government: h lu pul (xp l uy u)wh uhy x ly v p h y;
social security unds: h lu ll l, ll ul uwh vy l u whlly,
p, y p up h ppul, llv ulypv. th u lu v pl
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, ppv, u , ply h l
upvy ply y.th p ly h ul u h l ywh h l v h ul lvlyplx u llly uv p. th p, hw Fu 2.1, h ll u whp uu h u h lv ul u . th p wh h h u ly ( ppl y h u wh h y lu h uy l ). th qu whh h u puv vy : , u up, u l h huhl . i pu u, hwv, u
whh pv pul ( h h w ll,ly ly, y l ll v y lu h lv ). i pv, h ul u wll lu hh ul .
i h u pul, hwv, u whh k-(k u) (-k u),i.e. whh h v pu h k lly ul p, hy pv u plly vully h; ly h l , , h u l h l v . t lv h pl,h esa h u -k h pl p h l
v v l 50% h pu (xpu ,pu v, .). th u pppu y u ly h u v hv ullyly u h puly yll .
o h lh h h pul ul u -k, y whh -p l u (u,, .). i h w, u whh, ll y v ( ly h p p), l ply y v (huh uvl ): ly h h , , hul h l u lu h l
v . i u pl pv u (hp , , .), h u u l h -p u v huhl (nPisH).
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Fu 2.1 Procedure or classiying units in the general government sector
INSTITUTIONAL UNITIs it a production unit?
No Yes
No Yes
No Yes
No Yes
Yes No
Consuminghouseholds
sector
Is it public?(i.e. owned/controlled by government)
Consuming householdssector, non-financial or
financial corporations, NPISHIs it non market?
Corporation andquasi corporation
sector
Is it aNPISH?
Is it financed mainlyby government?
Government NPISH sector
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th l h h ly plx pu ly ul
u h p ly h u hl v . Fly, h w k -kpu u h uu pl u l gdP.i , w p pu vlu qu ly, p h yp u: k v u, hw u u h uv; -k v u, hy h u pu . th h -k u wl h p , vlu wul uvlu.
sly, ly h l v p uh pl l ply ( -l ply h
u-l l lvl) hv qu ly ly, u l ply k ul p. Fh eup u, xpl, h l u lv y cuyu u h u h u huhuul u pplly h u hl ( l) pu y h vu u ( ). thpl v vu w h u h pul , w p eup y ply.
tl 2.9 hw h l u h v 15 000 u uvy l pul u h 2001 il u, wh h lv
ply. i l hw h l u h h 235 000-p u,i.e. h u, wh whu ll ply, pul pv, h pu v h y lw u h w uyul u p h xp p p wk hl h u u . cquly, -pu lu , whh hy , u,vluy -vl , l -pv, pllp, u, ., whh 2001 h 500 000 ply ly3.5 ll vlu.
tl 2.9 Institutions, local units and employees by geographical distributionily, 2001
Geographical
distribution
Public institutions Non-proft institutions
Legal-economic
units
Employees Other orms* Legal-economic
units
Employees Other orms*
North 8 710 762 345 71 910 120 884 271 606 1 918 298
Centre 2 343 1 913 539 167 969 48 808 110 186 675 959
South 4 527 533 241 32 582 65 540 106 731 825 338
Italy as a whole 15 580 3 209 125 269 461 235 232 488 523 3 419 595
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336784120254
* ilu pj , py wk vlu.
Source: il sl o.
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2.3. e gggt
a w hv ly , y vully u k pl w . th ,whh y p vy w pup (uh h puh l , v, l v, u, .) u w ul , ul h h u vul . b h h h, vul l ( h ul h sna) hu up, economic aggregates. th u h vll u h u y ll u h y. th luprivate consumption, ll xpu y huhl puh
v h y h pl (, lh, .);investment,p y xpu puh u uv p;production,i.e. h ul h vy pu u, .
cquly, l u p ,p why w u h vlv. F xpl,h h puh w vhl l up, u y huhl p h ly, v ( x pl) y l (i.e. p p) vu v h y. slly, h lhp h ll h vhl
wll h u v uv, h wll u h vlu h l pu h y.
e ( vl) l h vu , uh lv wstock variables fow variables. Flw v h v h u wh p , whlk u p . t xpl l, fw fh , , xh, x vlu hk pl u p ; k p h vlu non-nancialassets (l ll l , uh wll, pl , .) / nancialassets/liabilities (uh py, u, .) pul
. i p p u h, y h u, fw ly xpwh p ( y, qu, .), whl k p (l y h y, h qu, .). Flw l xp h l vlu (u) h fw u h p, v vlu,i.e. y v h u h fw y h u (u y, h, .) lu h p .
rl h produced non-produced: pu -l h hv x upu p h ll whh pu uy h sna (uh h vhl h pvuxpl): hy x , v vlul. n-pu
-l h x h h huhp pu: hy lu h l ( xpl ) l l lu whp , jpv , h .
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basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions 2
2.3.1. put, tt t vu
a w hv ly , pu p h fw v u h l ul u, u , v pu pu, uh lu pl. a p phylj u y , h w vu v whh ppy h hl. sv hu pu upuh h h h u u wh qu h v. i h, h y whh h ppy h p phyl , uh ply u h v.
alhuh pu vy u v,
h sna lly h boundaries o production. s h u vlly, hy y h v . F xpl, h 1993 snalu pu v h w h pvu v(vlp 1968). a h 1993 sna, h u pup, h pu v h , hllw yp pu:
theproductionofall individualorcollectivegoodsorservicessuppliedtounitsh h h pu, uppl, lu h pu v u up h p pu uh v;
theown-accountproductionofallgoodsretainedbytheirproducersfortheirown
l up pl ; the own-account production of housing services by owner-occupiers and of
pl v pu y ply .
th 1993 sna lu h pu uy h u ly l pv h u huh pu p, v h p k pl quy. th sna lqu h h wh h u u h ulv p h l v , ly wh h pu h l uy.
Lly, hul p u h h u pu l p
h -ll uu y, i.e. h pu whv qu v u. F xpl, h llw lu pu: h vy wk wh p v ulwhu l h h v x uh; puy p h wh h uh h u wk l l uy . cquly, h h puvvy u lllly h xlu h u pu. ev huh h l qu h v uhwh ul, l u hv vlp h lu hvlu h -v y l .
a h sna, pu hul l lu lll v h pu v p y uy vluly, uh ul, pu,h pu k lll u, . Pu lu lll
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v h vlv vluy py, uh h, whh vluy
w . Hwv, v h u ul vlv u pu v lll v, ly w l ulu uh vlu, whl h p pulh h pl u.
Pu y vlu vu wy, p h p u. Fly, u market prices ( puh p), whh p h ulp up y h . th h lu p , x (uh vlu x), l u pu,i.e.u y v ( y eU u) fu, lly ww , h p h y h pu/v. i h k , vlu u (-k
v pu y v) y k p lu v (v w-up wll).
i w xlu h k p y x pyl h p vply y h pu, w y vl u, w hp ully v y h pu,i.e. hbasic price. th p pullyp ly h p h lv p -k y p, i.e. h p h whh h pul ply u.
t u upu, h pu u u u h vu l pu (lu pl) wll h v puy h u. th vlu h v u pu u hpu p, xlu x wh u up x pl, u h kw intermediate consumption.i up lwy vlu puh p; ludepreciation, whh h h vlu h x pl (uh ulqup) u u up.
th w pu p up ll value added at basic prices: h p h vlu h h (upu) y h pu p h p-x vlu h v
u (pu) u h p.by ll h vlu p y vul hu puu, w h vlu y uy. a pl p yh k , whh v pv l p, huhl, l v, . s h whh v lly ul h p ,l u p u h l h ly, l h p l v ly u(Fisim).
i w h vlu y vul h, h h vlu
h x pu (l u) u Fisim, w h pu at market prices (gdP), whh p h pu p wh h l y. i w u gdP x
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pu p, p ply ppy
pyl h h wl, w h p vl h h wl ( h w, gdP l py pyl - u plu py vl - u), w h l (gni), whh p h l ul hv ly yu h uy vy u h wh h l y . th l h p h h sna kw hproduction account (tl 2.10).
tl 2.10 Production accountVlu u p (ll u) ily, 2002-2005
Aggregates 2002 2003 2004 2005
RESOURCES
Production at basic prices 2 514 947 2 587 887 2 690 677 2 752 042
Taxes less subsidies on products 129 807 131 614 139 712 144 479
USES
Intermediate consumption 1 349 528 1 384 147 1 441 518 1 479 280
Gross domestic product 1 295 226 1 335 354 1 388 870 1 417 241
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336870088018
Source: il sl o.
2.3.2. cut, t t t g
th pu hv y y, xp gdP k p (Y), u, h wh p v (m), hvll u vll l up (c), pl (i) xp v (X):
Y + m = c + i + X [2.1]
th y kw l u hgoods and services account ( lh resources and uses account).
Final consumption p xpu v yhu . dp h yp , l up kw individual consumption, u h huhl, collective consumption, whh h huhl, p h u. th vul up huhl (whh l luh up ulul pu hy hv pu hlv) l y nPisH l v, plly h hlh,u, l uy ulu. th k y uh wl up ul up. th p h vwp h h up, whl h l f h vwp h
h up. aul up p h l v u up y vul huhl; p h huhlup xpu plu h vul up xpu lv nPisH.
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cup l lul national consumption,i.e. h up
wh h l y y h u h l y, domestic consumption,i.e. h up wh h l y hy - u (tl 2.11).
Fl up lwy vlu k p lul uup u, i.e. y xpu v hu (, v, p v,.). Hwv, l uh w vu yp up, h yp uly h . th l h w v , uh uh w -ul ,whh u ly puh (, phul, .)
wh l u (lh), ul , whh puh u v u y (uu, vhl, huhl ppl,.).
tl 2.11 National nal consumption and domestic nal consumptionVlu u p (ll y) Jp, 2003-2005
2003 2004 2005
National consumption 370 294 373 896 377 273
Expenditure o general goverment () 88 503 89 468 90 684
Expenditure o NPISHs () 5 877 6 118 6 396
Expenditure o resident households 275 915 278 310 280 193
Acquisi tions abroad by resident s () 2 783 3 409 3 320
Acquisi tion in Japan by non-residents (+) 646 804 923
Final domestic household comsumption 273 778 275 706 277 795
12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336874201116
Source:National Accounts o OECD Countries, oecd.
Fl huhl up l lu ul , i.e. h ullyp y huhl h u wll, h pu hw-up. th l k pu
h h w-up wul hv py upy h wll, v h w-up ully k y y py.
Capital ormation p h vlu qu l pl pu -l ,i.e. v pu p. i kw x pl , h v quu pl vlul. Gross xed capital ormation h l vlu pu qu (l pl) x u h up plu h vlu -pu (uh ul j pv h quy, quly puvy l) ly h puv vy ul u. g x pl lu
phyl (hy, qup, .) wll l pu (uh w), huh p pu p u hpu p p l h y. th p x pl lwy vlu k p y
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basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions 2
uy pu,i.e. h h h (hy,
qup vu pu; ul; l ), y w uuy, i.e. h h h puh, whh hl y ul u (huhl, u, lv).
Inventories k upu ll hl y h u h pu hp h uh p, l, lv h u u hwy, wll k pu qu h u u up l whu uh p. iv w l , wk--p h . thpup p h lly h pu
u p, k pl yh h fuu upply . cquly, v h plu h pu; h vlu h i h y [2.1] hv h vll k v u h p. iu, h v qul h vlu v u h vlu h h lv v u h pu p l, ul vlu u phyl , l h.
Lly, h net acquisitions o valuables vlu (uh pu l), qu ly y huhl pup h hup. th u u u ully h u
h k vlul, u v u h p.th fw x pl u h vlu hpl vll h y: pul, v y xpl (gFcF) hh h p (d), i.e. hh h h l h vlu pl u phyl u h pu p,h x pl pv, h l h y h pl vll h y (nK):
nK = nK-1 + (gFcF d) [2.2]
i h w, p h p pl
y pv uh h x pu py. Wh p h vlp y h l h the trend pl . i ph h p, p u uy ul wh net domestic product (ndP), whh qul h pu u p.
th h ndP y ly h h gnP, pllywh h v l pl h ly v . th vully ll ul u h 1990 wh h puvlu u l p x qup, w ply w qup wh hh hly u ly lw v
l (e.g. h v l pl pu uh h h h lul hy). th h u h hv v hvly h w y pv, hv h pl (
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hu h gdP) , whu h f vll h
uy pu py (i.e. quvl h ndP).Lly, wh v wh h h wl, u ph h h y l u, h p xp vlu ree on board,i.e. whu h p uw h h xp uy h h p uy. th w xp p l kw net oreign demand p h u h k g pu. i, h wy xp h lhp [2.1] llw:
Y = c + i + (X m) [2.3]
th v qu hw hw h u gdP,h h .
exp p ly , u l v uh pl,ulul l v, l v, u v, . byv, p xp v p pvly h xpu h xpu wh h l y.
2.3.3. F g t ut t t
th pu p h uy u h
pu v v p (lly y) y p y. Hwv, u y h vu ul u (huhl,p, l v, .) up, pl v wh h h wl, h u h pu h pl wh u. th hv huh hu h w pu h sna: lu pl.
Lu u huh h py p vul, whh u wh kw l h, whh ply p p. th u wages and salaries (pyl h
k) h vlu h social contributions pyl y ply (ul lu pyl y ply sl suy h pv ul u h u l h ply; pul u y ply pv uu l ) uh compensation o employees, i.e. h p h p ly ly h wh hv u h pu p y pvh lu ply. th w h vlu hp ply hgross operating surplus,i.e. h p h pu p h lu pv ly y hpu h h l pu (pl).
a w hv , h gdP f h u lu pl u pu pup: h, hgross national income (gni) l qul h vlu h l py ll . nully,
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basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions 2
l pl h hnet national income y u h vlu
p h l .Lly, y u h l h x p lv h u p h h wl, h grossnational disposable income , whh u y u hpup l up. th w l pl l up ( h , k u ju p u) usaving.
2.4. Vu t ut tt
th vlu xp p uy (ll, u, .). a h pul lvl, h vlu ( l) y y ulply h quy h pu vlv h y p, whh u h u y hu p xh u h pu. i h wy, h vlu h xp in current prices,i.e. u h p up y hp h pul h p .
Hwv, w kw, p vy v , xp u p l u wh x h v vv hl p (y, h, .) u v qu
v p. cquly, u ly xp u p, u l h h vlu h p v. F h pup, y lul h u p h p v h u u h p u. th y xp h vlu h vu uh p pvl u p, k . i h , hul xpin constant prices, hv v l , pp h l , lul h vlu u p.
L u k h xpl h l ul, l u u h h
y 2000 lhp l 40 l , wh h qulv h(l, p, .) p 11 000 u h. nx, l u u h 2001 h u ( wh h qulv h) 45, u p 11 500 u. cquly, h vlu u p h ll y h l wll 440 000 u (40 * 11 000) 2000 517 500 u(45 * 11 500) 2001, wh p 17.6% [(517 000 440 000)
/440 000) * 100]. i ly, ly p h u v hqu qu,i.e. l l , whl h u v p. i pul, h l p ( 2000) qul 12.5% [(45 * 11 000 40 * 11 000)/(40 * 11 000) * 100].
th lhp w xp u p h xp p kw defator. thu, pl hv f h pu, pv up,
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x pl , . Vlu p l
h h p y h p h pvu y. a whll chp 4, h 2005 vl eU u h yh f l u h pvu y p.
2.5. ix u
th f f ypl l ,i.e. qu w l ,h whh h ph u : h yp l lhp ll index number. ix u y lul h p. i l , x u
(, fy, ) u p. i h ,h x u y h w h u ph v , h u h k (h h x). L u, xpl, lul h w h vlu pv up u p 2000-2005 vlu 2000 p.th ul x (xp 2000, v h h y h u qul) wll u h h pl p pvup u 2001-2005, l p lvl v 2000.
W uh w simple index numbers complex index numbers:wh , h k pl p h v v
vul ph l h ; h l, hwv, xp hv up ph l h vlu u h p h h h x. a pully p l l h w xed base x u moving base x u. th lwy u (i.e. h ) h quy ( h pxpl, h vlu up 2000), whl h l u h l h v v . th u p llyhv h vlu 100 h ( ) p.
th lul pl x (iF) lvly y. U V h vlu v ( = 1, 2, ... ) h lv , h x
xp 0 (0iF), h p 0 :0iF0 = V0/V0 * 100
0iF1 = V1/V0 * 100
0iF2 = V2/V0 * 100
....
0iF = V/V0 * 100
i h pl v x (im), wh pvu p u (h x), h vlu h x h p 1 :
im1 = V1/V0 * 100
im2 = V2/V1 * 100
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basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions 2
im3 = V3/V2 * 100
....
im = V/V-1 * 100
gv h h p v VP
VP = [(V V-1)/V-1 ] * 100
l h VP = [ (V/V-1) 1 ] * 100
h VP = [(V/V-1) * 100 ] 100,
h VP = im 100.
i h wy, w h h pl v- h p ly xph p v l h pvu p.
th x- xp v ly v h . t x- x p w x-x p z, u v h x wiF y h vlu h xxp w, u w p wiFz, ulply hul y 100:
ziF = wiF/wiFz * 100
i lhly pl v pl x- (xp w) v- x v v: h , y vh wiF y p wiF-1 ulply h ul y 100. i , vh h wiF v y (V/Vw * 100 ), llw h:
im = ( V/Vw * 100 )/( V-1/Vw * 100 ) * 100
whh :
im = ( V/Vw * 100 ) * ( Vw/V-1 * 100 ) * 100
h :
im = ( V/ V-1 ) * 100Wh v v- x im x- x 0iF (wh0 h h ), h im u ulpl y h pu ll h v lu w h 0 h -1. F xpl, lul 0iF5, h llw p u p:
0iF5 = ( im1 * im2 * im3 * im4 * im5) * 100
i w w wh xp h x- x wh 0, uh z, lul h 0iF w , pvuly ,
h h y v ll h 0iF ( = 1, 2, ... ) y h vlu 0iFz ulply h ul y 100.
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2 basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions
a ly , plx x u l xp, l yh
vlu, h v y ph wh p p h h h x. th yh h y lul whv u wh h l wh h jv puu. cquly, h u plx x u qu hh llw l : h l h ph h x; h h x; h wh h.
th xy vy , whh ly h whh u: h h u h, , h , ., wh h h v p h p h p whh h x lul. th llw x u wly u
h l : Lpy (iL), Ph (iP) Fh (iF) :h w u h h h wh p,whl h Fh x qul iL*iP, i.e. h h Lpy Ph .
L u w h Lpy x, u h w wh u yh x h p v u h p 1 . t lul yh x h xp h v h l lvl p v, w u ully u h p wh h xph p h lv h vll up xpu. L uu h w h wh h vlu h up h u
h (v) qul :v = p q
wh p h p h pul q h lv quy u.L u l u h w h h p 0 : hu, hp 0 w hll hv h p h vul p0 h lv vluu v0. th Lpy x, whh p wh p h p 0 h:
p p
0q
0 p
q
0 = 1 p0 = 1
0iL = = [2.4]
p0 q0 p0 q0 = 1 = 1
a , h h u h h quyu u h 0 (q0): quly, h x y hh h u h p up u h p h
p; ly y h p v (p/p0).
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basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions 2
Hwv, h Ph x h p 0 xp y:
p p0 q p q = 1 p0 = 1
0iP = = [2.5]
p0 q p0 q = 1 = 1
i h , h wh uu pv y h qu u q u
p , u h p, h Lpy x. cquly,h Ph x y h h u h h v p (p/p0) h p up w h p h h hx p .
Lpy Ph wly u u p, vlu vlu . Wh Lpy Ph ul u u p, h ul hw y . i, hw y hy, h quy u ll h p (ll h h ), h u h Lpy x v h l p h pu lu h x: , h p up
kp uh u h p, h uu pu whp h v k u. i h w, hx u h v h l lvl p h wul hv u u h ju h w hvu p , hyu h qu u h pu wh p hh. cquly, h Lpy x wll lwy v hv lvl p h h h u wh h Ph x.o h h h, h Ph x wll hv v , v l-h-v wh h pu wh p h u h p. th Fh x, h w , hv
h .i hul l p u h, y p, h Ph x ul u u h l h vlly h uuwh. th h , xpl, wh lul hly u px h 2000-2005 p, 2000 = 100. Whl h p p v hly, h qu u q2005 ly vlu h h y: quly, h Ph x ( h Fh x) 2005 ly lul 2006, pl h Lpy x lul 2000-2005 xp 2000.