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Understanding China
1898-1911
Chinese WordsPinyin Wade-Giles Pinyin Wade-Giles
People Groups
Cixi Tz’u-His Guomindang Kuomintang
Guangxu Kuang-hsu Qing Ch’ing
Puyi P’u-i Taiping Daibing
Sun Yixian Sun Yat-sen Tongmenghui T’ungmenghui
Yuan Shikai Yuan Shih-k’ai Places
Jiang Jieshi Chiang Kai-shek Beijing Peking; also Beiping
Mao Zedong Mao Tse-tung Guangzhou Canton
Zhou Enlai Chou En-Lai Jiangxi Kiangsi
Zhu De Chu The Shaanxi Shensi
Lin Biao Lin Piao Sichuan Szechuan
Deng Xiaoping Teng Hsiao-p’ing Tianjin Tientsin
Liu Shaoqi Liu Shao-ch’i Yan’an Yenan
Chinese Pronunciation
• In pinyin, most letters are pronounced as in English, although there are three main exceptions. The letter ‘C’ is pronounced ‘ts’; The letter ‘Q’ is pronounced ‘ch’; and the letter ‘X’ is pronounced ‘sh’.
• For example, The Qing dynasty is pronounced ‘Ching’; The Emperor Guangxu is pronounced ‘Guang-shoo’; and the Empress Dowager Cixi is pronounced ‘Tsu-shi’
The Mandate of Heaven and Confucianism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylWORyToTo4#t=21
What do we know about Confucianism?
How did this belief system effect how China was run?
What differences are apparent?
How might have geography shaped the development of these two areas?
How might have geographic isolation caused the idea of ‘the Middle Kingdom’ to come about?
The Grand Canal: Construction began 486BC
1776km!(similar distance as between Melbourne and Brisbane!)
The Great Wall: Construction began: 7th century BC
Large parts constructed by the first Chinese Emperor from 220-206 BC. Even larger parts constructing by the Ming Dynasty (14th-17th century)
Approx: 8850km!(similar distance as travelling from Melbourne to Perth, then Perth to Cairns!)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vs34AJqmB5I
China through time…• As you look at the maps in this video, what
do you notice?• Consider how this contrasts with the ideas
of the ‘Middle Kingdom’ and the ‘Mandate of Heaven’.
Other aspects of the Old Regime
• It was ruled by an ethnic minority (the Manchus)• The examination system (although allowing for
some level of social mobility), discouraged creativity and innovation
• The Banner Armies had become corrupt and were ineffective
• The Chinese government was so assured of their dominant position, they did not feel the need to trade
A nineteenth century interpreter from Britain, who knew China well, wrote in 1847:
The apathy with respect to foreign things generally is to a European quite astonishing. Foreign countries have, the Chinese agree, the power to do some great and extraordinary things, but so have the elephants and other wild animals they may come across from time to time...In their eyes we were all barbarians possessing perhaps some good qualities but untutored, coarse and wild. Their exclusion of foreigners and confinement to their own country has, by depriving them of all opportunities of making comparisons, led them to judge everything by rules of purely Chinese convention.
Quoted in Franz Schurmann and Orvill Schell, China, pp. 142-143.
How did the following aspects of the old regime, contribute to its collapse?
• Confucian values• Sense of cultural superiority• The examination system• The banner armies• The reluctance to trade
REASONS FOR CHANGE
RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
ATTEMPTS AT GRADUAL CHANGE
REVOLUTIONARY SITUATIONS
Long-term Population explosion
Confucian values Self Strengthening Movement
The Boxer Rebellion
Rapid development/ industrialisation of the West and Japan.
Sense of cultural superiority
Hundred days of reform
Formation of the Tongmenghui
Opium Wars The reluctance to trade
‘New Government’ movement
Wuchang Uprising
Taiping Rebellion The lack of Manchu legitimacy to rule
Railway reform movement
Foreign encroachment
The examination system
Unequal treaties The banner armies
Power struggle: Dowager Empress Cixi and Emperor GuangxuThe Board of Punishment
KEY LEADERS:•Dowager Empress Cixi•Sun Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)•Yuan Shikai
Your Task
• As a group, create a visual representation showing the interconnected reasons for the fall of the Qing Dynasty in China.
• Draw AND annotate your diagrams showing how each of the factors on the previous slide are linked together.
• There is no one correct way to do this. Don’t be afraid to experiment!