Under the Esteemed Guidance Of

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Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr.Smt.G.Prasanthi,

Associate professor,

Head of Mechanical Engg Dept,

JNTUACEA

B.Venkatesh

Advanced I.C Engines

09001D7910

EMISSION CONTROL USING WATER EMULSIFIED DIESEL

IN DIESEL ENGINE

Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 2

Contents

Abstract1

Meaning of emulsion 2

Selecting of solvent3

Graphs and Tables4

Conclusion5


Abstract

In this modern world of industries and technology the diesel engine plays a major role in various fields. It may be for transportation (or) production e.t.c., with the increase in population and by various applications to the diesel resources are depleting day by day. These have also been hike in the prices. Diesel is causing a harmful effect on the environment leading to effect like green house.

To compensate the above said effects caused by diesel, research work is going on at a fast pace to add diesel and some additives to decrease the emission. In this project focus is on the effect of water emulsified diesel fuel combustion on brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu) and Hydrocarbon emissions in a diesel engine. The experiment is to be conducted on a single cylinder four stroke cycle direct injection diesel engine at constant speed. Tests are going to be conducted using commercial diesel fuel and diesel fuel with 10%, 20% and 30% water by volume and 0.1% tween® 20 .

The present work is induced with the improvement in brake thermal efficiency and to reduce brake specific fuel consumption. The Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu) and hydrocarbon emissions are to be calculated w.r.t the proportion water in diesel.Keywords: Brake thermal efficiency, Diesel engine, Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu) emission, Hydrocarbon emission, Tween® 20 and Water emulsified diesel.


Meaning Emulsion

An emulsion is defined as a mixture of two or more generally insoluble liquids. A permanent emulsion exists when sufficient droplet sizes have

been reached to prevent the separation of the insoluble materials. Why instead of water we using Distilled water ?

In water so many active ions particles. The minerals and ions typically found in tap water can be corrosive to internal engine components, and can cause a more rapid depletion of the anti-corrosion additives found in most antifreeze formulations. So that we use instead of water we use distilled water.

Advantages & History

1. A high-volume pump can create the high-pressure needed for the fuel injectors at less expense

2. Recirculation warms the fuel and helps resist gelling at low temperatures

3. The warmed fuel improves combustion

Unstabilized emulsions require high shear to suspend small droplets of water in the fuel (Greeves et al., 1976). An advantage of unstabilized emulsions is reduced fuel costs, due to lack of additives needed and reduced emissions from not combusting surfactants or other emulsifying agents



Selecting of solvent

sodium dodecyl sulfatei

Tween 80 or polysorbate 80iii

Tween 20 or polysorbate 20ii


Sodium lauryl sulfate or Sodium dodecyl sulfate Polysorbate 20 or Tween 20 and Tween 80

Tween80 Molecular formula : C64H124O26 AppearanceClear : Amber colored

viscous liquid . Density : 1.1 g/mL (approximate) Flash point : 113 °C Boiling point : > 100°C Solubility :soluble in ethanol, cottonseed

oil, corn oil, ethyl acetate

Tween 20 Molecular formula : C58H114O26 AppearanceClear : yellow to yellow-green viscous

liquid. Density : 1.1 g/mL (approximate) Boiling point : > 100 °C Solubility :soluble in ethanol, cottonseed oil,

corn oil, ethyl acetate, methanol Flash point : 110 °C

SDS Molecular formula : C58H114O26 AppearanceClear : white. Density : 1.01 g/cm³ Boiling point : > 100 °C Solubility :soluble in ethanol, cottonseed

oil, corn oil, ethyl acetate, methanol

Flash point : 110 °C Molar mass : 288.38 g mol−1 Melting point : 206 °C


ENGINE SPECIFICATION

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

Iteam Specifications

Name : Alamgar

Speed : 1500 rpm

Diameter of cylinder : 0.102m

Gen. set : 5 Kva

Phase : single

Load :up to 5000

No. of cylinder : single

Engine power :6.6Kw

Cylinder bore :102MM

Stroke length :116MM


Graphs

FIG1. Brake power Vs Brake specific fuel consumption

As water emulsion increases Brake specific fuel consumption decreases


Graphs

FIG2. Load Vs Brake Specific Fuel Consumption


Graphs

FIG3. Brake power Vs Mechanical efficiency

The Mechanical efficiency decreases at all conditions when the percentage of water in the emulsion is increased as shown in Figure


Graphs

FIG4. Brake power Vs Brake thermal efficiency

The effect of water percentage in diesel-water emulsion on brake thermal efficiency and indicated efficiency is shown in Figure


Graphs

FIG5. Brake power Vs Indicated thermal efficiency


Graphs

FIG6. Brake power Vs Brake Mean Effective Pressure

The brakes mean effective and indicated are decreases at all load conditions when the percentage of water in the emulsion is increased as shown in figure


Graphs

FIG7. Brake Power Vs Indicated Mean Effective Pressure


Graphs

Fig8. Brake power Vs volumetric efficiency

The Volumetric efficiency increases at all load conditions when the percentage of water in the emulsion is increased as shown in figure


Graphs

Fig9. Load Vs volumetric efficiency


Graphs

Fig10. Load Vs Exhaust gas temperature

The Exhaust gas temperature decreases at all load conditions when the percentage of water in the emulsion is increased as shown in figure


Emission Standards for Diesel Engines ≤ 800 kW for Generator sets

Engine Power (P) Date CO g/kWh

HCg/kWh

PMg/kWh

Smoke1/m

P ≤ 19 kW 2004 5.0 1.3 0.6 0.7

2005 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7

19 < P ≤ 50 kW 2004 5.0 1.3 0.5 0.7

2005 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7

50 kW < P ≤ 176 kW

2004 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7

176 kW < P ≤ 800 kW

2004 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7


Graphs

Fig11. Load Vs Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu).


Graphs

Fig12. Load Vs HC PPM


Graphs

Fig13. Load Vs CO %Vol


Graphs

Fig14. Load Vs CO2 %Vol


Graphs

Fig15. Load Vs O2 %Vol


DIESEL: DENSITY : 850 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER CALORIFIC VALUE : 42,300KJ/KG FLASHPOINT : 480 C FIREPOINT : 510 C

WATER EMULSIFIED DIESEL:10% Water + 0.1 % Tween ® 20 + 89.9 % Diesel DENSITY : 831 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER CALORIFIC VALUE : 41,425KJ/KG FLASHPOINT : 510 C FIREPOINT : 530 C20% Water + 0.1 % Tween ® 20 + 79.9 % Diesel DENSITY : 828 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER CALORIFIC VALUE : 43,595KJ/KG FLASHPOINT : 470 C FIREPOINT : 490 C

30% Water + 0.1 % Tween ® 20 + 69.9 % Diesel DENSITY : 820 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER CALORIFIC VALUE : 4,978KJ/KG FLASHPOINT : 450 C FIREPOINT : 480 C

FUEL SPECIFICATIONS


Drawbacks

A drawback to water—fuel emulsions is the amount of air bubbles reportedly contained in the emulsion mixture. Sawa and Kajitani (1992) evaluated the effect of water—fuel emulsions on diesel engine performance and emissions under transient conditions. They conclude that air bubbles in the fuel and its variability contributes to fluctuation in the injection timing and a poorer performance under transient conditions. They recommend removal of bubbles from the water—fuel emulsion


Conclusion

From the experimental result reported here, it is concluded that use of water emulsified diesel fuel has a potential to improve the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine. The test results show good agreement with previous study for emulsified fuel referred in the literature. Switching to emulsified fuel combustion does not require any engine modification. The corrosion of engine components due to water presence in the emulsion could be a problem in long run operation of the engine. But, Kweonha Park et al., [7] argued that water in the oil was quickly evaporated by micro-explosion into extremely tiny droplets; this would make the water droplets not to reach directly to the combustion chamber wall, so there would be no corrosion on the cylinder surface.

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BYB.Venkatesh

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