UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013

8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013

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TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT REVIEW 2013

MAKE AGRICULTURE TRULY SUSTAINABLE NOW FOR FOOD SECURITY

IN A CHANGING CLIMATE

U N I T E D N A T I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T

EMBARGO

The contents of this Report must not be

quoted or summarized in the print,

broadcast or electronic media before

18 September 2013, 17:00 hours GMT


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KEY MESSAGES

The 2008 food crisis was an important catalyst for realizing the need for a fundamental transformation and questioning

some of the assumptions that had driven food, agricultural and trade policy in recent decades.

The fundamental transformation of agriculture may well turn out to be one of the biggest challenges, including for

international security, of the 21st century.

The world needs a paradigm shift in agricultural development: from a green revolution to an ecological

intensication approach.

The required transformation is much more profound than simply tweaking the existing industrial agricultural system.

Elements and key achievements of the required transformation of agriculture, elaborated upon by the authors of this

Review, include:

In pursuing a fundamental transformation of agriculture, one should take into account systemic considerations


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adaptation


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China

Brazil

EU-27

US

India

Argentina

Indonesia

Russia

Nigeria

Austria

France

Colombia

Thailand

Germany

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Myanmar

Mexico

Turkey

DRC

Canada

Vietnam

Ethiopia

Venezuela

UK

1,200 -

1,000 -

800 -

600 -

400 -

200 -

0 -

- 6

- 5

- 4

- 3

- 2

- 1

- 0

Total(millionmetrictonsCO

2-e)

Percapita(millionmetrictonsCO

2-e/person)


24/340

n.a.

>25

15 to 25

5 to 15

0 to 5

-5 to 0

-15 to -5

-25 to -15


25/340


26/340


27/340


28/340


29/340

80,000 -

70,000 -

60,000 -

50,000 -

40,000 -

30,000 -

20,000 -

10,000 -

0 -

Chickenproduction

Tons

Chickenimports

2002 2007


30/340

350,000 -

300,000 -

250,000 -

200,000 -

150,000 -

100,000 -

50,000 -

0 -

Riceproduction

Tons

Riceimports

1980 2004 2009

100 -

90 -

80 -

70 -

60 -

50 -

40 -

30 -

20 -

10 -

0 -

UE

Customstariffs(percent)

UEMOA

Cereals

Milkpowder

Sugarproducts

Meat


31/340


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/ Deutsches Institut fr Entwicklungspolitik (DIE)


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61/340

1960-

1970-

1980-

1990-

2000-

2010-

4.0 -

3.5 -

3.0 -

2.5 -

2.0 -

1.5 -

1.0 -

0.5 -

0.0 -

Sub-Saharan Africa

North Africa

North America

World

Asia

Hectarespercapita

1850-

1860-

1870-

1880-

1890-

1900-

1910-

1920-

1930-

1940-

1950-

1960-

1970-

1980-

1990-

2000-

2010-

1,000 -

800 -

600 -

400 -

200 -

0 -

-200 -

Latin America

CO

2emmissions(TgCy-1)

S and SE Asia

Tropical Africa


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2000-

2010-

2020-

2030-

2040-

2050-

600 -

500 -

400 -

300 -

200 -

100 -

0 -

non-OECD

Billionm3

OECD


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108/340

0

17.90

60.27

10.04

10.04

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Mix of preparation methods

Carbon footprint in the use phase

g CO2e / cup of coffee

Automatic coffee machine

Filter drip

French press


109/340

1.5 -

1.0 -

0.5 -

0 -

-0.5 -

-1.0 -

-1.5 -

-2.0 -

-2.5 -

-3.0 -

Weighted average

K

g.o

fCO

2-e

Average

Fertilizerproduction

Cropresidue

management

Fertilizerinduced

emissions

Pesticides

Carbonstock

change

Totalemissions


110/340


111/340


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159/340

1960-

1970-

1980-

1990-

2000-

2010-

10 -

9 -

8 -

7 -

6 -

5 -

4 -

3 -

2 -

1 -

All fertilizers (1961=31.2 Mt)

Ratio(1961

=1)

Nitrogenous fertilizers (1961=11.6 Mt)


160/340


161/340

1961-1965-

1966-1970-

1971-1975-

1976-1980-

1981-1985-

1986-1990-

1991-1995-

1996-2000-

2001-2005-

2006-2008-

50 000-

40 000-

30 000-

20 000-

10 000-

0-

Soybeans (cake weight)

Millionsoftons

Cake of soy


162/340


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165/340


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171/340

120 -

100 -

80 -

60 -

40 -

20 -

0 -

Cow to bereplaced

Months

Substitutecow

Cow


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External factors (e.g. entrepreneurs)

Desire for security and wealth

Overshing

Ecosystem degradation

and soil erosion

Breakdown of nutrient

cycling and loss of

soil fertility/structure

Increased use of

agrichemicals

Increased

costsPollution of

waterways,

aquifers and wetland

Increased

health risks

Loss of income

from food crops

and wildlife

Increasedvulnerability to HIV/AIDS

Other external factors

(e.g. war and disasters)

Loss of biodiversity

Breakdown of ecosystem function

Loss of crop yields

Hunger and

malnutrition

Declining livelihoods,

leading to poverty and social deprivation

Regulated by social organizations at the

community level

OvergrazingDeforestation

Unsustainable use

of soils and water

Regulated by

social organizations

at national and

international level


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0

2

4

6

8

10

Weeks 2 6 10 14

Actual yield Biological yield potential

Filling the gap - Step 1 Filling the gap - Step 2+3

Cropyield(tons/ha)

Weeks

Steps 2+3

Yield Gap

Step 1


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External factors (e.g. entrepreneurs)

Desire for security and wealth

Overshing

Ecosystem degradation

and soil erosionBreakdown of nutrient

cycling and loss of

soil fertility/structure

Increased use of

agrichemicals

Increased

costsPollution of

waterways,

aquifers and wetland

Increased

health risks

Loss of income

from food crops

and wildlife

Increasedvulnerability to HIV/AIDS

Other external factors

(e.g. war and disasters)

Breakdown of ecosystem function

Loss of crop yields

Hunger and

malnutrition

Declining livelihoods,

leading to poverty and social deprivation

Regulated by social organizations at the

community level

OvergrazingDeforestation

Unsustainable use

of soils and water

Regulated by

social organizations

at national and

international level

STEP 1

STEPs2 + 3

DIVERSIFY

GENERATE INCOME

Loss of crop yields

Focus of AF

Loss of bio diversity


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IncomeUS$

30.000

2 Years

5 Years

10 Years

25.000

20.000

15.000

10.000

5.000

-US$

145

US$

28.3

50

US

$

16.0

00


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1995- -

1997- -

1999- -

2001- -

2003- -

2005- -

2009-

3.0 -

2.5 -

2.0 -

1.5 -

1.0 -

0.5 -

- 100

- 80

- 60

- 40

- 20

- 0

Western Europe/ Canada rapeseed productivity

Western Europe/ United States rapeseed productivity

Western Europe/ United States maize productivity

Ratioofyield(Hg/Ha)

PercentageofGM

United States maize

United States rapeseed

Canada rapeseed


226/340

1992-

1997-

2002-

2007-

3 200 -

3 000 -

2 800 -

2 600 -

2 400 -

2 200 -

2 000 -

Chile

Columbia

Venezuela

Peru

Bolivia

kcal/person/day

1992-

1997-

2002-

2007-

3 400 -

3 200 -

3 000 -

2 800 -

2 600 -

2 400 -

2 200 -

2 000 -

- 0.7

- 0.6

- 0.5

- 0.4

- 0.3

- 0.2

- 0.1

- 0.0

kcal/person/day

Pro

portionofarablefarmlandunderGMc

ro

ps

Argentina (kcal)

Uruguay

(proportion of GM)

Paraguay(proportion of GM)

Brazil

(proportion of GM)

Argentina

(proportion of GM)Brazil (kcal)

Paraguay (kcal)

Uruguay (kcal)


227/340


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Benets

Agricultural potential

Negative

High

High Medium Low None

Main focus for multi-functional agricultural landscapes

Actual production benets

Potential production benets

Actual environmentalbenets at the farm level

Potential environmentalbenets at the farm level

Potential environmentalbenets at the agriculturallandscape

Low

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5


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1970-

1975-

1980-

1985-

1990-

1995-

2000-

2005-

2010-

6 -

5 -

4 -

3 -

2 -

1 -

0 -

Fertilizer Price Index / Food Price Index

(ratio 1970 = 1)


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2000-

2001-

2002-

2003-

2004-

2005-

2006-

2007-

2008-

2009-

2010-

225 -

200 -

175 -

150 -

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

UNFAOfoodindex

USdollarsperbarrell

FAO food index

Price of oil

- 225

- 200

- 175

- 150

- 125

- 100

- 75

- 50

- 25

- 0


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Jan.2

006-

Mar.2006-

May2006-

Jul.2006-

Sep.2

006-

Nov.2

006-

Jan.2

007-

Mar.2007-

May2007-

Jul.2007-

Sep.2

007-

Nov.2

007-

Jan.2

008-

Mar.2008-

May2008-

Jul.2008-

Sep.2

008-

Nov.2

008-

Jan.2

009-

Mar.2009-

May2009-

Jul.2009-

Sep.2

009-

Nov.2

009-

200 -

180 -

160 -

140 -

120 -

100 -

80 -

- 14,000

- 12,000

- 10,000

- 8,000

- 6,000

- 4,000

- 2,000

5,0

38

5,8

53

6,3

99

7,0

53 7

,758

12,3

89

3,3

92

3,1

01

OTC contracts ($ bn)

Primary commodity price index

Commoditypriceindex

SalesvalueofOTCcontractsin$bn

01.01.2008 01.01.2010

160 -

140 -

120 -

100 -

80 -

60 -

40 -

20 -


314/340

2008 2009 2010 2011

160 -

140 -

120 -

100 -

80 -

60 -

40 -

20 -

Dow Jones Industrial Average

Dow Jones UBS Commodity Index

Percentage


315/340

750

700

650

600

550

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Polynimial

World Consumption

Linear

Linear

World Production

Polynimial


316/340


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SEKEM engages with all of its stakeholdersin a holistic and transparent way

In 2010, the SEKEM Companies andFoundation employed 1 856 and 271people respectively

SEKEM actively endorses the UN GlobalCompact principles and promotes humanrights together with the Cooperative ofSEKEM Employees (CSE)

SEKEM was awarded by UniFern to provideall its female employees with equal oppor-

tunities SEKEM is at the forefront of nationaland international initiatives for

sustainable development

The SEKEM Development Foundation(SDF) operates a broad range of educa-tional institutions, provides health servicesand supports the cultural and artisticdevelopment of SEKEM employees andmembers of the surrounding communities

To spread knowledge about biodynamicagriculture, SEKEM established the Egyp-tian Biodynamic Association (EBDA)

SEKEM established the Helipolis Academyfor Sustainable Development to foster

research and development

The core business of the SEKEM group areland reclamation, organic farming, phyto-pharmaceutical and textile production

The SEKEM companies include the largestproducer of organic tea and the largest

producer of organic herbs in the MiddleEast SEKEM companies are compliant with 14

international standars and certificates(Demeter, Fairtrade, ISO, etc.)

The SEKEM group has implemented acomprehensive management system,integrating the four dimensions of sustain-able development and annually reports onprogress and achievements

SEKEM cultivates 1 628 feddan (ca 684 ha) offarmland and its suppliers from the EBDAcultivate more than 7 200 feddan (ca 3 000 ha)

Roughly 30 percent of raw materials used inprocessing come from SEKEM firms

SEKEM constantly monitors and improvesthe efficiency of water usage and energyconsumption

One of the major priorities of SEKEM iscaring about the fertility of soil and thebiodiversity of plants and the relatedecosystem

Animal husbandry at SEKEM includes cattle,chickens, bees and pigeons, all living accord-ing to Demeter standards

CulturalLife SocialLife

EcologyEconomicLife


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Documents

UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013