OF STATISTICS
U N I T E D N A T I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D
E V E L O P M E N T
OF STATISTICS
U N I T E D N A T I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D
E V E L O P M E N T
ii
NOTE
Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters
combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a
reference to a United Nations document.
General disclaimer
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in
this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or
area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries.
Where the designations “economy” or “country or area” appear in
tables, they cover countries, territories, cities and areas.
The designations “developing”, “transition” and “developed” are
intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express
a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country
or area in the development process.
* * *
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Les appellations «économie» ou «pays ou zone» figurant dans
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territoires, des villes ou des zones.
Les termes «en développement», «en transition» et «développés» sont
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How to order the Handbook Comment commander le Manuel
FOREWORD INTRODUCTION
The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics provides essential data for
analysing and measuring world trade, investment, international
financial flows and development. Reliable statistical information
is often considered as the first step during the preparation of
recommendations or decisions that will commit countries for many
years as they strive to integrate into the world economy and
improve the living standards of their citizens. Whether it is for
research, consultation or technical cooperation, UNCTAD needs
comparable, often detailed economic, demographic and social data,
over several decades and for as many countries as possible.
In addition to facilitating the work of the secretariat’s
economists, the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics also enables
other users, such as policymakers, research specialists, academics,
officials from national governments or international organizations,
executive managers or members of non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) from developing, transition or developed countries to have
access to this rich statistical information. The
Handbook further offers journalists comprehensive information
in a presentation that meets their needs.
This publication is available in printed copy and DVD. Moreover,
the underlying data of the Handbook are available online at
UNCTADstat (http://unctadstat.unctad.org). Unlike the
Handbook, which captures statistics at one point of time,
UNCTADstat is continuously updated, enriched and provides
users with the latest available data. In this regard, users should
use caution when comparing data between the Handbook and
UNCTADstat, as the date of update may differ.
The list of the country groupings presented in the DVD version of
this new edition of the Handbook has been aligned with the list of
groupings included in the UNCTADstat
database.
To help us provide better and more relevant statistics to users,
you are invited to send your comments to
[email protected].
Le but du Manuel de statistiques de la CNUCED est de fournir
les données statistiques essentielles à l ’analyse du commerce
mondial, de l’investissement, des flux financiers internationaux et
du développement. Une information statistique fiable est souvent le
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décisions qui engageront les pays pour de longues années dans leur
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et pour un maximum de pays.
Au-delà de la mobilisation et de la vérification des données, du
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adaptée à leurs préoccupations.
Le Manuel est disponible en version imprimée et DVD. Les
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régulièrement pour mettre à la disposition des utilisateurs les
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de date de leur mise à jour et de publication.
Dans la version DVD de cette nouvelle édition du Manuel, la liste
des groupements de pays a été étendue pour correspondre à la liste
des groupements présentés dans la base de données UNCTADstat.
Note
.....................................................................................................
ii Note
........................................................................................................
ii
How to order the Handbook
................................................................ ii
Comment commander le
Manuel .............................................
............. ii
Foreword
............................................................................................
iii Introduction
...........................................................................................
iii
Explanation of
symbols.....................................................................
vii Signification des symboles
..................................................................
vii
- Transition economies
...................................................................
xiv - Économies en transition
...............................................................xxviii
- Developed economies
..................................................................
xiv - Économies développées
..............................................................xxviii
Distribution of developing economies by economic Répartition des
économies en développement par grouping
............................................................................................xv
groupements économiques
..............................................................
xxix
Distribution of economies by trade group
......................................xviii Répartition des
économies par groupements commerciaux .......... xxxii
Distribution of economies by interregional
grouping........................xx Répartition des économies par
groupements interrégionaux ....... xxxiv
Abbreviations and acronyms
...........................................................xxi
Abréviations et acronymes
..............................................................
xxxv
PART ONE PREMIÈRE PARTIE International merchandise trade Commerce
international des marchandises
1.1.1 Exports and imports of countries and geographical
1.1.1 Exportations et importations des pays et des régions
regions géographiques - Value
......................................................................................2
- Valeur
......................................................................................
2 -
Share....................................................................................10
- Part
.........................................................................................
10
1.1.2 Exports and imports of economic 1.1.2
Exportations et importations des groupements groupings
économiques
- Value
....................................................................................20
- Valeur
......................................................................................
20 -
Share....................................................................................22
- Part
..........................................................................................
22
1.1.3 Exports and imports of 1.1.3 Exportations
et importations des groupements trade groups
commerciaux
- Value
....................................................................................
24 - Valeur
......................................................................................
24 -
Share....................................................................................26
- Part
..........................................................................................
26
1.2.1 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports
1.2.1 Taux d’évolution annuels moyens des exportations et of
countries and geographical regions
.................................. 28 importations des pays et des
régions géographiques.............. 28
1.2.2 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports
1.2.2 Taux d’évolution annuels moyens des exportations et of
economic
groupings...........................................................38
importations des groupements économiques...........................
38
1.2.3 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports
1.2.3 Taux d évolution annuels moyens des exportations et
of trade
groups.......................................................................40
importations des groupements commerciaux...........................
40
1.3.1 Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports
1.3.1 Valeur de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les
of countries and geographical regions
.................................. 42 importations des pays et des
régions géographiques.............. 42
1.3.2 Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports
1.3.2 Valeur de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les
of economic
groupings...........................................................52
importations des groupements économiques...........................
52
1.4 Intra-trade of trade groups
.....................................................54 1.4
Commerce interne des groupements commerciaux
................54
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES
PART TWO DEUXIÈME PARTIE Inter nati on al mer ch an dise tr ad e by
regi on Commer ce intern atio nal des marchandises par régio
ns
2.1 Country trade structure by partner 2.1
Structure du commerce des pays par partenaires - Exports by main
region of destination.................................58 -
Exportations par principales régions de destination ......... 58 -
Imports by main region of
origin..........................................70 - Importations
par principales régions d ’origine .................. 70
2.2 Export and import structure by partner and product 2.2
Structure des exportations et importations par partenaires
group et groupes de produits
A. World
................................................................................
82 A. Monde
.............................................................................
82 B. Developing economies
....................................................86 B.
Économies en développement.......................................86
C. Developing economies:
Africa.........................................90 C.
Économies en développement : Afrique........................90 D.
Developing economies: America
..................................... 94 D. Économies en
développement : Amérique....................94 E. Developing
economies: Asia ...........................................98 E.
Économies en développement : Asie ............................98 F
Developing economies: Eastern, Southern F. Économies
en développement : Asie orientale
and South-Eastern
Asia.................................................102
méridionale et du
Sud-Est............................................ 102 G.
Developing economies: Western Asia
..........................106 G. Économies en
développement : Asie occidentale.......106 H. Developing
economies: Oceania ..................................110 H.
Économies en développement : Océanie .................... 110 I.
Developing economies: Major petroleum and gas I.
Économies en développement : principaux
exporters
........................................................................114
exportateurs de pétrole et de
gaz................................114 J. Developing
economies: Major manufactured J. Économies en développement
: principaux
goods exporters
.............................................................118
exportateurs d’articles manufacturés...........................118
K. Transition
economies.....................................................122
K. Économies en transition
...............................................122
L. Developed economies
...................................................126 L.
Économies développées
..............................................126
PART THREE TROISIÈME PARTIE Inter nati on al mer ch an dise tr ad e
by pr odu ct Commer ce intern atio nal des marchandises par pr odu
its
3.1 Country trade structure by product group 3.1
Structure du commerce des pays par groupes de produits - Exports
...............................................................................132
-
Exportations......................................................................
132 - Imports
...............................................................................145
-
Importations......................................................................
145
C. Developed economies
...................................................168 C.
Économies développées
..............................................168 D.
Individual countries and territories
................................173 D. Pays et territoires
individuels .......................................173 E.
Major exporters for leading products among E. Principaux
exportateurs de produits majeurs parmi
developing
economies...................................................195 les
économies en développement ...............................
195
3.3 Concentration and structural change indices of 3.3
Indices de concentration et de changement structurel product
markets des marchés de produits - Exports
...............................................................................204
-
Exportations......................................................................
204 - Imports
...............................................................................208
-
Importations......................................................................
208
PART FOUR QUATRIÈME PARTIE Inter nati on al mer ch an dis e tr ad e
in di cat ors Indi cat eur s d u co mm erc e inter nat ion al des
mar ch and is es
4.1.1 Export and import concentration and 4.1.1
Indices de concentration et de diversification des
diversification indices of countries and expor tations et importat
ions des pays et des
geographical
regions............................................................214
régions
géographiques.......................................................214
4.1.2 Export and import concentration and 4.1.2
Indices de concentration et de diversification des diversification
indices of economic exportations et importations des
groupements
groupings..............................................................................224
économiques
......................................................................
224
4.2.2 International merchandise trade indices of 4.2.2
Indices du commerce international des marchandises economic
groupings des groupements économiques - Volume indices of exports
and imports.............................250 - Indices du volume des
exportations et importations ....... 250 - Unit value indices
of expor ts and - Indices de la valeur unitaire des exportations et
imports................................................................................252
importations
......................................................................
252 - Terms of trade indices and purchasing - Indices des termes de
l ’échange et du pouvoir power indices of
exports....................................................254 d
’achat des exportations
..................................................254
4.3 Average applied import MFN tariff rates on 4.3
Droits de douane moyens NPF appliqués à l’importation
non-agricultural and non-fuel
products................................256 des produits
non-agricoles et non-pétroliers ..................... 256
PART FIVE CINQUIÈME PARTIE International trade in services Commerce
international des services
5.1.1 Value of exports and imports of services of
5.1.1 Valeur des exportations et importations de
services countries and geographical regions
....................................274 des pays et des régions
géographiques............................ 274
5.1.2 Value of exports and imports of services of
5.1.2 Valeur des exportations et importations de services
economic groupings..
...........................................................282 des
groupements économiques..........................................
282
5.1.3 Value of exports and imports of services of
5.1.3 Valeur des exportations et importations de services
trade groups
.........................................................................284
des groupements
commerciaux.......................................... 284
5.2 Exports and imports of services by 5.2
Exportations et importations des services par service
category catégories de services
- Transport
...........................................................................286
- Transports
.........................................................................
286 - Travel
.................................................................................288
- Voyages
............................................................................
288
- Royalties and licence
fees.................................................300 -
Redevances et droits de licence
...................................... 300 - Other business
services ....................................................302 -
Autres services aux entreprises
....................................... 302 - Personal, cultural
and recreational services .....................304 - Services
personnels, culturels et relatifs aux loisirs ........ 304
5.3 World merchant fleet by flag of registration and 5.3
Flotte marchande mondiale par pavillons type of ship of
countries and geographical d’immatriculation et par
types de navires
regions..................................................................................309
des pays et des régions géographiques.............................
309
6.1 Annual and quarterly indices of free-market 6.1
Indices annuels et trimestriels des prix d ’une prices of selected
primary commodities..............................324 sélection de
produits de base sur le marché libre.............. 324
6.2 Instability indices and trends in free market 6.2
Indices d’instabilité et tendances des prix sur le prices for
selected primary commodities.............................330 marché
libre d ’une sélection de produits de base..............330
PART SEVEN SEPTIÈME PARTIE International f inance Finance
internationale
7.1.1 Balance of payments: Current account net of countries
7.1.1 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des pays
and geographical regions
....................................................334 et des
régions géographiques ............................................
334
7.1.2 Balance of payments: Current account net of economic
7.1.2 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des
groupings..............................................................................342
groupements
économiques.................................................
342
7.1.3 Balance of payments: Current account net of trade
7.1.3 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des
groups...................................................................................344
groupements
commerciaux.................................................
344
7.2.1 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.1
Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et flows of
countries and geographical regions.......................346
sortants des pays et des régions géographiques ..............
346
7.2.2 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.2
Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et flows of
economic groupings
...............................................354 sortants des
groupements économiques ........................... 354
7.2.3 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.3
Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et flows of
trade
groups............................................................356
sortants des groupements commerciaux ...........................
356
7.3.1 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of countries and 7.3.1
Envois de fonds des migrants : recettes des pays
geographical
regions............................................................358
et des régions géographiques
............................................ 358
7.3.2 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of economic 7.3.2
Envois de fonds des migrants : recettes des
groupings..............................................................................366
groupements
économiques.................................................
366
7.4.1 Migrants' remittances: Payments of countries and 7.4.1
Envois de fonds des migrants : paiements des pays
geographical
regions............................................................368
et des régions géographiques
............................................ 368
7.4.2 Migrants' remittances: Payments of economic 7.4.2
Envois de fonds des migrants : paiements des
groupings..............................................................................376
groupements
économiques.................................................
376
7.5.1 International reserves of developing economies 7.5.1
Réserves internationales des économies en by country and
geographical region....................................378
développement par pays et régions géographiques.......... 378
7.5.2 International reserves of developing economies 7.5.2
Réserves internationales des économies en by economic
grouping..........................................................384
développement par groupements économiques................ 384
7.6.1 Official financial flows from bilateral and multilateral
7.6.1 Flux financiers publics bilatéraux et multilatéraux sources
by country and geographical region.....................386 par pays
et régions géographiques ....................................
386
7.6.2 Official financial flows from bilateral and multilateral
7.6.2 Flux financiers publics bilatéraux et multilatéraux à sources
to developing economies by economic destination des économies en
développement par
grouping
..............................................................................400
groupements
économiques................................................
400
exporters
........................................................................409
exportateurs de pétrole et de gaz ................................
409 G. Developing economies: Major manufactured G. Économies en
développement : principaux
goods
exporters.............................................................410
exportateurs d ’articles manufacturés
...........................410
8.1.1 Nominal gross domestic product: Total and per capita 8.1.1
Produit intérieur brut nominal : total et par habitant of countries
and geographical regions ................................414 des
pays et des régions géographiques.............................
414
8.1.2 Nominal gross domestic product: Total and per capita 8.1.2
Produit intérieur brut nominal : total et par habitant of economic
groupings.........................................................422
des groupements
économiques.......................................... 422
8.2.1 Annual average growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.1
Taux de croissance annuels moyens du produit real gross domestic
product of countries and intérieur brut réel total et par habitant
des pays
geographical
regions............................................................424
et des régions géographiques
............................................ 424
8.2.2 Annual average growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.2
Taux de croissance annuels moyens du produit real gross domestic
product of intérieur brut réel total et par habitant des
economic
groupings.............................................................432
groupements
économiques.................................................
432
8.3.1 Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.1 Produit
intérieur brut nominal par catégories de expenditure and by kind of
economic activity of dépenses et par branches d ’activité
économique countries and geographical regions
....................................434 des pays et des régions
géographiques............................. 434
8.3.2 Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.2 Produit
intérieur brut nominal par catégories de expenditure and by kind of
economic activity of dépenses et par branches d ’activité
économique economic
groupings.............................................................453
des groupements
économiques.......................................... 453
8.4.1 Population and labour force of countries and 8.4.1 Population
et main-d’œuvre des pays et des geographical
regions............................................................456
régions
géographiques........................................................
456
8.4.2 Population and labour force of economic 8.4.2 Population et
main-d’œuvre des groupements
groupings..............................................................................475
économiques
.......................................................................
475
0 Zero means that the amount is nil or negligible. 0 Un zéro
signifieque le montant est nul ou négligeable.
_ The symbol underscore indicates that the item is not
applicable.
_ Un tiret signifie que la rubrique est sans
objet.
.. Two dots indicate that the data are not available or are not
separately reported.
.. Deux points signifient que les données ne sont pas disponibles
ou ne sont pas communiquées séparément.
- The use of a hyphen on data area of individual countries means
that data is estimated and included in the aggregation but not to
be shown; on data area of country aggregates, it signifies
non-publishable estimates. A hyphen between years (e.g. 1985-1990)
signifies the full period involved, including the initial and final
years.
- Le trait d’union dans le champ de données des pays individuels
indique que le chiffre est estimé et inclus dans l'agrégation mais
n'est pas publié; dans le champ de données des agrégats de pays, il
indique que le chiffre estimé n'est pas publiable. Le trait d'union
entre deux millésimes (par exemple 1985-1990) indique qu’il s’agit
de la période tout entière, y compris la première et la dernière
année mentionnées.
(b) Break in the series (b) Interruption de la série
(e) Estimate (e) Estimation
(f) Forecast (f) Prévision
(p) Provisional data (p) Donnée provisoire
(r) Revised data (r) Donnée révisée
(u) Preliminary estimate (u) Estimation préliminaire
Some exceptions are indicated in footnotes. Les exce ptions sont
indiquées dans les notes en bas de page.
EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS SIGNIFICATION DES SYMBOLES
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES
These notes summarize the content of each part of the Handbook
according to the revised Table of Contents of the
present issue of the Handbook of Statistics. The tables included in
this book represent analytical
summaries of the full time series contained in the UNCTAD
Handbook of Statistics 2013 on DVD.
PART ONE International merchandise trade
Table 1.1 shows the value of total exports (f.o.b.) and imports
(c.i.f.), expressed in millions of dollars and percentages of
the
world total, of individual countries and geographical regions
(1.1.1), economic groupings (1.1.2), and trade groups (1.1.3). The
trade flows shown in table 1.1.1 refer to the General Trade
System except for the countries which employ the Special Trade
System and which are marked with an asterisk. The General Trade
System is used when the statistical territory of a compiling
country coincides with its economic territory.
Consequently, imports include all goods entering the economic
territory of a compiling country and exports include all goods
leaving the economic territory of the compiling country. The
Special Trade System is used when the statistical territory
comprises only a particular part of the economic territory within
which “goods may be disposed of without customs restriction
”.
In such a case, imports include all goods entering the free
circulation area of the compiling country, which means cleared
through customs for home use, and exports include all goods
leaving the free circulation area of a compiling country.
Average annual growth rates of international trade
derived
from table 1.1 are presented in table 1.2.
Table 1.3 contains trade balances (exports f.o.b. minus
imports c.i.f.) and these balances as a percentage of imports
of individual countries, geographical regions and economic
groupings.
Table 1.4 shows the relative importance of trade among group
members as compared to the regional or total trade of
that group.
PART TWO International merchandise trade by region
Table 2.1 shows the export and import structure of individual
countries by main regions of origin and destination. Data are
presented for as many individual countries as possible, while trade
partners are grouped in 14 major clusters.
Table 2.2 ( A to L) presents the structure of exports by
destination and imports by origin by major commodity groups for 12
selected country groups. The table provides detailed
information on the world trade network for 19 regions of origin and
destination and six commodity groups.
Totals of international merchandise trade presented in the tables
found in parts one and two are not strictly comparable due to
complementary but different sources and remaining
unallocated trade flows, despite efforts to distribute trade flows
by destination, origin and commodity group.
Exports by destination may differ considerably in some cases from
data on imports as reported by countries of destination for a
variety of factors, among which the following may be of
particular importance: - Most import data are reported on a c.i.f.
rather than an f.o.b. basis;
- There is a time lag between the date on which goods are recorded
as exports and their arrival at their destination; - There may be
considerable differences between the recorded
destination of exports and the actual destination as shown in
import statistics.
PART THREE International merchandise trade by product
Table 3.1 shows the export and import structure of individual
economies by commodity groups for selected years for nine
commodity groups (total, all food items, agricultural raw
materials, fuels, ores and metals, manufactured goods, including
chemical products, machinery and transport
equipment and other manufactured goods).
Table 3.2 ( A, B and C, respectively) presents the
structure
of exports for the world, for developing and developed economies,
by product, at the SITC group (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. Each
product share of world exports is calculated for each
economic grouping as well as the average annual growth rate and the
latter ’s deviation in relation to the world growth
rate.
Table 3.2D establishes for each economy the list of main
products exported (SITC group, Revision 3, 3-digit level). Each
product’s share of total exports of individual countries,
geographical regions and the world is also indicated.
Table 3.2E lists major exporters of 70 leading products among
developing economies at the SITC group (Revision 3,
3-digit) level as well as corresponding shares in world
trade.
Table 3.3 provides concentration indices and structural
change indices for exports and imports by product group at SITC
(Revision 3, 3-digit) level. The first indicator shows how a
product market is concentrated in a few countries or
homogeneously distributed among several countries. The structural
change indicator shows whether the market share for a given
product among export countries has changed
significantly when compared with a reference year.
Totals of international merchandise trade presented in the
tables of this third part may also differ from the data contained
in the first part for the above reasons, to which must be added
margins of exports and imports not distributed by commodity
group or the use of different product nomenclatures by the
exporting and importing countries.
PART FOUR International merchandise trade indicators
Table 4.1 includes calculation results of concentration
and
diversification indices for individual countries, geographical
regions and economic groupings. This concentration index
specifically shows how exports and imports of individual
countries or country groupings are concentrated on several products
or otherwise distributed in a more homogeneous manner among a
series of products. The diversification
indicator signals whether the structure of exports or imports by
product of a given country or country grouping differs from the
structure by product shown for the world.
Table 4.2 contains volume indices of exports and imports, rounding
out trade value available in tables 1.1 and 1.2, unit
value indices of exports and imports and derived terms of trade and
purchasing power of exports. They are all presented at the level of
individual countries and geographical regions (4.2.1)
and economic groupings (4.2.2).
To improve data coverage, especially for the latest periods,
the
following procedure was used in the calculation of unit value
indices:
- A set of average prices indices at SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit)
group level was constructed using UNCTADstat
Commodity
Price Statistics, international and national sources and
UNCTAD secretariat estimates;
- At the country level, unit value indices were calculated
using
current year ’s trade values as weights at the SITC (Revision
3, 3-digit) level. Trade values are available in table 3.2.
In some instances these indices may differ from the estimates
published in official sources, since the main aim is to provide
tentative estimates for most developing countries on a
comparable basis.
PART FIVE International trade i n s ervices
Tables 5.1.1, 5.1.2 and 5.1.3 present exports and
imports of total trade in services by individual country,
geographical
region, economic grouping and trade group. The statistics shown are
a result of the common work of UNCTAD and World Trade Organization
(WTO) and they correspond to the definitions of the IMF Balance of
Payments Manual (BPM5, 1993). The aggregate data from tables 5.1
include estimates of
missing values that are not shown separately. Services are
defined as the economic output of intangible commodities that may
be produced, transferred and consumed at the same time. However,
services cover a heterogeneous range of intangible
products and activities that are difficult to capture within a
single definition and are sometimes hard to separate from goods.
Services are outputs produced to order, and they typically
include changes in the condition of the consumers realized through
the activities of the producers at the demand of customers.
By the time production of a service is completed, it
must have been provided to a consumer.
Table 5.2 presents statistics on international trade in
services by category of service for selected country groups and for
major individual economy exporters and importers among developing
and transition economies, as well as among
developed countries. The data shown are a result of the common work
of UNCTAD and WTO and they correspond to the definitions of the IMF
Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5,
1993). The following services categories are included:
transport, travel, communication, construction, computer and
information services, insurance, financial services, royalties
and
licence fees, other business services, and personal, cultural and
recreational services.
To the extent possible, the inter-agency Task Force on Statistics
of International Trade in Services aims to explain and reduce the
divergences noticed in statistics for trade in services
published by different international organizations. An overview of
existing databases covering statistics on international trade in
services is described at
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/TFSITS/matrix.htm.
Table 5.3 describes international maritime transport. It
contains data on the size of the world merchant fleet by flag
of registration and by type of ship by region and economy.
The
table incorporates consolidated time series from various issues of
the UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport. The Review reports
on the worldwide evolution of shipping, ports and
multimodal transport related to the major traffics of liquid
bulk, dry bulk and containers.
PART SIX Commodities
Table 6.1 includes aggregated price indices for primary
commodity groups such as food, tropical beverages, vegetable
oilseeds and oils, agricultural raw materials and minerals, ores
and metals, as well as an all groups price index in current
United States dollars. Also included are the annual and quarterly
free-market price indices for selected commodities exported by
developing economies. The weight of price indices
for the above mentioned commodity groups (2000=100) are based on
the value of exports of developing countries from 1999 to
2001.
Table 6.2 presents instability indices and trends in free- market
prices for selected primary commodities that are of
particular interest to developing economies.
PART SEVEN International finance
Tables 7.1.1, 7.1.2 and 7.1.3 present values of the
current account net in millions of dollars and as percentages of
GDP for individual countries, geographical regions, and trade
and
economic groupings. Balance-of-payments current account data cover
all transactions between residents and non-residents of a reporting
economy. In general, the current account balance
describes the difference between current receipts and
expenditures for internationally traded goods, services and income
payments. At the same time, from a national
perspective, the current account balance would equal the gap
between national savings and domestic investment.
Tables 7.2.1, 7.2.2 and 7.2.3 contain information on foreign
direct investment (FDI) inflows and outflows by individual country,
geographical region, economic grouping and trade
group. These figures correspond to the Statistical Annexes of
the UNCTAD World Investment Report 2013. FDI is defined
as
an investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting
a
lasting interest in and control by a resident entity in one economy
(foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) of an enterprise
resident in a different economy (FDI enterprise or
affiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate). Such investment
involves both the initial transaction between the two entities and
all subsequent transactions between them and among foreign
affiliates. A direct investment enterprise is defined as an
incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which the direct
investor, resident in another economy, owns 10 percent or
more
of the ordinary shares or voting power (or the equivalent).
Tables 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 present values of receipts
(credits) of
total migrants’ remittances, in millions of dollars, for individual
economies and regional and economic groupings. They also show total
remittances receipts as percentage of GDP and
international trade. Migrants’ remittances are the sum of
workers’ remittances, compensation of employees and migrants’
transfers.
Tables 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 include data on payments (debits)
of total migrants’ remittances, based on the same approach
used for tables 7.3.1 and 7.3.2.
Tables 7.5.1 and 7.5.2 present statistics on
total
international reserves (including gold) of developing countries by
country, region and economic grouping, in millions of dollars.
Other calculations included show months of imports that these
reserves could finance at current import levels, as well as the
annual change in total reserves. According to the IMF definition,
international reserves consist of the sum of the country’s
foreign
exchange, its reserve position in the IMF, the monetary gold
reserves, and the United States dollar value of SDR holdings by its
monetary authorities.
Tables 7.6 give a summary of official financial flows by type of
flow, country, region and economic grouping. Flows from
bilateral and multilateral sources are shown, as recorded by the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Development Assistance Committee (DAC).
Tables 7.7 present time series on the external long-term
indebtedness of developing economies. They also provide a
detailed breakdown of public and publicly guaranteed debt by source
of lending. External debt data in this table are based on the
Debtor Reporting System (DRS) maintained by the World
Bank.
PART EIGHT Development in dicators
Table 8.1 provides information on total and per capita nominal
gross domestic product (GDP) (in United States dollars) by
individual country, geographical region and economic grouping. The
GDP figures in dollars are derived from GDP data provided in
national currencies. The prevailing annual average market exchange
rates, as reported by IMF, have been used for the conversion from
national currencies to dollars.
Table 8.2 contains annual average growth rates of total and per
capita real GDP by individual country, geographical region and
economic grouping. The growth rates are based on GDP in United
States dollars at constant 2005 prices.
Table 8.3 provides data on GDP by type of expenditure and kind of
economic activity by country, geographical region and economic
grouping.
Tables 8.4.1 and 8.4.2 provide some estimates on population and
labour force: total population, urban population (as a percentage
of total population), total labour force, female labour force (as a
percentage of total labour force), total agriculture labour force
and female labour force (as a percentage of total agriculture
labour force). The figures for certain groups may be
different from those published by the sources cited when the UNCTAD
definitions for those groups are different.
OTHER NOTES
Unless otherwise specified, country aggregates are the sums
of the relevant country data by group. Calculations of
aggregates may in some cases include data estimated by the UNCTAD
secretariat that are not necessarily all reported separately. When
there are not enough representative reported or estimated
data points within a country aggregate, no aggregation is
undertaken and symbol (-) is assigned.
Because of rounding, details and percentages in tables do not
necessarily add up to totals.
Data were checked to ensure that they matched the geographical
coverage of the countries, as described at the beginning of
the Handbook . However, some gaps could not be avoided due to
data unavailability and are described in the notes at the end of
tables.
Unless otherwise stated, dollars ($) refer to United States dollars
and data in dollars are expressed in current United States dollars
of the year to which they refer.
Average annual growth rates are defined as the coefficient
b
in the exponential trend function y = ae bt
DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
The country distributions presented are for statistical convenience
only and follow those used by the Statistics Division, Department
of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), of the United Nations. They
are grouped by economic criteria or by adhesion to commercial
agreements for the purpose of statistical analysis and
research.
The term “economies”, as used in this publication, refers to
regions, countries and territories. In case of change in the
statistical coverage of a country, it is identified by adding an
end year after the country name. For example, Indonesia
(…2002)
indicates that the statistical coverage of Indonesia, including
Timor-Leste, was valid until 2002.
The composition of country groupings presented in the
Handbook is evolving in order to provide relevant statistics
for research and analysis. In this regard, UNCTAD reviews and
updates the definition and composition of groups every year. User
should be aware that the changes may impact significantly the
figures from one given release to the other. The changes in the
groups are thoroughly outlined in the section Methodology and
Classifications under 'Useful links'
atUNCTADstat website.
1. Developing, transition and developed economies
There is no established convention for the designation of
"developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United
Nations system. In common practice, Israel and Japan in Asia,
Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, and the
United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in
Oceania, and Europe are considered "developed" regions or areas.
This section includes all countries and territories divided into
three major categories: developing countries, transition economies
and developed economies. Each category is further divided into
geographical regions.
1) Developing economies
This category includes countries and territories in America,
Africa, Asia and Oceania not specified below. The
geographical regions are further subdivided into subregions in
order to present more detailed statistics. Exceptions are specified
in table footnotes.
2) Transition economies This group includes countries in transition
from centrally planned to market economies.
3) Developed economies
This category is subdivided into four geographical regions:
America, Asia, Europe and Oceania.
World’ total represents the sum of the figures of the three
above-mentioned groups plus the figures of a group of territories
and partners not elsewhere classified, whose composition is
detailed below. Data of these territories are included in the world
total if they have been reported but are not presented individually
or in any group..
The composition of the group “not elsewhere classified” is as
follows:
- Territories: Antarctica, Bouvet Island, British Antarctic
Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, French Southern Territories, Heard and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island, Pitcairn, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin
(French part), South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, United
States Minor Outlying Islands, and United States Miscellaneous
Pacific Islands.
- Partners: “Confidential information and differences”, “Neutral
zone”, “Free zones”, “Bunkers”, and “Ship stores”. These specific
partners are only used in the merchandise trade tables.
The total of each group presented in the Handbook is also
completed, should the case arise, with data that have not been
allocated to the different elements composing the group.
2. Economic groupings of developing countries
The Handbook includes numerous and varied groups of countries and
territories in order to provide easy access to the statistics
necessary for socio-economic analysis and development
research.
Developing economies are presented at three levels of aggregation:
the total group, the group excluding China (referring to
continental China) and the group excluding the least developed
countries.
The category of heavily indebted poor countries includes those
economies benefiting from the HIPC debt reduction initiative of the
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
LDCs and landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) are recognized by
the United Nations as categories that require special attention
from the international community.
Since 1994, the United Nations has recognized the particular
problems of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS), even though
the criteria for drawing up an official list of SIDS were never
determined. The unofficial list is used by UNCTAD for analytical
purposes only.
The developing economies are also categorized into three subgroups
according to their average 2004-2006 per capita GDP: high-income
(above $4,500), middle-income (between $1,000 and $4,500) and
low-income (below $1,000).
The group of major petroleum and gas exporters consists of
countries whose share of petroleum and gas (SITC code 33 plus 34)
was not less than 50 per cent of their total exports, and whose
exports of these products amounted to at least 1 per cent of
petroleum and gas world share for the period 2004 –2006. This
group is divided into three geographical zones: Africa,
America and Asia.
The group of major manufactured goods exporters consists of
economies whose share of manufactured products (SITC 5 to 8,
excluding 667 and 68) was not less than 50 per cent of their total
exports, and whose exports of these products amounted to at least 1
per cent of manufactured goods world share for the period
2004 –2006. The group comprises countries in America and
Asia.
The composition of the groups of emerging economies (in
America and Asia) and newly industrialized Asian economies
(composed of first and second tier) corresponds to UNCTAD’s Trade
and Development Report .
The different geographical regions are also presented at various
levels of aggregation:- Africa: Northern Africa excluding Sudan,
sub-Saharan Africa, including Sudan, including and excluding South
Africa.
- America: Central America and Greater Caribbean Islands excluding
Puerto Rico, including and excluding Mexico, South
America and Central America, and South America excluding
Brazil.
- Asia: Eastern and South-Eastern Asia excluding China, and
Southern Asia excluding India.
3. Trade groups and interregional groupings
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
Djibouti Mozambique Zambia
Eritrea Rwanda Zimbabwe
Central African Republic Equatorial Guinea
Chad Gabon
Northern Africa
Cape Verde Liberia Senegal
Gambia Mauritania Togo
Dominican Republic Antigua and Barbuda Grenada
Haiti Aruba Montserrat
Barbados Saint Lucia
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines
British Virgin Islands Sint Maarten (Dutch part)
Cayman Islands Trinidad and Tobago
Curaçao Turks and Caicos Islands
Central America
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES (concluded)
AMERICA (conc luded)
Brazil Guyana Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Chile Paraguay
Colombia Peru
of Korea Mongolia
Southern Asia
Bhutan Maldives Sri Lanka
Western Asia
Jordan Saudi Arabia Yemen
Kuwait State of Palestine
Lebanon Syrian Arab Republic
Cook Islands Nauru Solomon Islands
Fiji New Caledonia Tokelau
French Polynesia Niue Tonga
Kiribati Palau Vanuatu
TRANSITION ECONOMIES
Belarus Russian Federation
Kazakhstan of Macedonia
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Faeroe Islands Lithuania Switzerland including Liechtenstein
Finland including Åland Islands Luxembourg United Kingdom of Great
Britain and
France including French Guyana, Malta Northern Ireland including
Channel
Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte*, Netherlands Islands and Isle of
Man
Monaco and Réunion Norway including Svalbard
Germany and Jan Mayen
* Since 2012, Mayotte has been included in the statistical
territory of France
OCEANIA
Australia
Heavily indebted poor countries (39)
Afghanistan Ethiopia Mozambique
Benin Gambia Nicaragua
Burkina Faso Guinea Rwanda
Cameroon Guyana Senegal
Chad Honduras Somalia
Comoros Liberia Sudan
Congo Madagascar Togo
Democratic Republic of the Congo Mali United Republic of
Tanzania
Eritrea Mauritania Zambia
Bhutan Lesotho Tajikistan*
Botswana Mali of Macedonia*
Burkina Faso Mongolia Turkmenistan*
Chad Paraguay Zambia
Ethiopia Republic of Moldova* Zimbabwe
* These countries are classified as economies in transition
(neither developed nor developing). However, as they are landlocked
States, they are also members of this group.
Small island developing States (29)
Antigua and Barbuda Maldives Samoa
Bahamas Marshall Islands Sao Tome and Principe
Barbados Mauritius Seychelles
Comoros Nauru Timor-Leste
Dominica Palau Tonga
Grenada Saint Kitts and Nevis Tuvalu
Jamaica Saint Lucia Vanuatu
Least developed countries (49)
Year of inclusion in the group Year of inclusion in the group Year
of inclusion in the group
Africa and Hai ti Asia
Angola 1994 Mali 1971 Afghanistan 1971
Benin 1971 Mauritania 1986 Bangladesh 1975
Burkina Faso 1971 Mozambique 1988 Bhutan 1971
Burundi 1971 Niger 1971 Cambodia 1991
Central African Republic 1975 Rwanda 1971 Lao People ’s Democratic
Republic 1971
Chad 1971 Senegal 2000 Myanmar 1987
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1991 Sierra Leone 1982 Nepal
1971
Djibouti 1982 Somalia 1971 Yemen 1971
Equatorial Guinea 1982 South Sudan 2012
Eritrea 1994 Sudan 1971 Islands
Ethiopia 1971 Togo 1982 Comoros 1977
Gambia 1975 Uganda 1971 Kiribati 1986
Guinea 1971 United Republic of Tanzania 1971 Samoa 1971
Guinea-Bissau 1981 Zambia 1991 Sao Tome and Principe 1982
Haiti 1971 Solomon Islands 1991
Lesotho 1971 Timor-Leste 2003
Liberia 1990 Tuvalu 1986
Madagascar 1991 Vanuatu 1985
UNCTAD ECONOMIC GROUPINGS
2004-2006 average per capita cu rrent GDP above $4 500: High-in
come (57)
American Samoa Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Palau
Anguilla French Polynesia Panama
Aruba Guam Saint Kitts and Nevis
Bahamas Hong Kong, Special Administrative Saint Lucia
Bahrain Region of China Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Barbados Kuwait Saudi Arabia
Botswana Libya Singapore
Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Taiwan Province of China
Cayman Islands Mauritius Trinidad and Tobago
Chile Mexico Turkey
Curaçao Niue Uruguay
Equatorial Guinea Oman
2004-2006 average per capi ta cur rent GDP between $1 000 and $4
500: Middle-income (47)
Algeria Guyana Philippines
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Iran (Islamic Republic of) Sri
Lanka
Bhutan Jamaica State of Palestine
Cape Verde Jordan Suriname
Congo Marshall Islands Thailand
Dominican Republic Mongolia Tonga
Guatemala Peru
2004-2006 average per capita cu rrent GDP below $1 000: Low-in come
(55)
Afghanistan Guinea-Bissau Papua New Guinea
Bangladesh Haiti Rwanda
Burkina Faso Iraq Senegal
Burundi Kenya Sierra Leone
Cameroon Lesotho Somalia
Chad Madagascar Sudan
Comoros Malawi Timor-Leste
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Mauritania Uganda
Democratic Republic of the Congo Mozambique United Republic of
Tanzania
Djibouti Myanmar Viet Nam
Major petroleum and gas exporters (12)
Africa America Asia
Angola Iraq
Libya Kuwait
Nigeria Oman
Amer ic a Asia
Peru Thailand
First tier Second tier
Region of China Malaysia
Republic of Korea Philippines
AFRICA
Year of accession Year of accession Year of accession
Arab Maghreb Union (5) - UMA Econ omic Community of Cent ral
Econ omic and Monetary Community Algeria 1989 Afr ican
States (10) - ECCAS of Central Afr ica (6) - CEMAC Libya 1989
Angola 1999 Cameroon 1994
Mauritania 1989 Burundi 1983 Central African Republic 1994
Morocco 1989 Cameroon 1983 Chad 1994
Tunisia 1989 Central African Republic 1983 Congo 1994
Chad 1983 Equatorial Guinea 1994
Common Market for Eastern and Congo 1983 Gabon 1994
Southern Africa (19) - COMESA Democratic Republic of the Congo
1983
Burundi 1994 Equatorial Guinea 1983 Mano River Union (4) - MRU
Comoros 1994 Gabon 1983 Côte d'Ivoire 2008
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1994 Sao Tome and Principe 1983
Guinea 1980
Djibouti 1994 Liberia 1973
Egypt 1994 Sierra Leone 1973
Eritrea 1994 Economic Community of th e Great Ethiopia 1994 Lakes
Countri es (3) - CEPGL Southern African Development Kenya 1994
Burundi 1976 Communi ty (15) - SADC Libya 2005 Democratic Republic
of the Congo 1976 Angola 1992
Madagascar 1994 Rwanda 1976 Botswana 1992
Malawi 1994 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1992
Mauritius 1994 Economic Community of West Lesotho 1992
Rwanda 1994 Afr ican States (15) - ECOWAS Madagascar
2005
Seychelles 1994 Benin 1975 Malawi 1992
Sudan 1994 Burkina Faso 1975 Mauritius 1992
Swaziland 1994 Cape Verde 1977 Mozambique 1992
Uganda 1994 Côte d’Ivoire 1975 Namibia 1992
Zambia 1994 Gambia 1975 Seychelles 2007
Zimbabwe 1994 Ghana 1975 South Africa 1994
Guinea 1975 Swaziland 1992
East African Commu nity (5) - EAC Guinea-Bissau 1975 United
Republic of Tanzania 1992
Burundi 2007 Liberia 1975 Zambia 1992
Kenya 2001 Mali 1975 Zimbabwe 1992
Rwanda 2007 Niger 1975
Uganda 2001 Nigeria 1975 West African Economic and United Republic
of Tanzania 2001 Senegal 1975 Monetary Union (8) - UEMOA
Sierra Leone 1975 Benin 1994
Togo 1975 Burkina Faso 1994
Côte d’Ivoire 1994
Year of accession Year of accession Year of accession
Andean Community (4) - ANCOM Centr al Amer ican Common Market
(5) - Dominican Republic 1994
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1996 CACM Ecuador 1994
Colombia 1996 Costa Rica 1962 El Salvador 1994
Ecuador 1996 El Salvador 1961 Grenada 1994
Peru 1996 Guatemala 1961 Guatemala 1994
Honduras 1961 Guyana 1994
Antigua and Barbuda 1974 Honduras 1994
Bahamas 1983 Free Trade Area of the Americas (34) - Jamaica
1994
Barbados 1973 FTAA Mexico 1994
Belize 1974 Antigua and Barbuda 1994 Nicaragua 1994
Dominica 1974 Argentina 1994 Panama 1994
Grenada 1974 Bahamas 1994 Paraguay 1994
Guyana 1973 Barbados 1994 Peru 1994
Haiti 2002 Belize 1994 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1994
Jamaica 1973 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1994 Saint Lucia
1994
Montserrat 1974 Brazil 1994 Saint Vincent & the Grenadines
1994
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1974 Canada 1994 Suriname 1994
Saint Lucia 1974 Chile 1994 Trinidad and Tobago 1994
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1974 Colombia 1994 United States
of America 1994
Suriname 1995 Costa Rica 1994 Uruguay 1994
AMERICA (concluded)
Argentina 1980 Canada 1994 Mexico 1948
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1980 Mexico 1994 Nicaragua
1948
Brazil 1980 United States of America 1994 Panama 1948
Chile 1980 Paraguay 1948
Colombia 1980 Organization o f American States (35) - OAS Peru
1951
Cuba 1999 Antigua and Barbuda 1981 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1984
Ecuador 1980 Argentina 1948 Saint Lucia 1979
Mexico 1980 Bahamas 1982 Saint Vincent & the Grenadines
1981
Panama 2012 Barbados 1967 Suriname 1977
Paraguay 1980 Belize 1991 Trinidad and Tobago 1967
Peru 1980 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1948 United States of
America 1951
Uruguay 1980 Brazil 1948 Uruguay 1951
Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) 1980 Canada 1990 Venezuela
(Bolivarian Rep. of) 1951
Chile 1948
Mercado Común del Sur (6) - MERCOSUR Colombia 1948 Organization of
Eastern Caribbean Argentina 1994 Costa Rica 1948 States (9) -
OECS Bolivia 2012 Cuba 2009 Anguilla 1995
Brazil 1994 Dominica 1979 Antigua and Barbuda 1981
Paraguay 1994 Dominican Republic 1948 British Virgin Islands
1984
Uruguay 1994 Ecuador 1948 Dominica 1981
Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) 2012 El Salvador 1948 Grenada
1981
Grenada 1975 Montserrat 1981
Guyana 1948 Saint Lucia 1981
Haiti 1948 Saint Vincent & the Grenadines 1981
ASIA
Year of accession Year of accession Year of accession
Asia–Pac if ic Trade Agreement (6) - APTA Philippines 1967
Gulf Cooperation Council (6) - GCC Bangladesh 1975 Singapore 1967
Bahrain 1981
China 2001 Thailand 1967 Kuwait 1981
India 1975 Viet Nam 1995 Oman 1981
Lao People’s Democratic Qatar 1981
Republic 1975 Economic Cooperation Organization (10) - Saudi Arabia
1981
Republic of Korea 1975 ECO United Arab Emirates 1981
Sri Lanka 1975 Afghanistan 1992
Azerbaijan 1992 South Asian Association for Association
of So uth -East Asian Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1985 Regional Coop
eration (8) - SAARC Nations (10) - ASEAN Kazakhstan 1992
Afghanistan 2007
Brunei Darussalam 1984 Kyrgyzstan 1992 Bangladesh 1985
Cambodia 1999 Pakistan 1985 Bhutan 1985
Indonesia 1967 Tajikistan 1992 India 1985
Lao People’s Democratic Turkey 1985 Maldives 1985
Republic 1997 Turkmenistan 1992 Nepal 1985
Malaysia 1967 Uzbekistan 1992 Pakistan 1985
Myanmar 1997 Sri Lanka 1985
EUROPE
Year of accession Year of accession Year of accession
European Free Trade Associatio n (3) - Hungary 2004 Euro area (17)
EFTA Ireland 1973 Austria 2002
Iceland 1970 Italy 1957 Belgium 2002
Norway 1960 Latvia 2004 Cyprus 2008
Switzerland 1960 Lithuania 2004 Estonia 2011
Luxembourg 1957 Finland 2002
Austria 1995 Netherlands 1957 Germany 2002
Belgium 1957 Poland 2004 Greece 2002
Bulgaria 2008 Portugal 1986 Ireland 2002
Cyprus 2004 Romania 2008 Italy 2002
Czech Republic 2004 Slovakia 2004 Luxembourg 2002
Denmark 1973 Slovenia 2004 Malta 2008
Estonia 2004 Spain 1986 Netherlands 2002
Finland 1995 Sweden 1995 Portugal 2002
France 1957 United Kingdom 1973 Slovakia 2009
Germany 1957 Slovenia 2007
Greece 1981 Spain 2002
OCEANIA
Fiji 1998
Vanuatu 1993
Afr ican, Car ibbean and Paci fi c Group of States (79) -
ACP
Angola Gambia Rwanda
Bahamas Grenada Saint Lucia
Belize Guinea-Bissau Samoa
Botswana Haiti Senegal
Chad Madagascar Sudan
Comoros Malawi Suriname
Congo Mali Swaziland
Cuba Mauritius Tonga
Democratic Republic of the Congo Micronesia (Federated States of )
Trinidad and Tobago
Djibouti Mozambique Tuvalu
Dominica Namibia Uganda
Equatorial Guinea Niger Vanuatu
Year of accession Year of accession Year of accession
Asia-Paci fi c Eco nomic Co operat ion (21) - Black Sea
Economic Cooperat ion (12) - Common weal th of Independen t
APEC BSEC States (11) - CIS Australia 1989 Albania 1992
Armenia 1991
Brunei Darussalam 1989 Armenia 1992 Azerbaijan 1991
Canada 1989 Azerbaijan 1992 Belarus 1991
Chile 1994 Bulgaria 1992 Kazakhstan 1991
China 1991 Georgia 1992 Kyrgyzstan 1991
Hong Kong, Special Greece 1992 Republic of Moldova 1991
Administrative Region of China 1991 Republic of Moldova 1992
Russian Federation 1991
Indonesia 1989 Romania 1992 Tajikistan 1991
Japan 1989 Russian Federation 1992 Turkmenistan 1991
Malaysia 1989 Serbia 2004 Ukraine 1991
Mexico 1993 Turkey 1992 Uzbekistan 1991
New Zealand 1989 Ukraine 1992
Papua New Guinea 1993
Thailand 1989
Viet Nam 1998
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
ANCOM Andean Community APEC Asia –Pacific Economic
Cooperation
APTA Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (former Bangkok Agreement)
ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations BPM Balance of
Payments Manual (IMF)
BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation CACM Central American Common
Market CARICOM Caribbean Community
CCSA Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities CEMAC
Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa CEPGL Economic
Community of the Great Lakes Countries
c.i.f. cost, insurance and freight CIS Commonwealth of Independent
States COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
DAC Development Assistance Committee (of OECD) DRS Debtor Reporting
System EAC East African Community
ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECE Economic
Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America
and the Caribbean ECO Economic Cooperation Organization
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EFTA European Free
Trade Association EIU Economic Intelligence Unit
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia EU European
Union
excl. excluding FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations FDI foreign direct investment
f.o.b. free on board FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas GATS
General Agreement on Trade in Services
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP gross domestic product GFCF gross
fixed capital formation
GNP gross national product HIPC heavily indebted poor countries HS
Harmonized System
ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary
Fund LAIA Latin American Integration Association
LDC least developed country LME London Metal Exchange MERCOSUR
Mercado Común del Sur
MFN most favoured nation MRU Mano River Union MSG Melanesia
Spearhead Group
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement n.e.s. not elsewhere
specified NIE newly industrialized economies
n.i.e. not included elsewhere NPISHs non-profit institutions
serving households OA official aid
OAS Organization of American States ODA official development
assistance OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OOF other official
flows OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SADC
Southern African Development Community SAR Special Administrative
Region
SDR special drawing right SFR Socialist Federative Republic of
Yugoslavia (former) SIDS Small Island Developing States
SITC Standard International Trade Classification TFYR The former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia TNC transnational corporation
TRAINS Trade Analysis and Information System UMA Arab Maghreb Union
UN/DESA/SD United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Statistics Division
UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United
Nations Children’s Fund
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WAEMU West African
Economic and Monetary Union WITS World Integrated Trade
Solution
WTO World Trade Organization
NOTES GÉNÉRALES
Ces notes générales présentent le contenu de chaque tableau du
Manuel de stat ist iques ainsi que les modifications
introduites dans cette nouvelle édition, s’il y a lieu.
Les tableaux inclus dans cette publication constituent un résumé
analytique des séries chronologiques complètes publiées
dans le Manuel de statistiques 2013 de la CNUCED sur
DVD.
PREMIÈRE PARTIE Commerce international d es marchandises
Les tableaux 1.1 donnent la valeur des exportations (f.a.b.)
et des
importations (c.a.f.) totales de marchandises, exprimée en millions
de dollars et en pourcentage du monde, des pays et régions
géographiques (1.1.1), groupements économiques (1.1.2) et
groupements commerciaux (1.1.3). Les flux du commerce présentés
dans le tableau 1.1.1 se réfèrent au Système du Commerce Général, à
l’exception des pays et territoires qui utilisent le Système du
Commerce Spécial et qui sont munis d ’un
astérisque. Le Système du Commerce Général est utilisé lorsque le
territoire statistique d’un pays coïncide avec son territoire
économique, et en conséquence, les importations comprennent
tous les biens admis sur le territoire du pays déclarant et les
exportations tous les biens qui le quittent. Le Système du Commerce
Spécial est utilisé lorsque le territoire statistique ne
comprend qu’une partie du territoire économique à l ’intérieur de
laquelle « les biens peuvent être écoulés librement sans
restriction douanière ». Dans ce cas, les importations comprennent
tous les
biens qui entrent dans la zone de libre circulation du pays
déclarant, c’est-à-dire qui ont été dédouanés pour mise à la
consommation et les exportations comprennent tous les biens
qui
quittent la zone de libre circulation du pays déclarant.
Les taux d’évolution annuels moyens du commerce
international des marchandises, calculés à partir des valeurs des
tableaux 1.1, figurent dans les tableaux 1. 2.
Les tableaux 1.3 présentent les balances commerciales
(exportations f.a.b. moins importations c.a.f.), ainsi que ces
mêmes balances en pourcentage des importations des pays,
régions géographiques et groupements économiques.
Le tableau 1.4 indique l’importance des échanges entre
pays
membres de groupements commerciaux par rapport aux exportations
régionales et totales de ces groupements.
DEUXIÈME PARTIE Commerce international des m archandises par
régions
Le tableau 2.1 présente la structure des exportations et des
importations des pays par régions de destination et d ’origine. Le
plus grand nombre possible de pays en développement sont
inclus
tandis que les partenaires commerciaux sont regroupés en 14 groupes
considérés comme particulièrement importants pour l’analyse du
commerce international.
Les tableaux 2.2 ( A à L) indiquent la structure
des exportations par destination ainsi que des importations
par
origine et par groupes de produits pour le monde et une sélection
de 12 groupements de pays. Le tableau fournit une information
détaillée sur le réseau du commerce international avec le
monde,
19 régions d’origine et de destination, et pour six différents
groupes de produits.
Les totaux du commerce international des marchandises présentés
dans les tableaux des première et deuxième parties ne sont pas
strictement comparables en raison de sources
complémentaires mais différentes et d ’une marge d’exportations et
d’importations non distribuées, en dépit des efforts déployés pour
répartir les flux commerciaux par destinations et origines.
Les exportations ventilées par destinations peuvent accuser un
écart parfois considérable par rapport aux importations
déclarées par les pays destinataires en raison de divers facteurs
dont les plus importants sont les suivants :
- Les importations sont déclarées en principe “valeur c.a.f.”
plutôt que “valeur f.a.b”.;
- Les importations de marchandises peuvent arriver à destination et
être enregistrées longtemps après la date de leur enregistrement à
l’exportation ;
- D’importantes différences peuvent exister entre la destination
des exportations déclarée par les pays exportateurs et la
destination réelle telle qu’indiquée dans les statistiques
d’importation.
TROISIÈME PARTIE Commerce international des marchandises par
produits
Le tableau 3.1 fournit la structure des exportations et des
importations des pays par produits classés en 9 groupes (total,
produits alimentaires, matières premières d ’origine
agricole,
combustibles, minerais et métaux, produits manufacturés, dont
produits chimiques, machines et matériel de transport, articles
manufacturés divers) pour plusieurs années.
Les tableaux 3.2A, B et C présentent respectivement les
exportations par produits du monde, des économies en
développement et développées, à un niveau très détaillé (CTCI
révision 3, position à trois chiffres). Les parts que représente
chaque produit dans les exportations du monde et de la région, sont
calculées pour chaque groupe d’économies, ainsi que le
taux annuel de croissance et l ’écart de ce dernier par rapport au
taux de croissance mondial.
Le tableau 3.2D établit, pour chaque économie, la liste des
principaux produits qu’elle exporte (CTCI révision 3, position à
trois chiffres). La part de chaque produit dans le total des
exportations du pays, de la région et du monde est également
indiquée.
Le tableau 3.2E liste les plus gros exportateurs de 70
produits parmi les produits les plus exportés par les économies en
développement (CTCI révision 3, position à trois chiffres),
ainsi
que les parts correspondantes dans le commerce mondial.
Le tableau 3.3 fournit les indices de concentration et
de
changements structurels des exportations et des importations des
produits au niveau de la CTCI (révision 3, position à trois
chiffres). Le premier indicateur a vocation à montrer comment
le
marché d’un produit est concentré sur quelques pays ou réparti de
façon plus homogène entre les pays. L ’indicateur de changement
structurel indique si la répartition du commerce d ’un
produit entre les pays exportateurs ou importateurs a connu une
évolution importante par rapport à une année de référence.
Les totaux du commerce international des marchandises présentés
dans les tableaux de cette troisième partie peuvent aussi être
différents des données de la première partie pour les
raisons précédemment citées, auxquelles il convient d’ajouter des
marges d’exportations et d’importations non distribuées par groupes
de produits ou l’utilisation de nomenclatures différentes
de produits par le pays exportateur et le pays importateur.
QUATRIÈME PARTIE Indicateurs du commerce international des
marchandises
Les tableaux 4.1 contiennent les résultats du calcul des indices de
concentration et de diversification des pays, régions
géographiques et groupements économiques. Cet indice de
concentration a vocation à montrer comment les exportations et
importations d’un pays ou groupe de pays sont concentrées sur
quelques produits ou réparties de façon plus homogène sur une gamme
de produits. L’indicateur de diversification indique si la
structure par produits des exportations ou importations d ’un
pays
ou groupe de pays diverge de la structure par produits observée au
niveau du monde.
Les tableaux 4.2 fournissent les indices de volume des
exportations et des importations complétant ainsi l ’information en
valeur disponible dans les tableaux 1.1 et 1.2, les indices de
la
valeur unitaire des exportations et importations ainsi que les
indices de termes de l’échange et le pouvoir d’achat des
exportations dérivés des indices de valeur unitaire. Ces
indices
NOTES G N RALES
Afin d’améliorer la couverture des données et spécialement pour les
années récentes, la méthode suivante a été utilisée pour le calcul
des valeurs unitaires : - Un ensemble d ’indices de prix moyens au
niveau des groupes de la CTCI (révision 3, position à 3 chiffres) a
été construit en utilisant des données provenant de
UNCTADstat Statistiques des produits de base, des sources
internationales et nationales ainsi que des estimations du
secrétariat de la CNUCED.
- Au niveau des pays individuels, les indices de la valeur unitaire
ont été calculés en utilisant comme pondération les valeurs des
exportations et des importations de l ’année courante disponibles
dans la table 3.2 au niveau de la CTCI (révision 3, position à 3
chiffres). Dans certains cas ces indices peuvent différer des
estimations publiées dans les sources officielles, le but principal
étant de fournir des estimations approximatives et comparables pour
la plupart des pays en développement.
Le tableau 4.3 contient les données sur les droits de douane
NPF moyens appliqués à l ’importation des principales catégories de
produits non-agricoles et non-pétroliers, par marchés
individuels.
CINQUIÈME PARTIE Commerce int ernational d es services
Les tableaux 5.1.1, 5.1.2 et 5.1.3 présentent les
exportations et les importations totales des services par pays, par
régions géographiques, groupements économiques et groupements
commerciaux. Les statistiques comprises sont le résultat d'un
travail commun entre la CNUCED et l’Organisation mondiale du
commerce (OMC) et elles correspondent aux définitions du Manuel de
la balance des paiements du FMI (MBP5, 1993). Les agrégats
inclus dans le tableau 5.1 comprennent les valeurs estimées qui ne
sont pas présentées séparément. Les services sont définis comme
rendements économiques de produits intangibles qui peuvent être
produits, transférés et consommés au même moment. Cependant, les
services recouvrent un groupe large et hétérogène de produits et
d’activités que l’on peut
difficilement englober dans une définition. Parfois, la démarcation
entre services et marchandises n’est pas aisée. Les services sont
produits sur commande et ont généralement pour résultat un
changement des conditions des consommateurs qui ont demandé ces
services. Pour que la production d’un service soit terminée, il
doit être fourni au consommateur.
Le tableau 5.2 présente les statistiques sur le commerce
international des services par catégories de services pour une
sélection de groupements de pays, ainsi que pour les principaux
exportateurs et importateurs parmi les économies en développement
et en transition, et parmi les pays développés. Ces statistiques
sont le résultat d'un travail commun entre la CNUCED et l’OMC et
elles correspondent aux définitions du Manuel de la balance des
paiements du FMI (MBP5, 1993). Le tableau présente des
données pour les catégories de services suivantes: les transports;
les voyages; les services de communications; les services du
bâtiment et des travaux publics; les services d'assurance; les
services financiers; les services informatiques et d’information;
les redevances et droits de licence; les autres services aux
entreprises; et les services personnels, culturels et relatifs aux
loisirs.
Dans la mesure du possible, le but du groupe de travail inter-
agences sur les statistiques du commerce international de services
est d'expliquer et réduire les divergences relevées dans les
statistiques sur les services publiées par différentes
organisations internationales. Un aperçu des bases de données
couvrant les statistiques du commerce international des services
est disponible sur
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/TFSITS/matrix.htm.
Le tableau 5.3 concerne le transport maritime international.
Il contient des données sur la flotte marchande mondiale par
pavillons d’immatriculation et par types de navires. Le
tableau
incorpore les informations consolidées provenant des différentes
éditions de la publication Review of Maritime Transport de
la CNUCED. Elle rend compte de l´évolution du transport multimodal,
portuaire et maritime concernant les principaux trafics de vrac
liquide, de vrac sec et de conteneurs.
SIXIÈME PARTIE Produits de base
Le tableau 6.1 donne les indices annuels et trimestriels de prix en
dollars courants sur le marché libre d ’une sélection de produits
de base exportés par les économies en développement. Ces indices
sont aussi disponibles au niveau des groupes de produits de base
suivants : produits alimentaires, boissons tropicales, huiles et
graines oléagineuses, matières premières d ’origine agricole,
minéraux, minerais et métaux ainsi qu ’un indice de l’ensemble. Les
pondérations ont été calculées à partir de la valeur des
exportations des pay