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US Army Corps of EngineersBUILDING STRONG®
UNCLASSIFIED
(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
Tradeoffs for Renewable Energy Projects Thomas S. Smith,
Engineer Research and Development Center, Champaign, IL
William D. GoranEngineer Research and Development Center, Champaign, IL
Roch A. DuceyEngineer Research and Development Center, Champaign, IL
William J. SteinEngineer Research and Development Center, Champaign, IL
11 May 2011
Report Documentation Page Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188
Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering andmaintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, ArlingtonVA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if itdoes not display a currently valid OMB control number.
1. REPORT DATE 11 MAY 2011 2. REPORT TYPE
3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2011 to 00-00-2011
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Tradeoffs for Renewable Energy Projects
5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
5b. GRANT NUMBER
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER
5e. TASK NUMBER
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Army Engineer Research and Development Center,ConstructionEngineering Research Laboratory,PO Box 9005,Champaign,IL,61826-9005
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)
11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S)
12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Presented at the NDIA Environment, Energy Security & Sustainability (E2S2) Symposium & Exhibitionheld 9-12 May 2011 in New Orleans, LA.
14. ABSTRACT
15. SUBJECT TERMS
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT Same as
Report (SAR)
18. NUMBEROF PAGES
28
19a. NAME OFRESPONSIBLE PERSON
a. REPORT unclassified
b. ABSTRACT unclassified
c. THIS PAGE unclassified
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Center for the Advancement of Sustainability Innovations
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
In accordance with the Energy Policy Act of 2005,the Energy Independence and Security Acts of2007; and Executive Orders 13423 (StrengtheningFederal Environmental, Energy, andTransportation Management) and 13514 (FederalLeadership in Environment, Energy and EconomicPerformance); the U.S. Government is planning tosignificantly improve its energy management tosave taxpayer dollars, to reduce energy use andemissions that contribute to air pollution and globalclimate change, and to improve “energy security”for our nation.
Energy Policy
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
(includes five major initiatives)
Eliminating energy waste in existing facilities Increasing energy efficiency in new construction
and renovations Conserving water resources Improving energy security, and Reducing dependence on fossil fuels through
increased use of clean, renewable energy that optimizes environmental benefits and sustainability.
Army’s Energy Strategy and Plan
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
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ENERGYRegardless of origin, availability and security of both renewable or non-renewable energy sources are affected by four segments of the energy chain:
(1) resources,(2) generation,
(3) transmission and distribution, and(4) the end user.
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
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Estimated Army Energy ConsumptionAMERICA'S ARM)': lriiE ~TRf.t\GTII 0~ TilE NAnt!l"i ARMY ENERGY SECURITY TASK FORCE
Estimated Wartime Consumption
206.6 Trillion Btu (TBtu)
.SOIJirceg: OefGYJ~~ Sc.i6vi(;.61 Boa'f'Cf Report 2008 N1'1;y F.Y 2001 Armuai Etle1-gy M8onaQemenr FM!pon.
Leadership • Parfnenohip •
Combat Vehicles {10°/.,)'
• eombat Aircraft ( 19%)
r Tactical Vehicles r(11 '%)
• Non-Tactical Vehicles r{3o/.O)
• F.acil itiiies (37%)
Ownet"ship
ff.iiirnl ~®
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Solar Wind Biomass Geothermal
Renewable Energy Sources
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Relative Solar Radiation and Associated Solar Radiation Energy Potential
PV Solar Radiation (Flat Plate, Facing South, Latitude Tilt)
, o
Model estima:es of mootht,< average dait,< tot' derrved from satellite and" or surface observa aerosol optrcal depth, preciptoole water vapc ~=~"assu re and ozone resampled to a 40km re~ http /lwww nrel gov/gslrl_solar_pv html docur
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BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
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Map Of Wind Resources And Estimated Potential Electric Energy Production From Small Turbine Applications United States- Wind Resource Map
Yearly Electricity Production Estimated per m2 of Rotor Swept Area for a Small Wind Turbine
Small Wind Turbine Productivity Estimates* Wind Productivity Wind Power Density Wind Speed Power per m2 of at 33ft (10m) at 33ft (10m) Class swept area ..
(kWh/year) CH/m") (mph) (m/s)
~:~71 < 350 <100 <9.8 < 4.4
350-500 100- 150 9.8 -11.5 4.4-5.1 500- 610 150- 200 11.5-12.5 5.1 - 5.6 610-690 200-250 12.5-13.4 5.6-6.0 690- 770 250- 300 13.4- 14.3 6.0-6.4 770-880 300-400 14.3-15.7 6.4-7.0 860-1170 400-1000 15.7-21.1 7.0-9.4
• Estimates are based on different models and sizes of wind turbines assuming a tower height of 60ft (24 m).
•• For systems of different sizes, multiply the estimated productivity by the total swept area of the turbine.
U.S. Department of Energy Natiooal Renewable Energy laboratory
03-APR-20011.1 .8
ff.iiirnl ~®
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
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Potential Biomass Resource Areasand Transmissions Centers and Paths
Biomass: Biomass Resources, Transmission, and Load Centers
Alaska
.·it/untiL• Oaa11
l!loi!MI&II!Houn:n
fiijtT ...... u .. l'""' :a..J
cr-, Ei«d ff.iiirnl ~®
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Generalized Geothermic Resource Potential
2000C
m.
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Solar energy station at Air Force Base
SEGS at Daggett and Kramer Junction, CA.
Solar Energy
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Wind EnergyAir Force
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Biomass Conversion
m.
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Geothermal Energy270-MW Geothermal Electric Power Plant,
Navy
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Environmental and Mission Considerations
The development and implementation ofrenewable energy opportunities, efforts,and projects can present significantchallenges in ecosystem management andecosystem tradeoffs. This is true whetherthe military services are a proponent, auser, or consumer (or some combinationof these roles).
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
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Environmental and Mission Considerations
Geology, soils, seismic activity► Substrate, topography► Erosion – water, wind► Fault lines, earthquake zones
Climate► Cloud cover► Sun, exposure
Biology► Migration, movement► Mortality► Landscape ecology► Vegetative cover► Aquatic, marine
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Example of Renewable Wind Energy Environmental Developmental Conflicts
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Water resources► Surface, ground► Quality, volume, seasonality► Demand, use, allocation, distribution, disposal
Air quality► Greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous
oxide)► Combustion (particulate matter, refrigerants (hydrofluerocarbons)
Air space► Military, civilian aircraft flight routes
Communications – including radar and sonar► Reflection of electromagnetic signals, Doppler clutter► Cell phone towers, wireless Internet sites, radio repeater stations
Environmental and Mission Considerations
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Noise► Noise Pollution and Abatement Act► Effects unknown
Visual► Example, Nantucket Sound
Land use and ownership► Public, private
Private land renewable energy development
Example of red, yellow, and green constraint map for California
Environmental and Mission Considerations
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Urban growth► Confluence with military installations► Army Compatible Use Buffer Program (ACUB)► Land use change
Socioeconomic factors► Job creation, job loss► Migration, movement of people► Increased demand for services (police, fire, recreation), housing,
schools► Cropland, forestry conversion
Transportation and utilities► Routes; habitat fragmentation, introduction of hazardous materials,
required infrastructure► Private, public ownership
Environmental and Mission Considerations
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Environmental and Mission ConsiderationsExample of Transportation and Utilities Impacts
Oil and gas pipeline and well systems in Wyoming
Aerial view of the Jonah Field, WY showing local service roads and other infrastructure
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Cultural resources► Tribal consultation, coordination
Environmental justice► Minority, low income groups► Renewable energy development along borders
Waste management and hazardous materials► Animal waste (methane generation); solar cells► Water and air quality► Hazardous gases and minerals (arsenic, mercury, ammonia)
Recreation► Land use change; traditional uses► Traditional and historic use
Environmental and Mission Considerations
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Regulatory considerations/authority► Multiple permitting authorities► Differing permitting requirements/criteria
Environmental and Mission Considerations
Summary of state delegation of zoning authority
Qualification Number
States with zoning enabling laws 50 States with state-level zoning authority 2 States with county zoning authority 39 States with town/township zoning authority 13 States with municipal zoning authority 49 Estimated number of local zoning jurisdictions 20,000
Structure of regulatory authority
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
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Cumulative effects► Human demographics► Different definitions – e.g., NEPA, ESA
Cumulative effects of wind energy development are easy to observe, but difficult to quantify
Environmental and Mission Considerations
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Large-scale Renewable Energy Technology vs. Ecosystem Considerations
Geo
logy
, Soi
ls, S
eism
ic A
ctiv
ity
Clim
ate
Bio
logy
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Air
Qua
lity
Air
Spac
e
Com
mun
icat
ions
Noi
se
Visu
al
Land
Use
and
Lan
d O
wne
rshi
p
Cul
tura
l Res
ourc
es
Urb
an G
row
th
Soci
oeco
nom
ic F
acto
rs
Tran
spor
tatio
n an
d U
tiliti
es
Envi
ronm
enta
l Jus
tice
Was
te M
anag
emen
t and
Haz
ardo
us M
ater
ials
Rec
reat
ion
Cum
ulat
ive
Effe
cts
Reg
ulat
ory
Con
side
ratio
ns/A
utho
rity
Solar – PV* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Solar – Concentrating PV X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Solar – Concentrating Thermal Electric* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Wind X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Biomass (Energy Crops and Biofuels) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Biomass (Waste-to-Energy) X X X X X X X X X X X X
Geothermal X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
* There are three major concentrating solar thermal electric technologies that might be considered: (1) parabolic trough (upper left photo), (2) concentrating dish sterling, and (3) power tower.
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
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Generalized Screening for Renewable Energy Projects
Potentially Affected Environmental Resource
Renewable Energy Source
Solar Wind BiofuelGeotherm
alMilitary land use X X X XGeology, soils, seismic X XClimate X X XBiological resources X X X XWater resources XAir quality X XAir space XCommunications XNoise X XVisual X X XLand use, ownership X X X XCultural resources
Urban growth X X X XSocioeconomic factors X X X XTransportation, utilities X X X XEnvironmental justice X X X XWaste, hazardous materials X XRecreation X X X X
BUILDING STRONG®(DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Approved for Public Release, distribution unlimited)
UNCLASSIFIED
Investigation and research be initiated to better inform decision-makers of the tradeoffs between renewable energy projects and the ecological, mission, and other unintended consequences of these projects.
These tradeoffs are not well understood and should consider ecosystem services, GHG, energy production, and other criteria as tradeoff measures.
In addition, long-term studies are needed to address many questions on impacts of renewable energy development or acquisition on ecosystem components, human health and mission capability.
Some of the impacts may not be apparent in short term studies, and the types of impacts may differ over time as land use intensifies in regions where renewable infrastructure is sited, or where biomass is generated for biofuels.
These studies are needed to inform and improve the plans and operations for long-term renewable energy projects, to help shape new projects, and to better understand and anticipate the cumulative impacts of multiple projects.
Issues such as long-term ecosystem impacts, carbon balance from bio-resources, technology evolution, infrastructure degradation, etc. need to be addressed to minimize any negative effects resulting from renewable energy efforts.
Where Do We Go From Here?