UNCLASSIFIED · of the North Atlantic wind field during the cruise) a short des-cription of North Atlantic isobaric patterns and winds for January through April llth has been written

UNCLASSIFIED46.AD 491642

DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTERFOR

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION

CAMERON STATION ALEXANDRIA. VIRGINIA

UNCLASSIFIED

NOTICI: Jaen goverment or other drawings, speci-fications or other data are used for any purposeother than in connection with a defiitely relatedgovernment procurement operation, the U. S.Goverment thereby incurs no responsibilityp nor anyobligation whatmoeverj and the fact that the Govern-ment my have formalated, furnished, or In any Vwysupplied the said drawings, specifications, or other

'data is not to be regarded by Implication or other-vise as in any manner licensing the holder or anyother person or corporation, or conveying any riatsor permission to mnfacture, use or sell anypatented invention that my In any ay be relatedthereto.

"--l WLA ~14 \ h~CTIANGEL) T6fUN( ,A,).F IED

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION

RWDEPA~Jg"lry ,N, ORMA !lN DIVISION

WOODS HOLE, MASSACHIJS Tr5" " ' JUL 7 mr

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DECLASSIFIED V"

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION

Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Reference No. 52-61

NORTH ATLANTIC OCEANOGRAPHY

under Task Order I

4. conducted during the period

April 1, 1952 - June 30, 1952

Periodic Status Report No.2 4Submitted to Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research

Under Contract N6onr-27701 (NR-083-004)

July 1952

APPROVED FOR DISTRIBUTION /

Director

.* -...... ... J HU_2 N

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According to the terms of Contract N6onr-27701 (NR-083-004), the work to be performed by the Contractor shall consistof the following:

1. The Contractor shall furnish the necessary personnel andfacilities for and, in accordance with any Instructions issuedby the Scientific Officer or his authorized representative,shall

(a) conduct research, analyze, and compile data and tech-nical information, prepare material for charts, manuals,and reports, and foster the training for military andcivilian personnel in the following fields of oceano-graphy:

(i) permanent currents;(ii) interaction of the sea and atmosphere (including

wind waves, swell, and surf);(iii) the distribution of physical properties;(iv) the distribution of chemical properties;(v) the distribution of organisms;

(vi) the characteristics of the sea bottom andbeaches;

(vii) tides, tidal currents, and destructive sea waves;and

(viii) the physics and distribution of sea and terrigenousice.

The research shall include, but not necessarily be limited to,the following:

(1) studies of North Atlantic oceanography;(2) wave observations and analyses;(3) current measurements;(4) studies of Arctic oceanography;(5) development of unattended instruments;(6) thermocline studies;

and(7) studies on inshore oceanography.

DECLASSIMIU

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Table of Contents

Page

INTRODUCTION.... ....... . . . .. . . 4

STUDIES OF NORTH ATLANTIC OCEANOGRAPHY

Temperature and Salinity Data from the TradeWind Cruise . . . . . . .

North Atlantic Winds during the&Trae WindCruise . • 6

Sea Surface Isotherms during the Trade WindCruise 6. . . ... .. . . .

Winds Over the Guiana urent . .6File of Historical Weather Maps . • 7Seasonal Frequency of North Atlantic Tropical

Storms . • • • 7Surface Teme;atu;e in Gulf Stream Area" . 7Comparison of Winds, Tide Gauge Readings, and

Surface Currents . . . . . . . 8Current Measurements byG. E. K.. 8

STUDIES OF ARCTIC OCEANOGRAPHY

Arctic Field Observations . • • 9Relations between North Atlantic Ice ad

Arctic Weather . .... ........ . 10

DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS

Unattended Instruments ..... . * . 12

THERMOCLINE STUDIES .......... . ... 12

MODEL STUDIES OF OCEANS ............ 12

SMODEL STUDIES OF ESTUARIES . . . . . . . . . .. 13

MISCELLANEOUS

Salinity Titrations .......... 14Thermometer Calibrations * * . . 6 .. 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Papers Submitted for Publication . . . . . . . 15Published Papers . . . . .. .. . . . . 15Technical Reports. ............. 16

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Table of Contents (Cont'd.)

page

PERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

DISTRIBUTION LIST. . . . . . .. . . .. . . 18


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INTRODUCTION

Two recent symposia have provided convenient opportunitiesfor reassessing much of the research program carried on underTask Order I of recent years. At the spring meeting of theAmerican Geophysical Union, a half day was spent in discussingthe Gulf Stream System. Perhaps the chief result of this sym-posium was that Dr. William L. Ford of Canada pointed out that,in our recent Gulf Stream studies, we have been neglecting totake into account the small streaks of very fresh and cold waterof coastal origin that are sometimes encountered at about 100meter depths along the inshore edge of the Gulf Stream, Thisimposes a serious difficulty on Mr. F. C. Fuglister's multiplecurrent hypothesis, recently published in Tellus, unless it isfound that the relatively fresh water is moving toward the east,having become entrained with the Gulf Stream in the Cape hatterasarea.

Although during the last six months we have been neglect-ing the Gulf Stream in our field program, much thought has beengiven to these problems in the laboratory and we have been pre-paring for a renewed attack. Last autumns a brief visit of Mr.M. S. Longuet-Higgins of Cambridge University stimulated Dr.W. V. R. Malkus and Mr. M. E. Stern to make a new theoreticalstudy of the character of the induced electrical fields associatedwith the Gulf Stream's flow., This led to the conclusion that theelectrical potential across the Florida Straits would vary withthe total transport. Mr. G. Wertheim is now in Florida installingelectrodes at the terminals of the telephone cables, and per-mission has been granted for the daily use of several of the tele-phone circuits for these measurements. Mr. Paul F. Smith, who hasrecently accepted a position at the Marine Laboratory of the Uni-versity of Miami, will continue with these measurements once thevalue of this approach has been demonstrated. Here, we hope, isan independent method of evaluating the tide gauge observationsas a means of measuring long period fluctuations in the flowthrough the Florida Straits. Thus, the possibility exists thatwe can prove out the value of old data, as well as to introducea potentially more sensitive method.

Under a classified Bureau of Aeronautics contract, for morethan a year we have been studying infra-red radiation coming fromthe sea surface. In this way, some of our staff have become fami-liar with infra-red detecting devices and with some of their limi-tations. Under this program Mr. D. Parsons, Jr., recently con-ceived a relatively simple instrument that would effectivelymeasure sea surface temperature from a plane. his brilliantadaptation of a standard Gollay infra-red detector has recentlybeen declassified. The oceanographic and meteorological applica-tions of this instrument will be transferred to our Office of



"5 "

Naval Research contract. The instrument has been housed in astreamlined body and it is expected that the first flights overthe Gulf Stream will be undertaken before the end of July.

This device opens up the exciting possibility of making synop-tic studies of the large scale patterns of Gulf Stream flow. Whileduring the summer months the temperature contrasts at the surfaceassociated with the inshore edges of the currents are at a mini-mum, this should be the favorable period to work out the naviga-tional procedure which will be essential if we s 3 to map theGulf Stream accurately during the colder parts or the year whenstronger winds prevail.

At the recent three day symposium at Rancho Santa Fe, spon-sored by the National hesearch Council, Mr. W. .5. von Arx, Mr.A. C. Vine, and Dr. J. B. Hersey each presented a paper. Sincepractically all aspects of the instrumental needs were discussed,the symposium amounted to a short, intensive course in modernoceanography. There is no lack of new ideas about instruments.The problem is to persuade the men who are developing new instru-ments to use them sufficiently so that they can become part ofthe research program. Unfortunately, the debugging period isusually a very slow process and the practical sea-going oceano-graphers tend to confine their efforts to tried and proven methods.

STUDIES OF NORTH ATLANTIC OCEANOGRAPHY

Temperature and Salinity Data from the Trade Wind Cruise.All temperatures and depth calculations obtained with the revers-ing thermometers on the Trade Wind Cruise have been rechecked. Afurther check will be made when the water samples have been titratedfor salinity. The ATLANTIS and ALBATROSS III returned to Woodshole with the water samples and bathythermograph records on the28th of May. The lengthy task of titrating the samples did notget underway until the end of this quarter. The bathythermographslides from the ALBATROSS III have been photographed, but thesupplementary data have not been copied from the log sheets. Sincethe two ships brought back 2,326 samples of sea water to be tit-rated for salinity and over 3,000 bathythermograph observations#it is apparent that considerable time will elapse before all thesedata are in a form to be evaluated properly.

A comparison has been made of the 200-meter temperatures asshown on the temperature-depth profile drawn on shipboard andthe average 200-meter temperature chart for the North Atlantic.Although this cruise covered large areas where no 200-meter tem-peratures have been obtained before, no marked temperature ano-malies were observed.


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North Atlantic Winds durtnR the Trade Wind Cruise. A des-cription of winds which were observed by the ALBATROSS III andATLANTIS during the Trade Wind Cruise was contained in the quar-terly report on North Atlantic Oceanography for the precedingquarter (WHOI Reference No. 52-47). To give a broader pictureof the North Atlantic wind field during the cruise) a short des-cription of North Atlantic isobaric patterns and winds for Januarythrough April llth has been written. Briefly, the surface weathercharts examined show:

January: (1) the Bermuda-Azores high north of itsnormal position, (2) a persistent N-S trough near50°W ;

February: a blocking high along the west coast of

Europe during most of the month;

March: a pattern dominated by stagnant lows;

April: a return to a normal Bermuda-Azores high andgeneral clockwise circulation;

In the general area of the ATLANTIS' drift station:a very large percentage of southeasterly winds forthe 3-1/2 months.

Sea Surface Isotherms during the Trade Wind Cruise. Sea sur-face isotherms were drawn on a plot of bucket temperature observa-1-tions made during the cruise. These isotherms were compared tothe monthly means given in the U.S.W.B. Climatic Atlas of theOceans. The cruise showed, in general, positive anomalies alongthe coast of Brazil and negative anomalies to the northeast, Aninteresting exception to the general plan, however, is a tongueof positive anomalies extending northeast from 10ON 500W to about30ON 300W which is flanked by two tongues of negative anomalieswhich extend toward the southwest.

Winds Over the Guiana Current. A tabulation of averagemonthly wind force was made from the Deutsche Seewarte ships'observations for an area along the Brazilian and Guiana coasts.These were averaged over strips of 10 of latitude between 70S and80N and compared with maximum currents for the same strips deter-mined from H.O. Misc. No. 10,688, 1 to 12. Nearly all the windsreported were from the east half so it was deemed unnecessary tocalculate components from the various directions. Little or nosimilarity appeared between the two sets of data and it wastherefore assumed that if the Guiana current is wind-driven thenthe wind field which is involved must be larger than that examined.



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File of historical Weather Maps. North Atlantic maps forthe quarter have been added to the file. The gaps still remain-ing in the file are:

February 1899

July 1939 through December 1943

October and December 1945

Seasonal Freguency of North Atlantic Tropical Storms. Acorrelogram has been made (Fig. 1) of the number of tropicalstorms per year versus an index of Trade Winds for the previousyear. Measurements of the NE Trades were made with a geostrophictemplate from monthly mean pressure maps for January through Juneof each year from 1899 through 1950 (except 1940). The monthlyvalues were multiplied by coefficients and added by years to get"Trade Indices". The coefficients are: Jan: 1.0; Feb: 1.5;Mar: 2.0; Apr: 2.5; May: 3.0 and June: 3.5; i.e., roughly corres-ponding to the altitude of the sun over the North Atlantic. Thenumber of tropical storms per year was taken from "hurricanes"by I. R. Tannehill, Princeton University Press, 1943) the H. 0."Pilot Charts", and the "Monthly Weather heview", U.S.W.b. Someof the yearly frequencies were adjusted by examination of our fileof historical weather maps. The maps show some storms not listedin the sources above and also make possible the elimination ofsome easterly waves and frontal lows. The envelope drawn aboutthe plots is fairly narrow, parallel to the storm frequency scale.Because of some uncertainty in the number of storms which occurredin the earlier years, we cannot yet be sure of having sufficientdata to establish a firm relationship. Nor has any theory beenput forth to explain such a relationship.

Surface Temperature in Gulf Stream Area. To investigate anypossible correlation between surface temperature gradients andthe patterns of the Gulf Stream as determined by 100 and 200 metertemperature gradients, a start has been made in analyzing suitablebathythermograph sections. Thirty-five of the 42 sections plottedso far lie between 650W and 750W and in general they have beenmade in north-south or northwest-southwest directions. The pro-cedure has been to plot, for each section, temperature versus dis-tance at the surface, at 100 meters, and, where possible, at 200meters; the graphs starting near the 100 fathom line and continu-ing out where possible until the deep temperatures show the Streamhas been passed.

It has become apparent that surface temperature changes donot always reflect the changes at 100 and 200 meters either inmagnitude or position, although no quantitative method has yet


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been devised for comparing these changes. In particular, a com-parison of the surface and 200 meter temperature contours foi. theeddy "Edgar" found in Operation Cabot revealed little obvious con-nection between the two. Some of the cruises have been found togo only out to where warm surface water was first observed andthen either return or cease observations, no doubt assuming thatthe Stream had been reached. However, in the deeper temperatureslater plotted up in the laboratory, no gradients can be observedand it is clear that the Stream had not been reached.

While these extreme cases suggest that the surface tempera-ture is a poor indicator for the Gulf Stream, it must be notedthat in many graphs there is a fair correspondence between thesurface and 100-meter temperature gradients--certainly enough tohope that surface temperature observations over a large area maybe useful if interpreted in conjunction with bathythermograph sec-tions in a small part of that area.

ERRATA:

Comparison of Winds. Tide Gauge Readings, and SurfaceCurrents. In the quarterly report on Oceanographic Research forthe period October 1, 1951 - December 31, 1952 (WHOI ReferenceNo. 52-11), the graph of the three months running mean of theheight of sea level at Galveston has been found in error for theperiod December 1935 through October 1936, The Galveston valuesshown for that period should be 5 cm nearer to the top of theillustration (e.g., the value for August 1936 shown as -17.5 cmshould be at -12.5 cm, etc.).

Current Measurements by G.E.K. Recent work with the G.E.K.in equatorial Atlantic and Pacific waters has shown that the slopeof the standard cable towed behind the ship is large enough (about4 degrees at 10 knots) to give rise to an important signal due tothe progress of the ship across the horizontal component of theearth's magnetic field. The effect is present in all magneticlatitudes where the horizontal field intensity is not zero, butis pronounced in equatorial regions because of the greater strengthof the horizontal magnetic field component and the higher recordersensitivities employed in the relatively weak vertical componentof the magnetic field. The signal due to the cable slope is cal-culable and can be eliminated from the observations, provided theslope of the interelectrode length is known. The horizontal mag-netic field intensity is charted, and the ship's speed and magneticheading are ordinarily recorded in the log.

The signal due to cable slope in volts is (Rxzv)sin 0 x 10-8,where Hx is the intensity of the horizontal component of magneticflux in oersteds, z is the vertical component of the interelectrode



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length of the towed cable in cm.,, v is the ship's speed in cm/sec,and Q is the magnetic heading of the ship. Values of z forvarious ship's speeds have been measured for standard demolitioncable and electrode housings spaced 100 meters apart. In thespeed range 6 to 12 knots, the product zv, the area swept per unittime, is approximately constant at 34 m2/sec, and may remain soover a somewhat wider range of ship speeds. It was found in theseexperiments that the slope of the cable is nearly 50 per cent lesswhen the distant electrode case is free to yaw than when itsmotion is steadied by the standard 5 meter length of rope as adrogue. Two cable manufacturers are considering the design andcost of neutrally buoyant cable that will remain level while intow.

Mr. Lansing P. Wagner has begun a catalog of all surfacepotential measurements made with U.E.K., or similar equipment,since 1946. These observations will be referred to a level cable,but otherwise remain unchanged so as to be available for studyand interpretation. Insofar as possible, observations will oeassembled in sections as they were made, but cross-referenced geo-graphically and seasonally so that the effects of weather on thesurface circulation may be revealed. These data may be trans-ferred to a punch card system later on. It will be appreciatedif those having G.E.K. observations will communicate with Mr.Wagner.

STUDIES OF ARCTIC OCEANOGRAPHY

Arctic Field Observations. During the second quarter of 1952,the salinity samples from the winter cruises of the ice-breakers,USS EDISTO and USS ATKA, were titrated, and the routine working upof the data is being carried out. The data from the cruises of1951 and 1952 by these ice-breakers represent the largest accumu-lation of modern winter oceanographic data from the important areaeast of Greenland thus far obtained.

The hydrographic data from Project Skijump suggests thatNansen's theory of the circulation of the Polar Sea, based on dataavailable only in the eastern half of the basin, is over-simplified.Nansen proposed that the Atlantic water rotated slowly as onecyclonic gyral.

It appears from the Skijump data that there is an edciy northof Alaska with an independent circulation. Dynamic computationsshow this eddy to have a transport of 3.76 x 10m 3/sec. and velo-cities of the order of about 0.08 knots. The eddy is anticyclonic,the transport being southerly off Prince Patrick Island andwesterly off the Canadian mainland and Alaska.



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Surface water in the center of the eddy is more deeply mixedwith Atlantic water than that at any other published station inthe Polar Sea. This suggests that the eday is a permanent fea-ture of the circulation as such mixing presumably takes con-siderable time. The data will be presented in more detail in aforthcoming technical report.

In the meantime, reports from the "ice island" (T-3) closeto the North Pole and at present occupied by U. S. Air Forceweather observers and geophysicists, indicate that this island maybe usable as a platform for certain oceanographic studies. Thepossibility of sending one or more observers to this unique "vessel"is being carefully considered.

At the end of June, a symposium on Oceanographic Instrumen-tation under the auspices of the National Research Council wasattended by Mr. J. F. Holmes and Mr. W. G. Metcalf who discusseda paper on Sea Ice Problems. This symposium did much to bringtogether and clarify the ideas of the various groups working onArctic problems in this country.

Relations between North Atlantic Ice and Arctic Weather.A. Comparison of the ice off Iceland with the precipitation in

Iceland, southernmost Greenland, and northernmost Europe forthe decade 1941-1950.

The average 10-yearly values of the annual precipitation inIceland, southernmost Greenland, and northernmost Europe, pre-viously analyzed for the period ending with the decade 1931-1940(WHOI Reference No. 52-47), were compared with the ice in thegeneral area of Iceland for the recently ended decade, 1941-1950.An analysis of the precipitation figures for each of these regions,and the area as a whole, shows the precipitation in Iceland (meanof 3 stations) to have been 100 per cent, in southernmost Green-land (2 stations) 98 per cent, in northernmost Europe (b stations)102 per cent, and in the area as a whole 101 per cent of theirrespective long-term averages, based on the period 1861-1940.The area value of 101 per cent for the decade 1941-1950 compareswith 105 per cent and 110 per cent, respectively, for the two pre-vious decades 1921-1930 and 1931-1940, both of which were charac-terized by light ice conditions. Thus, the recent decade marks areversal in the precipitation trend in that general area from thetwo preceding decades and is in keeping with a similar reversalin the ice conditions from very light to moderate for the samedecade.



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B. Verification of the foreshadowing of the severity of the ice-berg season off Newfoundland in 1952.

In the report covering th period January to March 1952(WHOI Reference No. 52-47), an application of the earlier derivedforeshadowing formula to the 1952 iceberg season was made. Onthe basis of considerably above-normal temperatures in the generalarea of Newfoundland during December 1951 to March 1952, butotherwise close to normal conditions as defined by this formula,the expected iceberg count for the 1952 season was to have beenbelow the normal. The computed departure from the long-termaverage 1880-1926 was -0.9 on a scale of 10, the average being4.8 on the same scale.

According to the weekly ice chartlets published by the U. S.Hydrographic Office during the iceberg season, the iceberg countin 1952 appears to have been well below the normal, the actualdeparture not yet being available.

C. Preparation of seasonal, annual, and 10-yearly pressure mapsin the North Atlantic for developing circulation indices inrelation to the ice in the Atlantic-Arctic.

In the attempt being made to develop indices of circulationin relation to the following ice in the Atlantic-Arctic, an in-direct measure of the warm water transported northward each yearin the North Atlantic is being considered from a determination ofthe geostrophic winds in several areas in the North Atlantic. Asa first step, the historical series of sea-level pressure datahas been tabulated for the northeastern North Atlantic for Decem-ber to March immediately preceding the general ice season in theAtlantic-Arctic. The data obtained are being plotted on maps fromwhich the geostrophic winds to be correlated with the ice are tobe determined after the pressure analysis has been completed.

In addition to the effect of the warm water in the north-eastern North Atlantic on the ice in the Arctic, a considerationof the warm waters to the southwest embracing the Caribbean andthe area east of Florida is also being made. In connection withthis study, the annual pressure distribution in the southwesternNorth Atlantic is being determined year by year beginning with1899. These pressure distributions are later to be used for deter-mining the geostrophic winds similarly to be correlated with theice in the Atlantic-Arctic.

Pressure maps are also being prepared by decade, embracingthe Arctic as a whole and the area south to 500 N, to providematerial for supplementing the decadal analysis of temperatureand precipitation analyzed earlier.



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DEVELOPM0TT OF INSTRUMENTS

Unattended Instruments. Two Klebba 400-day TemperatureRecorders have been placed by the Coast Guard on offshore buoys.In the next week three rmore will be placed on the shelf, to berecovered a year hence by grappling.

Design of an explosive-actuated release device and an acousticsignalling buoy for the deep sea recovery program is proceeding.The first models are designed for test purposes only, and will beactuated while suspended from a cable on the ship. This will bedone during the summer, and the final design will follow the testprogram. It is anticipated that several buoys can be manufacturedfor planting in the fall, to be recovered early in 1953.

THERMOCLINE STUDIES

Mr. Gunther Wertheim has set up electrodes both at Key Westand Havana to measure the electric potentials across the Floridacurrent, using a submarine cable by the kind permission of theWestern Union Telegraph Company. Preliminary testing of the elec-trodes in place seems to be satisfactory, and further work thereawaits the repair of the cable itself, which recently failed.

MODEL STUDIES OF OCEANS

In the last quarterly report (WHOI Reference No. 52-47), men-tion was made of the results of experimental control of the effec-tive planetary vorticity tendency in the rotating basin. Throughmore careful adjustment of this and the wind stress vorticity,circulation patterns have begun to resemble field observationsmore closely. For example, a standing or slowly progressive wavepattern of Gulf Stream meanders has occurred quite regularly inrecent experiments.

It is found that the rate of rotation most suitable for flowpatterns in mid-latitudes may be slightly different from thosemost suitable for reproducing high or low latitude occurrences.The bottom topography of the basin is, at present, limited to theequivalent of the 200 meter isobath. This depth was chosen sinceattempts to introduce the major basins and swells of the deepocean produced too much effect on the circulation. The surfacecirculation, thought to be represented in the basin, is confined,in nature, to the levels above the main thermocline. It may bethat this interface is of importance to the wind-driven circula-tion and a desirable one to represent in the model. A bottom



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surface having the topography of the main thermocline would influencethe local effective planetary vorticity tendency ana may alterthe circulation pattern in instructive ways.

Recently, Dr. Henry Kierstead has oeen retained to studythe mathematical transformation of the Stommel-Munk vorticitytheory to the experimental conditions of the rotating basin.Both the vertically integrated and horizontally layerea cases arebeing examined, since it has been shown experimentally that thesurface and bottom circulations in the basin are not identical.

MODEL STUDIES OF ESTUARIES

A paper by Mr. henry Stommel and Mr. Harlow G. Farmer, Jr.,(WHOI Contribution No. 616), entitled "Abrupt Change in Widthin Two Layer Open Channel Flow", has been submitted to the Journalof Marine Research for publication. This paper covers in detailthe experimental study of hydraulic transitions and controls intwo layer flow. This phase of the study of estuaries has now beencompleted.

Chapters 1 and 2 (WHOI Reference No. 52-51), titled "Intro-duction" and "Transition and controls (in a two layer system)",and Chapter 7, "Description and classification of estuaries", ofthe general technical report by Henry Stommel and Harlow G. Farmer,entitled "On the Nature of Estuarine Circulation" have been com-pleted, and are being duplicated for distribution to the regularmailing list.

An experimental series of runs on a process which we havecalled "overmixing" are now being made in the flume. This pro-cess appears to be a fairly important one in determining the sali-nity structure of a large number of slightly stratified estuaries.(Examples are, the Columbia River; St. Johns, Aew Brunswick;Savannah River; and St. Johns, Florida). The term "overmixing"is used because in estuaries such as these it appears that thedegree of mixture of salt and fresh water in the estuary is deter-mined, not by the exact nature of the mixing process, but by thecontrol exerted by the mouth of the estuary on the relativeamounts of discharge in the two layers passing through it. Theeffect of tides on this process of overmixing is being investigatedtheoretically and experimentally in the flume.

Mr. Lincoln Ekstrom has been employed for the summer todevelop a salinity measuring instrument (by conductivity) for usein our flume. It is believed that such an instrument is neededto further assist our experimental program.


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Mr. Nicholas Fofonoff, who has been awarded an Institutionfellowship, is engaged in a program making measurements of dif-fusion of clusters in Cape Cod Canal from the Bourne and Sagamorebridges. These observations are being made to supplement arecent theory by L. F. Richardson (in press, Proc. Roy. Soc.).

MISCELLANEOUS

Salinity Titrations. The following groups of salinitysamples have been titrated:

USS EDISTO 200USS ATKA 560STIRNI - Cruise #3 250Great South Bay 136HAZEL III- Cruise #12 250ASTERIAS - New York Cruise #3 350BLUE DOLPHIN 50Skijump II 100Vineyard Sound 14Miscellaneous 20

Total 1,930

During the quarter Mr. Charles Powers was trained and after-wards titrated salinity samples from the ASTERIAS on New YorkCruise #3. Mr. Powers is working for Dr. John C. Ayers of CornellUniversity. Miss Dona Nelson, a permanent technician started towork at the end of May and is still in training.

Six carboys of sea water of varying amounts of salinity wereprepared for the firm of Wallace and Tiernan according to theirinstructions.

Thermometer Calibrations. In April, 1952, as a result ofthe erratic and malfunctional behavior previously noted in agroup of eleven new design reversing thermometers made by theTaylor Instrument Cos. and tested by this Institution for theU. S. Coast Guard, Mr. Whitney made a trip to the Rochester, NewYork, plant of the Taylor Instrument Cos. to confer with personnelof their Glass Products Research and Engineering Division on theproblems raised during the tests. It is felt that this trip andconference were very much worth while and of mutual benefit toboth parties.

As a result of this conference, the Taylor Instrument Cos.initiated an intensive investigation into the underlying causes



of the difficulties noted in the thermometers in an effort tolocate and correct the trouble. As of the end of the secondquarter, no report of progress had been received from TaylorInstrument Cos.

During the Trade Wind cruise of the R/V ALBATROSS III andR/V ATLANTIS, three reversing thermometers were lost and twodamaged beyond repair. Three others suffered minor damage andare currently being repaired. As the result of unsatisfactorybehavior during this cruise, one unprotected reversing thermo-meter was returned to the manufacturer for replacement in accor-dance with an agreement made by him,

All of the reversing thermometers returned from the TradeWind and Skijump II operations in good condition have been givenice point checks, and the pressure factors of the unprotectedthermometers rechecked to detect any possible change in the pres-sure factors since their original determination. This is partof a long range program to attempt to discover any pattern ofpressure factor change that may exist. (See WHOI Reference No.52-30).

This thermometric work has been carried out by Mr. G. G.Whitney, Jr., under the supervision of Mr. Bumpus. During thegreater part of the second quarter, Mr. Whitney has been engagedin work of another nature which is not within the scope of thisreport,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Papers Submitted for Publication. The following papers

were submitted for publication:

Iselin, C. O'D.: The Gulf Stream System. Am. Phil. Soc.

Stommel, Henry, and Harlow G. Farmer: Abrupt changes in widthin two-layer open channel flow. J. Mar. Res.

Ford, W. L., and A. R. Miller: The surface layer of the GulfStream and adjacent waters. J. Mar. Res.

Published Papers. The following paper was published dur-ing the quarter:

Schell, I. I.: On the role of ice off Iceland in the decadalair temperatures of Iceland and other areas. J. du Conseil,Cons. Perm. Int. Expl. Mer., 18:11-36, 1 text fig.



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Technical Reports. The following technical reports weredistru ad during the quarter:

Reference No. 52-28. A Pattern of Surface Coastal CirculationInferred from Surface Salinity-Temperature Data and Drift BottleRecoveries. By Arthur R. Miller. April 1952,

Reference No, 52-29. Notes on Malfunctional Behavior and itsBehavior in Deep Sea Reversing Thermometers. By G. G. Whitney, Jr.May 1952.

Reference No. g2-30. Comments on the Determination of the Pres-sure Factor, "Q", of Unprotected Reversing Thermometers. ByG. G. Whitney, Jr. May 1952.

Reference No. 52-31. Applications of Radioactivity to Oceano-graphy. by Henry A. Kierstead. May 1952.

Reference No. 52-39. Recent Temperature Surveys of the GulfStream System. By Frederick C. Fuglister. May 1952.

Reference No. 52-51. On the Nature of Estuarine Circulation,Part I (Chapters 1 and 2). by Henry Stommel and Barlow G. Farmer.June 1952.


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PERSONNEL

The following personnel were engaged in either full or part-time activity under this contract. Not included in this list butcontributing to the work were shop workers, maintenance personnel,crews of vessels, and the administrative staff of the BusinessOffice.

Assignment Name Title

DIRECTION AND Ed. H. Smith DirectorADMINISTRATION C. O'D. Iselin Sr. Physical Oceanographer

A. C. Redfield Associate DirectorR. A. Veeder Assist. to the DirectorJeanne M. Backus Secretary

HYDROGRAPHIC Nellie Andersen Senior TechnicianOBSERVATIONS A. B. Arons Associate in PhysicsAND ANALYSES D. F. Bumpus Oceanographer

J. Chase Res. Assoc. in OceanographyH. G. Farmer, Jr. " EngineeringF. C. Fuglister OceanographerC. R. Hayes Res. Assist. in OceanographyS. F. Hodgson " " " EngineeringJ. F. Holmes Res. Assoc. in OceanographyC. O'D. Iselin, Jr. " Assist. "J. M. Kemp "B. H. Ketchum Marine MicrobiologistH. A. Kierstead Physical ChemistW. V. H. Malkus PhysicistW. G. Metcalf Res. Assist. in OceanographyI. I. Schell MeteorologistH. M. Stommel OceanographerL. A. Thayer Research EngineerEvangeline Tollios Senior TechnicianW. S. von Arx OceanographerL. P. Wagner Res. Assist. in OceanographyL. V. Worthington " Assoc.

PHOTOGRAPHY F. A. Bailey DraftsmanDRAFTING AND Gloria Gallagher Multilith OperatorTITRATING Marion O'D. Lane Technical Assistant

D. M. Owen Res. Assoc. in OceanographyF. C. Ronne PhotographerEva Shelnut DraftsmanJ. W. Stimpson DraftsmanPhyllis Vail Technical AssistantNancy H. Williams "G. G. Whitney, Jr. Senior Technician



DISTRIBUTION LIST

Copies Addresses

1 Assistant Chief of Naval Operations,(Op-31)

Department of the NavyWashington 25, D. C.

1 Atlantic Oceanographic GroupSt. Andrews,New Brunswick, Canada

1 Chief,Bureau of ShipsDepa'ltment of the NavyWashington 25, D, C.

Attn: Code 847

5 Chief of Naval ResearchDepartment of the NavyWashington 25, D. C.

Attn: Code 416

1 CommandantU. S. Coast Guard1300 E. treet, N. W.Washington, D, C.

Attn: Aerology & OceanographicSection

1 Commanding OfficerBranch Office of Naval Research150 Causeway StreetBoston, Massachusetts

1 DirectorDepartment of OceanographyTexas A & MCollege Station, Texas

5 HydrographerU. S. Navy Hydrographic OfficeWashington 25, D. C.

Attn: Division of Oceanography

1 DirectorNaval Research EstabliahmentHalifax, Nova Scotia

RESTRICTEDSECURITY INPORMTION

.RESTRICTEDSECURITY INFORMATION

Coies Addresses

2 Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla#California

Attn: Director ;1)Library L3)

DirectorDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyl California

DirectorMarine LaboratoryUniversity of MiamiCoral Gables 34, Florida

DirectorUniversity of WashingtonOceanographic LaboratoriesSeattle 5, Washington

DirectorU. S. Navy Underwater Sound LaboratoryFort TrumbullNew London, Connecticut

DirectorU. S. Navy Electronics LaboratorySan Diego 521, CaliforniaAttn: Code 552


Documents

UNCLASSIFIED · of the North Atlantic wind field during the cruise) a short des-cription of North Atlantic isobaric patterns and winds for January through April llth has been written