UNCLASSIFIED

ARLINGTON HALL STATION ARLINGTON 12 VIRGINIA

MICRO-CARD

CONTROL ONLY U OF 12 NOTICE: WHEN GOVERNMENT OR OTHER DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS OR OTHER DATA ÄRTTJ3ED FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN IN CONNECTION WTTB A DEFINITELY RELATED GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT OPERATION, THE U. S. GOVERNMENT THEREBY MCURS NO RESPONSIBILITY, NOR ANY OBLIGATION WHATSOEVER; AND THE FACT THAT THE GOVERNMENT MAY HAVE FORMULATED, FURNISHED, OR IN ANY WAY SUPPLIED THE SAID DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, OR OTHER DATA IS NOT TO BE REGARDED BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE AS W ANY MANNER LICENSING THE HOLDER OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR CORPORATION, OR CONVEYING ANY RIGHTS OR PERMISSION TO MANUFACTURE, USE OR SELL ANY PATENTED INVENTION THAT MAY IN ANY WAY BE RELATED THERETO.

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WADC TECHNICAL KJPOKT 5P-201 ASTIA DOCUMENT NO. 206893

THE EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION ON THE BREAKING STRENGTH OF OUTDOOR EXPOSED WEBBINGS

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ROBERT I mLKfNSON

MATERIALS LABORATORY

NOVEMBER I'm

1 FILE COPY

, ASTIA

AIL INOTON HALL STATION

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WADC TECHNICAL REPORT 58-201 AST1A DOCUMENT NO. 206893

THE EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION ON THE BREAKING STRENGTH OF OUTDOOR EXPOSED WEBBINGS

ROBhRT A. WILKINSON

MATERIALS LABORATORY

NOVEMBER 1918

WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER AIR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO

Tbla report was prepared by tbe Textiles aronco, tfADC, and was Initiated under rrojoct No. 7320, ^Alr Force Tortile Materials", ':»sk Ho. 73201, "Tortile Materials for Farachutea". This program u&a administered under tbe direction of tbe Materials Laboratory, Directorate of Laboratories, Wright Air Develops-an;. Canter, with Mr. Robert A. Wilkinson acting as project engineer.

Acknowledgment Is sincerely given to Captain Richard A. Sublstte, 1st ;,t Peter 7. Stanton ani Airman Flrat Class Marshall C. Bird for their part In conducting tbe numerous evaluations connected uitb this project.

This report covers work conducted frnc July 1955 to Juno 1957.

UADC TR 58-201

•^ ABSTRACT

This progrwa wa« to obtain dat« as to what degree solar radiation affected th* bra*Jci% strengtb of webbings expoaed to natural weather. Pour groups of wt.bv>lnga «are «Taluated for breaking atrength after being exposed to natural weatber for »pacific time Intervals anooBpaaalng on* year. Th* exposure sites war* Wright-Pettarson Air Fore* Baas, Ohio; Lea Cruoaa, Haw Mexico; and Collage, Alaska.

Data obtained Indicate *hat th« aorvic Ufa of tba pre»act type of runway barrlara can be li.creae.ed to 180 daj» In areas of *rtr**ely strong sunlight and to 360 days in areas of »«derate or snail asounts of sunlight by aithar one of tba following two Batnodai

2. By using Typ« 330 nylon yam in the ■enufacture of tba webbing.

*\ PÜBUCATIOH REVIEW

This report Has bean r*»laved and is approred.

TOR THE CMunoxai

C. A. WILLIS Cbiaf, Textiles Breach Material« Laboratory

WADC TR 58-201

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WADC Xh 58-201

1.I3T OF TABLES

Ti=ble

I San.ple Identification

II Erpouure Timo In i_iiafeleya ■ ■

III ATtra^B riTnakint Strength and Percent of Bstontlon i

Exposure

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Paga

Breaking Strength va Days Exposed, Sample Ho. 1, Typ« XIX, Natural, Cond, -D , 10

Breaking Strength ru Days Exposed Sample No 2, Type XIX, Natural, Coca. -Ü, Treated Catechcl Formaldehyde. 11

Breaking Strength va Daya Exposed, Sample No. 3, Type XIX, Natural, Cor.d. -R 12

Breaking Strength vs Daya Exposed, Simple No. /,, Type XIX, Natural, Cond. -R„ Treated with Catechol Formal deny de 13

Breaking Strength vs D&ya Exposed, Sample No. 5, Type XIX, Olive Drab, Cond. -U 14

Breaking Strength va Days Exposed, Sample No. 6, Typs XIX, Olive Drab, Cond. -U, Trsatod with Catechol Formaldehyde 15

Breaking Strength is Daya Expoeed. Sample No. 7, Type XIX, Olive Drab, Coed. -E 16

Breaking Strength vs Days Exposed, Sample No. 8, Type XIX, Olive Orab, Cond. -fi, Treated with Catechol Formaldehyde 17

Breaking Strength va Days Exposed, Sample No. 9, Type XIX, Natural, Cond. -U, Utiliiing duPont'a Type 330 Yarn IS

Breaking Strength va Days Exposed, Sample No. 10, Type XIX, Natural, Cond. -R, Utilising diiPont's Type 330 Yarn 19

Breaking Strengt TS Days Expoaed, Sample No. 11, Type XIX, Olive Drab, iJond. -U, Utilising duPont'a Type 330 Yarn 20

Break lug Strength vs Days Exposed, Sample Ho. 12, Typ* XIX, Olive Drab, Cond. -R, Utilising duFont's Type 330 Yarn 21

Breaking Strength vs Daya Exposed, Sample No. 13, 4500 Found Oi-lon, MMtiralj Cond. -U 22

Breaking Strength TS Days Exposed, Sample No. 14, 450O Pound Orion, Dope Dyed Black, Cond. -U 23

Breaking Strength Comparisons of Various Samples after Exposure to Equal Amounts of Solar Radiation at Site A (Wright-Fatterson A3T3, Ohio) , 2/,

HADC Til 58-201

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Breaking Strength Comparison of Various Samples After Exposure to Equal Amount« of Solar rtidlation at Site A (Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio)

breaking Strength Comparison of Various Straplaa After Exposure to Equal Amounts of Solar Radiation at Sit* B (New Mexico) . . ,

Breaking Strength Comparison of Various Samples After Expoeui to Equal Amounts of Solar fiadiation at Situ C (Alaska) . . ,

WADC TR 58-201

I. INTRODUCTION

A. OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this program is tc determine what effect aolar radiation has on the breaking strength of nylon webbing (as is used in aircraft runway barriers) after being exposed outdoors for periode of 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 360 days. This vaa accomplished by natural weather exposure of webbings manufactured from duPont Type 300 nylon yarn untreated and treated with cateohol formaldehyde. Webbings manufactured fron duPont Type .330 nylon yarn were also exposed. With the nylon uabblngs, an Orion* webbing, untreated, was tasted simultaneously to determine the possibility of its use in aircraft runway harriers. The objective of thia program la to provide rtat-v for the selection of a new typ» yarn or a treat- ment on presently used webbings which will increase the service life of aircraft runway barriers.

B. GENERAL INFORMATION;

Of all the chemical and physical agents of deterioration, ounlighL probably accounts for the moist widespread degradation of materials and equipment subjected to natural weather. Thin la particularly true of nylon textile materials. With thia being evident there is an Increasing need for webbings with a longer sarvice life to be used in aircraft runway barriers. Previously the initial barrlTa were constructed of cotton; later, nylon was used in the actuator straps and mildaw-proofed cotton in the lifter straps. The life expectancy of this type pf barrier was only JO days under normal weather conditions. Barrier« currently being used by the Air Force are fabricated from nylon webbing utilizing 210 denier 34 filament yarn either duPont Type 300 yarn or Chanstrend Type HB yarn, both yarn dyed 0D color and treated with an abrasion resistant resin. A previous teat program showed that a barrier of the currant construction has a service expectancy of 60 days under normal weather conditions and 45 days under extremely strong sunlight. The results of tost, program are incorporated in a Teohwiial Nota WCRT 54-249 entitled "Sunlight Exposure of Nylon Webbing".

The present program wee initiated by tba Textiles Branch of the Materials Laboratory, Directorate of Laboratories, Wright Air Development Center, to determine if a radiant energy inhibitor treatment on presently us»d Typ* 300 nylon or the use of duPont Type 330 yarn (contains an additive which increase« the yarns resistance to ultra violet degradation) in the webbings would increj.se the service life of aircraft runway barriers. Prior to the beginning of the program a survey of the available radiant energy Inhibitors «ct conducted. The results of that survey era reported in a Technical Memorsnduii WORT TM 56-24.

Manuscript released by author 1 May 1958 for publication an a UADC Technical Report.

WADC TH 58-201 1

Typ« 330 yarn, and two Grlon webbings ware exposed to natural weather for specific periods Of 15, 30, 45. 60, 90, 120, 180 and 360 days. Exposures were conducted at three sitea; naaely, Urigct-Patteraon Mr Farn« Base, Ohio; Laa Cruca», Hew Mexico; tusd Collsga, Alaska. After the exposure periods the webbings were tested to determine tha degree of breaking strength retained.

4. DESCRIPTION OF WEBBIKGi

1. The nylon wabbiags were constructed and VOVMI in accordance with Specification M1L-W^40S8B, Typo IK with the exception that the yam si a«, uaad waa 260/17 (denier and filajaant). At the tike this program waa planned It seaned advisable to use thia yarn eise as the yarn manufacturer implied that the 260/17 nylon yarn would be available in both the Type 300 and 390 for production purpose*.

2, OuPont 1y,fo 300 ia a continuous filament, high tenacity bright jam. Their Typ» 330 i» a continuous filament high tenacity bright yarn vhlsh exhibit« greater heat durability and resistance to ultra-violet degradation than doae the Type 300.

0. EXPOSURE SITES AND EXPOSURE DATS:

The exposure site« were »elected to provida a wide variety of amounts of aolar radiation. It is customary to describe the exposure condition as arctic, tejsperate, desert, tropical and aemltropical. Atmospheric yonditlone alao say be classified as urban or rural. The exposure altes used for this program were as follow»;

Site A. Dayton, Ohio. The facilities of the Material» Laboratory, urlght-Pattarson Air Force flaae ware used at this location. The specimen* exposed at tfale site were monitored by Textiles Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, which m*y be classified as temperate, urban, and la located iß" north latitude, 840 weet longitude.

Site B. Laa Cruce», Hew Mexico. The faculties of the Neu Mexico State Collage were utilised at tliln location and oxposure of the apeclatens were monlwred by the Department of Kechanical Engineering. Thia site may be olnaified aa desert, rural, and is located 32* north latitude, 106° west longltu-e.

WADC TO 58-201 2

Site C. College, Alaska. The faculties Of the University of Alaska were utilized at this location and exposure of the specimens wore monitored by the Deportment of Chemistry. This site may be classified as sub-arctic, rural, and la located 65° north latitude, li,8° west longitude.

sites uaa the sama—October 1955

C. EXPOSURE OF SPECIMENS!

Exposure racks were built so that when the webbing specimens wore installed they would be at a 45° angle to ground level, facing south, and In such a manner that the center 18 inches was exposed to the sun's rays. Once the specimens were fastened to the racks they wer« not turned over or disturbed until their specific exposure period had ended and it was tina for their removal.

0. MEASI3EMEKT OP SOLAR RADIATIOMs

The total d^lly radiation in La.-ujlüya (gram calorias/square centimeter) was recorded by the use of a pyrheliometer. The approximate total dosage for each exposure period is shown in Appendix 1, Table II. The data shown are the total radiation or. an It)" x 1-3/i" specimen having an aree of 203.23 square centimeters. Estitf'-i^d totals ware calculated and substituted for the following days and si tea when the pyTheliometer was out of operation.

Las Cruces, New Mexico! 30 January 1956.

B. STAMDARB CONDITIONING«

Upon completion of the outdoor weathering period» the specimens were allowed to condition for a minimum of 24 hours at standard conditions, (i.e., atmosphere having a relative humidity of 65% ±2% and a temperature of 70"? ±2°F) before testlag.

F. BREAKING STRENGTH;

After the exposure periods and standard conditioning the specimens wero testod for breAking strength using a Tiisius Olsen Tester with a 20,000 pound capacity seal«. Thla tasting machine la calibrated annually and is rated as having an accuracy of within 1/2 of 1%. The jaw separation speed used was four inches par minute under no load. Appendix I, Tat-la III, list« the average breaking strength for 10 specimens per condition par exposure period per site. Computations of percent strength retantior versus number of days exposed are alao shown in this table.

WAEC TR 58-201

G. TABLES ASD KGUMSt

Table I list» tbo neönia nwbere and tho identity of tbe webbing assigned to each sample number, ftsferaiic» to the ssfliplfl numbers only will frequantly bu found throughout thin report.

Trble II shova tbe «Mount of Langlays neaaurod at tbe various axpo#ura altaa for the exposure period« shown. Tbe total cumber of L&ngleya per sampls ore also ahown.

Table III presents the apeclfio breaking strength averages and tbe specific ataount of strength retention (by percent) of the webbing samples after exposure.

figures 1 through 14 are a graphical presentation of tbe breaking strength versus auaiber of days exposed obtained from the data presented in Table III.

Figures 15 through 20 are a graphical presentation for tbe comparison of various staple» after exposure to equal amounts of solar radiation. Plotting points were obtained fro» date shown in Tableo II and III.

III. DISCUSSION OF WEBBING WEAVE

A. The nylon webbing need in this program was woven in accordance with the weave diagram for Type IU of Specification MIL-W-4038B. Thia type of weave expose« all of the warp yarn» to both the face and heck surface* of the webbing. AU. webbing» used by the Air Pore« do not utilise «hi« weave, ftv example, webbinge manufacturmi under Specif ioation WL-y-5625 utilise a tubular weave and »nee webbing* ««eh «« TfP* z and tyP* UH under Specification MIL-U-A088C utilise a double plain wnva «ita binder*. All of the warp yarns in these webbing« era not expaaed to both sides of tbe webbiug, i.e., warp yarn» wearing on the face surface da not weave on the back surface. This mcane that half the total nuaber of warp yarns are exposed on one surface of tbe webbing only, the other half are exposed on the opposite surface only. Consequent!; direct sunlight would affect only the yarns exposed to the webbing surface facing tbe sunlight.

B. Inasmuch «a the warp yarns are the load bearing yores in « webbing one can readily understand tbe Importance of the webbing weave aa affecting the loae in breaking strength due to direct sunlight degradation. Uith this In sind, the strength retention or strength loss data presented In this report la not applicable to all nylon webbings. Only the Type XIX Specification HIL~U-J,068 woven from a new type yarn and/or treated with a sunlight inhibitor baa bean evaluated.

IV. DXSCUSSIOK OF RESULTS

A. The breaking strength data presented in Table II shows that sane of the webbings after expoaure have t higher breaking strength than the un&xposed webbing* which were used ait the octroi sample«. This «ay see« lBmedlately difficult to understand, therefore, it should be noted that 5-10J variation in the breaking strength* of webbing sample« such an wer« used in thia study

WADC TK 58-201 4

B. Table TI ahowa that the largest amount or solar radiation (Langleyn; was recorded at Sits ß {New tfextcc). Of all three exposure altos the webbings expoend at Site B showed the laesi amount of 3trangth retention after exposure. This WHO evident regardless at tha typo of yam, color, condition or treatment of the webbing used. Reference! Figure» 1-12.

C. Of *11 the webbings evaluated the samples .cade fron Type 30C nylon yarn, natural color. Condition U and K showed the moat strength loaa after exposure- Thia uaa evident at. all three exposure sites. Kaferencei Figuren 1 and 3. When the samples of thia wabblng were woven with the Type 330 nylon yarn or treated with eatochol formaldehyde H substantial Increase in strength retention after exposure was clearly noticeable. Thia increase in etrength retention waa characteristic of theee samples at all expoaure altes. References Figures 3, 4, 9 and 10.

D. Thors are no natural colored nylon webbings used in aircraft overrun barriers by the Air Force. For barrier use the vebbings are olive drab in color, Condition R treated, utilising the Typ« 300 nylon yarn. Comparing Figure 7 with Figure 3 and Sample Ho. 7 with Saoiple Ho. 3 shown in Figures 15 through 20 the advantage of using olive drab color webbing instead of natural colored nylon webbinga la clearly abown.

S. Whan the webbing auch aa Sample Ho. 7 waa treated with catechol formaldehyde or made from tha Type 330 nylon yarn (Reference) Table I, Samples 8 and 12) there was a very email increase in strength retention noticed. It appears that the increase in strength retention for tbeaa samples ia not sufficient enough to warrant tha use of catechol formaldehyde or the Tyna 330 nylon yarn for webbings which will be uaed In the olive drab color wi'.h Condition R treatment, Reference: Figures 7, 8 and 12, and Samples No. 7 8 and 12, shown In Figures 16, 18 and 20.

F. Figures 13 and 14 show that tbe two Orion webbings exhibit good resistance to weathering, but the tenacity of continuous filament Orion being only 4-5 grama pel- denier prevents Its use for runway barrier webblnga.

V. GOBCUJSICHS

following generalised concluslonB can

1. Natural color nylon webbings made from Type 300 yarn and without treatment of «ny kind hava poor strength retention after exposure to solar- radiation .

2. Type 330 nylon yarn is superior In resistance to sunlight degradation than ia the Type 300 nylon yarn.

3. Catechol formaldehyde la a satisfactory sunlight Inhibitor for nylon webbings nude from Type 300 yarn, and show* to bo nor« effective on tha natural color nylon webblngo than the 00 color nylon wobbing«,

WADC TR 58-201 5

A. Nylon webbings in J degradation jftov exposure to so] natural color.

5. Webbings mado from continuous filament Orion pan) havss very good realatance to sunlight degradation..

B. Based upon the results obtained from the webbings tested in this pro£pa» it Is concluded that the service life of the present typt» of runway borrlero (OD color Gondltio» R) can be Increased to 180 clays in are»« of extremely strong sunlight and to 360 days in areas of moderate or omall amounts of sunlight by either one of ths following twu methods:

2. Ey the use of Type 330 nylon ysm in the manufacture of the webbing.

C. The Crloc vabbing showed good resistance to sunlight degradation through ths 360 day exposure period, but the S- I. duPont de Hamours and Company baa served notice that they have discontinued the production of the continuous filanont yarn as was used in this program. Due to the poor abraaion resistance of the Orion webbing and the fact that up to date ther-'s is no known abrasion resistant treatanent that cat be applied to Orion webbing, this fiber doea not appear to be suitable for use in aircraft runway barrier«.

WADC TR 58-201

—»mm Mil ■» wmiii imijn—TTTTanraiir™

avama s. TABLE I

SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION

i Color, and Condition 3tTt> SMBlt

1 XIX, natural, Coiiditiön-U* AL, Sa, Cl

2 XIX, WAtural, ConditioQ-LV traotod with eatecficl formaldehyde AS, B2, C2

3 xix, Mtarala con<iition-r:** *3. Eg, 03

4 XIX, Katurnl, Cotidltioa-H,°"treated witli eateohol formaldehyde Au., Bt. C4

5 XXX, Olive Drab, Conditian-U* A5, B5, C5

6 XIX, Olive Drab, Coudltion-U,* treated with, cateqhol formaldehyde A6, B6, C6

7 XIX, Olive Drab, Conditiun-R"* A7, B7, C?

6 XIX, Olive Drab, Condi tlon-H," »treated «ith cetechol formaldehyde A8, SB, C8

Webblnftfl Woran from Type 330 Tiara

9 XIX, Natural, Condition-U* AQ, Bg, C?

10 XIX, Haturul, CoDdition-n** A10, EQ.0, CIO

11 XIX, Olive Drob, Conditioo-U* All, BL1, CU

12 XIX, Olive Drab, Condition-H»* A12, HL2, C12

Wobbiapa «oven frmn Or I on Yarn

13 1*500 poond, Natural, Condition-U* U$t EQ.3, Cl3

lil 45 00 pouud. Dope Dyad Black, Ccuditlon-U* AI4, BI4, C14

WADC TR 5S-S01

APPENEK I

TABLE II

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Cai CBI/CU * i'otal LjiiifcJ,oy

Exposure Par Specimen

Period Site Sit» 3it9

8 C Site

A

Site

S

Site

C

15 days 5.148 9.728 1,540 205 x 10* 198 x 10* 31 x 104

30 dayo 9. TO 19.452 3.093 203 x 10* 395 * lo4

63 x lo" 45 daye 24.486 28,930 5«042 294 1 10 58Ö x lo4

102 X 10 60 days 18.435 35.712 5.900 375 » 10* 726 X 10* 4

JO daya 25.475 52.620 6.271 518 x 10* IO69 x 10* x k

1EC deya 30.S33 65.720 7.897 627 1 10 1335 * lo4

l60 X lo'* 180 day» 37.859 81.930 11,730 769 x 10* 1665 x 10* 23B I JO4

360 days U7.430 211,778 112.979 2589 x icA 4 4304 x 10 2296 X 10

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CONTROL ONLY 21 OF 12 NOTICE: WHEN GOVERNMENT OR OT HSR DRA WINGS, SPECIFIC AT ION'S OR OTHER DATA AKETJSED FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN IN CONNECTION WTVH A DEFINITELY RELATED GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT OPERATION, THE U. S. GOVERNMENT THEREBY INCURS NO RESPONSIBILITY, NOR ANY OBLIGATION WHATSOEVER; AND THE FACT THAT THE GOVERNMENT MAY HAVE FORMULATED, FURNISHED, OR IN ANY WAY SUPPLIED THE SAID DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, OR OTHER DATA IS NOT TO BE REGARDED BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE AS IN ANY MANNER LICENSING THE HOLDER OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR CORPORATION, OR COHVKYTNG AN* RIGHTS OR 'PERMISSION TO MANUFACTURE, USE OR SELL ANY PATENTED INVENTION THAT MAY IN ANY WAY BE RELATED THERETO.

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