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Urban Research Articles

November 2019

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Theme: Urban Planning and Design

How Global Climate Policy Could Affect Competitiveness.

Date NOVEMBER 2019

Source Science Direct

Original Language English

Link https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988319303445

Summary

A global uniform carbon price would be economically efficient and at the same time avoid ‘carbon-leakage’. Still, it will affect the competitiveness of specific industries, economic activity and employment across countries. This paper assesses short-term economic shocks following the introduction of a global carbon price that would be in line with the Paris Agreement. Based on the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), we trace the carbon content of final output through global supply chains. This allows us to estimate how prices of the final output would react to the introduction of a global carbon price. We find that impacts on industrial competitiveness are highly heterogeneous across regions and economic sectors. The competitive position of Brazil, Japan, the USA and advanced economies of the EU is likely to improve, whereas industries and labor markets in newly industrializing Asian economies as well as Eastern Europe are likely to experience substantial adverse impacts.

Theme: Urban Planning and DesignSustainable Blue-Green Infrastructure: A social practice approach to understanding community preferences and stewardship.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) is an approach to urban flood resilience, recognised globally and in international literature, that capitalises on the benefits of working with urban green-spaces and naturalised water-flows. Literature reveals BGI’s sustainable functioning and benefits-provision depend on the behaviour of those who use it, therefore local stewardship is often proposed to support maintenance. However, there is a gap in understanding the requirements and behaviours of users, as well as their potential for developing stewardship behaviours, that is not addressed through traditional analysis approaches based around demographics. Therefore, this research used correlation analysis of survey data from two locations in the UK to explore the potential contribution of Social Practice Theory (SPT) to improve such understanding. Results show statistically

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significant correlation (better than 1%) between performance of practices associated with urban BGI and attitudes towards BGI stewardship, whereas demographic variables showed little correlation. Reflection on the practices demonstrates that this connection is traceable through the meanings people attach to their practices, the benefits of BGI spaces as material to those practices and their competencies in relation to existing and proposed stewardship practices. Practices, it is proposed, have embedded behaviours and attitudes that transcend locational and demographic factors. These findings imply in a wider context that, for any proposed or existing BGI, understanding associated practices would improve targeting of stewardship-engagement towards users with compatible meanings and competencies. Furthermore, sustainable design of BGI would benefit from consultation with all identified user-groups in order to understand existing and potential practices.

Theme: Urban Planning and DesignForecasting the impacts of climate change on inland waterways.Date NOVEMBER 2019



Link https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192091930149X

Summary

Inland waterways are vulnerable to climate change as river navigation depends on water levels. Droughts can severely disrupt inland navigation services by reducing water levels either to completely non-navigable ones or to levels that oblige operators to reduce vessel load. We analyse the impacts of droughts induced by climate change using projections of river discharge data provided by eleven different climate model runs. We consider location specific characteristics by focusing the analysis on four specific locations of the Rhine and the Danube where a substantial part of the total freight activity in the European Union (EU) takes place. For the majority of the cases and scenarios considered, a decrease of the number of low water level days is projected, leading to fewer drought related disruptions in the operation of the inland waterway transport system. Although the uncertainties from the climate projections should not be neglected, the navigation sector could benefit from global warming which means that European inland waterways might be one of the few sectors where climate change can have negligible, or even positive, impact. The average economic benefit, for the cases considered, from the decrease of low water levels by the end of the century is projected to be almost €8million annually.

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192091930149X


A dual market structure design for the reform of an independent power grid system - The case of Taiwan.

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

In 1988, when the idea of economic liberalism was spreading across nations, the United Kingdom opened an electricity market. Soon, to increase the operational efficiency, other countries followed suit and gradually induced free competition to the electricity market. The reform aims to liberalize electric power industry, mainly features a vertical integration and deconstruction of the electric power enterprises.This study researches the independent power grid system in Taiwan as an island, from the perspectives of the power industry and the general environment, including political and geographical factors. Difficulties faced in electricity industry reform are presented, followed by the proposition of a dual market structure and its execution plan. The dual market structure divides the whole power market into a household market and an industry and commerce market, with the hope of achieving better electricity pricing fairness and power utilization efficiency.After studying the electricity market conditions in Taiwan from three aspects, safety, price, and environmental protection, it is concluded that both the household market and the industry and commerce market can reach a balance for supply and demand. The policies on distribution of electricity generation sources could provide the household market with a stable electricity price as well as good investment incentives for the industry and commerce market. For environmental protection, the dual structure could facilitate regulation, and reduce the disruption over the competition of the industry and commerce market. Thus, the proposed structure is suitable for the reform for an independent power grid system.

Theme: Urban Planning and DesignEmission drivers of cities at different industrialization phases in ChinaDate NOVEMBER 2019




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Summary

As cities are the center of human activity and the basic unit of policy

design, they have become the focus of carbon dioxide reduction,

especially metropolitan areas that are high energy consumers and carbon

dioxide emitters in countries such as China. The fact cities differ in their

levels of development and stages of industrialization points to the need

for tailor-made low-carbon policies. This study is the first to consider

cities' different phases of industrialization when analyzing city-level

emission patterns and drivers, as well as the decoupling statuses between

economic growth and their emission levels in China. The results of 15

representative cities at different phases of industrialization show that

various decoupling statuses, driving factors and decoupling efforts exist

among cities, and that heterogeneity among these factors also exists

among cities at the same industrialization phase. For further

decomposition, energy intensity contributed the most to emissions

reduction during the period 2005 to 2010, especially for cities with more

heavy manufacturing industries, whereas industrial structure was a

stronger negative emission driver during the period 2010 to 2015. Based

on those findings, we suggest putting into practice a diversified carbon-

mitigation policy portfolio according to each city's industrialization phase

rather than a single policy that focuses on one specific driving factor.

This paper sets an example on emissions-reduction experience for other

cities undergoing different industrialization phases in China; it also sheds

light on policy initiatives that could be applied to other cities around the

world.

Theme: Urban Planning and DesignCreating urban green infrastructure where it is needed – A spatial ecosystem service-based decision analysis of green roofs in BarcelonaDate NOVEMBER 2019




Summary As cities face increasing pressure from densification trends, green roofs represent a valuable source of ecosystem services for residents of compact metropolises where available green space is scarce. However, to date little research has been conducted regarding the holistic benefits of green roofs

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at a citywide scale, with local policymakers lacking practical guidance to inform expansion of green roofs coverage. The study addresses this issue by developing a spatial multi-criteria screening tool applied in Barcelona, Spain to determine: 1) where green roofs should be prioritized in Barcelona based on expert elicited demand for a wide range of ecosystem services and 2) what type of design of potential green roofs would optimize the ecosystem service provision. As inputs to the model, fifteen spatial indicators were selected as proxies for ecosystem service deficits and demands (thermal regulation, runoff control, habitat and pollination, food production, recreation, and social cohesion) along with five decision alternatives for green roof design (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, naturalized, and allotment). These indicators and alternatives were analyzed probabilistically and spatially, then weighted according to feedback from local experts. Results of the assessment indicate that there is high demand across Barcelona for the ecosystem services that green roofs potentially might provide, particularly in dense residential neighborhoods and the industrial south. Experts identified habitat, pollination and thermal regulation as the most needed ES with runoff control and food production as the least demanded. Naturalized roofs generated the highest potential ecosystem service provision levels for 87.5% of rooftop area, apart from smaller areas of central Barcelona where intensive rooftops were identified as the preferable green roof design. Overall, the spatial model developed in this study offers a flexible screening based on spatial multi-criteria decision analysis that can be easily adjusted to guide municipal policy in other cities considering the effectiveness of green infrastructure as source of ecosystem services.


Response of southern African vegetation to climate change at 1.5 and 2.0° global warming above the pre-industrial level

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Climate change has severely impacted southern African vegetation over the last decades. Recent studies have shown that limiting the global warming level to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial level may reduce the catastrophic effects of anthropogenic climate change. However, there is limited knowledge on the response of vegetation to climate change at different global warming levels. This study examines how southern African vegetation may respond to climate change at 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming. An ensemble of climate projections from the CESM model were analyzed to evaluate the potential changes in timing and magnitude of vegetation index and parameters across southern African biomes for a global warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C under the RCP8.5 scenario. The results show that the spatial pattern of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are

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well captured by the ensemble mean. However, the model overestimates NDVI over the east coast of South Africa while it underestimates it over Angola. The strong relationship between the NDVI and other vegetation parameters (e.g. net primary production, leaf area cover) over southern Africa, suggests that vegetation productivity is projected to decline over Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia at 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming. However, vegetation productivity is projected to likely increase over some parts of Madagascar and South Africa. The results further show that there is a similarity in the response of vegetation parameters at 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming. The difference in projected changes of the above ground net primary production, soil carbon and surface run-off is negligible between 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming. While the model ensemble members show a range in the magnitude of changes, they all project an increase in below ground net primary production, soil carbon and photosynthesis over the southern African biomes while projecting a decline in canopy transpiration over all the biomes. Furthermore, the CESM projects an increase in drought intensity as temperature increases over the southern African biomes. The projected changes in the drought intensity appears more pronounced with the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) than with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The results of the study is important in informing policy makers for climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in southern Africa. For effective mitigation and adaptation strategy, there is a need to translate the results to make them more accessible to inform policy through the use of appropriate engagement platforms such as multi-stakeholder partnerships and workshops.


Local early warning systems for drought – Could they add value to nationally disseminated seasonal climate forecasts?

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Limited application and use of forecast information restrict smallholder farmers’ ability to deal with drought in proactive ways. This paper explores the barriers that impede use and uptake of seasonal climate forecasts (SCF) in two pilot communities in Limpopo Province. Current interpretation, translation and mediation of national SCF to the local context is weak. A local early warning system (EWS) was developed that incorporated hydrological modelled information based on national SCF, locally monitored rainfall and soil moisture by a wireless sensor network, and signs from indigenous climate indicators. We assessed to what degree this local EWS could improve interpretation of SCF and increase understanding and uptake by farmers. Local extension staff and champion farmers were

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found to play important knowledge brokering roles that could be strengthened to increase trust of SCF. The local EWS provided added value to national SCF by involving community members in local monitoring, enacting knowledge interplay with indigenous knowledge and simplifying and tailoring SCF and hydrological information to the local context. It also helped farmers mentally prepare for upcoming conditions even if many do not currently have the adaptive mindsets, economic resources or pre-conditions to positively respond to SCF information.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesSustainable transitions in residential energy use: Characteristics and governance of urban-based initiatives across Europe.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

Reducing domestic energy use in cities has become a key focus in achieving sustainability goals. Recent and on-going efforts to address excessive residential energy use have taken various forms and have been initiated by a range of different actors. This paper presents evidence from the analysis of a database of 249 recent sustainable energy initiatives that have been implemented at various scales in and across urban areas in Europe. The paper examines common trends and characteristics in the type of initiatives that are promoted, including the problem definition, general approach, and implementation method. A second focus of enquiry centers on the governance mechanisms that underpin these initiatives. Here, attention turns to the main actors responsible for driving initiatives, the frequency and various forms of implementing partnerships, and the funding source through which the selected initiatives are financed. Two major themes emerged from reviewing the data, namely stratification and integration. Stratification or integration was evident across five key areas including problem framing, general approach, engagement mechanisms, governance, and evaluation frameworks. A corresponding typology of initiatives is presented under four categories: Enhancing; Directional; Experimental; and Responsive. Applying the typology to the dataset shows that enhancing initiatives aimed at optimizing technology or individual behavior are most prevalent (56%). Experimental initiatives that deliberate with new ways of living (16%) or responsive initiatives that consider contextual-needs (14%) are less prevalent and are more likely to occur at a smaller scale. Overall, we argue that integration across key areas can increase the success of initiatives that aim to achieve long-term sustainable transformation in household energy use.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesAddressing renewable energy conundrum in the DR Congo: Focus on Grand Inga

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hydropower dam project.Date NOVEMBER 2019



Link https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X19300938

Summary

As the DR Congo has experienced a severe energy crisis, the paper analyzes its energy policy. It examines the Grand Inga hydropower project, including the Inga 3 dam.

The Inga 3 dam's development is confronted with political, geostrategic, and financial challenges, notably the suspension of the World Bank's funding in 2016. Due to the electro-mobility's development, the downstream companies intend to secure cobalt from the country. Mining companies of the copper-cobalt belt might fail to respond to the downstream companies' needs, given the lack of a reliable and affordable energy supply. Policy recommendations suggest that further transparency in implementing the Grand Inga project is required for restoring donors' confidence; while the country strives for political stability and sustainable development.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesCritical factors influencing wind power industry: A diamond model based study of India.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary The energy needs of India have increased many folds in recent years due to industrialization and ever-increasing population. Wind energy offers excellent opportunities in fulfilling the energy needs of the country. Being renewable, it has enormous resource potential. Since the last decade, the wind energy sector has progressed very quickly. India ranks 4th in the world in terms of installed wind capacity. The cumulative installed capacity has reached 35,288 MW, grabbing 6% global share. Meanwhile, various factors are affecting the development of the wind power industry. This paper aims to identify and analyze the critical factors that are significantly affecting the development and competitiveness of the Indian wind industry. For this purpose, we have adopted the Diamond model approach. After careful analysis, we have found that these factors are: demand condition, factor condition, chance, related and support industry, firm strategy, structure, rivalry, and government. All the factors identified in this model are influencing the wind industry’s competitiveness from a different angle. Thus, these factors should be strengthened for the long-term development of the wind industry. Research findings reveal the present status, challenges, and future projections of the wind power

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industry. Essential policy recommendations have been offered for the sustainable development of this sector. Government and stakeholders can take benefit from this research by understanding the dynamic relationship among all the factors influencing the development of the wind power industry and make procurement strategies accordingly.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesBarriers to the wider implementation of biogas as a source of energy: A state-of-the-art review.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

Many countries have realised that biogas as a source of energy is an important component for sustainability transition. However, the total production volume of biogas is still relatively low. Such slow development raises a fundamental question—what are the current barriers hindering the wider uptake of biogas as a source of energy? In order to answer the question, a systematic state-of-the-art review of the barriers was conducted based on the Scopus database. The results of the review were summarised by country and were divided into two broad categories: developed and developing economies. Each group was analysed separately according to six types of barriers: (1) technical, (2) economic, (3) market, (4) institutional, (5) socio-cultural, and (6) environmental barriers. By analysing the barriers through different contexts, the most frequent and crucial constraints the biogas industry currently faces were identified and integrated into a systematic classification. In addition, possible solutions on how to overcome the most critical barriers were added.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesStand-alone hybrid energy systems for remote area power generation.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Energy accessibility especially electrical energy is considered as one of the most appealing factors to achieve energy sustainability. The purpose of this study is to investigate energy sustainability using renewable energies for two high potential cities in the south-east of Iran until the year 2030. In this regard, Homer software is used to evaluate economic and technical analyses of PV-wind-diesel hybrid system for the two cities by the data

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gathering which was collected from Iran’s meteorological organization. Therefore, the average of solar radiation per month for Zabol and Zahak were about 9 and 9.1 (h/d). Also, mean wind speeds are calculated 5.35 m/s and 4.7 m/s for Zabol and Zahak respectively which proposed that these cities have high potential in order to electrical production by a hybrid system. Furthermore, the amount of electricity production by PV array for Zabol and Zahak were 1700 (kWh/yr) and 1669 (kWh/yr) respectively, and the amount of electricity production by wind turbine were 9036 (kWh/yr) and 7263(kWh/yr) for Zabol and Zahak respectively. Consequently, it is of elaborated that the investments on solar and wind energy sectors for both cities would be economically justified.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesExploiting of geothermal energy reserve and potential in Saudi Arabia: A case study at Ain Al Harrah.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

Saudi Arabia is enriched by geothermal resources and related to the tectonic activity of Red Sea, volcanic rocks and ridges. The geothermal energy reserve, potential and their reserve for possible energy production are investigated. Nowadays, production process of crude oil accompanied with flaring of gases result in excessive CO2 emissions. If the growth rate of national oil consumption continues, local demand will be doubled within a decade. The study of geothermal energy is covered. A selection of possible applications of geothermal futures is discussed. Furthermore, the study has focused on necessity of maintaining green and clean environment as well as climate of lowest dust content.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesEstimation of power generation from municipal solid wastes: A case Study of Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary In this study, attempt was made to estimate the quantity of municipal solid

waste (MSW) generated per annum, the generation rate in kg/capita/day as

well as the quantity and the fractions of the waste streams available for

energy production. The physical characterization of the waste streams into

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/municipal-solid-waste

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/municipal-solid-waste



https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/wind-turbines

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fractions was conducted. The proximate and ultimate analyses of the waste

fractions were performed. Heating values of the waste streams was

determined experimentally using a bomb calorimeter. It was concluded that

1% increase in carbon and sulphur will increase heating value by 79.08%

and 10.83% respectively while 1% increase in hydrogen and nitrogen

decrease heating value by 30.2% and 619.1% respectively. The energy

potential (EPMSW) of the MSW based on the energy content of 584

tons/day MSW, is about 3,244,444 kWh or 3,244 MWh, Electrical Power

(EPPMSW) of about 40555 kW or 41 MW and Power to Grid of 27 MW.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesChallenges and prospects of renewable energy in Nigeria: A case of bioethanol and biodiesel production.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Achieving an affordable clean energy in accordance to the sustainable

development goal (SDG 7) is a challenge in Nigeria and other nations in

Africa. Most of the currently used energy strategies are either not

sustainable or poorly maintained. Nigeria is a major exporter of fossil fuel

but currently faced with serious energy crisis, which necessitates the search

for a sustainable renewable form of energy as alternative to fossil fuel in

order to meet the SDG 7. Biofuel has been identified as a sustainable form

of renewable energy in Nigeria with sugarcane, cassava, plant seed and

waste materials being possible feedstocks for bioethanol and biodiesel

production. The feedstocks are predominantly available and accessible with

the possibility of maximizing them to drive socio-economic growth. Use of

waste materials and non-edible underutilized seed oil such as Jatropha

curcas will help minimize the controversies associated with the use of food

materials as feedstock for biofuel production in Nigeria and other nations

in Africa. Furthermore, focus should be on developing the Nigerian waste

management strategy, which has the potential of generating sufficient

energy to drive the economy and serve as means of employment. It is also

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high time for Nigeria to develop its own technology to run biofuel

production from its currently developed cassava and sugarcane industry. It

might be necessary to create more awareness on the importance of biofuel

as well as provide suitable business environment for local and international

investors.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesQuantifying the prevention potential of avoidable food waste in households using a self-reporting approach.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

The prevention of avoidable food waste at consumer level is an issue of

increasing importance, yet persists with no evident solution. Recently the

Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations (SDG) set a new

challenge to overcome in sustainable consumption, namely the target 12.3

to halve food waste by 2030 at retail and consumer level. This paper aims

to show that it is indeed possible for households to achieve this target using

an approach that builds on positive effects of interventions and kitchen

diaries. We present an intervention method that is not only beneficial to

gather data regarding avoidable food waste in households, but also

contributes to reduce it. In this context, we compared the short-term

impacts of two different types of self-reporting and coaching methods to

reduce avoidable food waste in households. Therefore we implemented in

two separate panels of households in the same area once an offline-system

and once a web-based online-system. The study outcomes are based on

experimental data collected in these two sets of household panels

demonstrating a clear improvement in the participant’s behavior regarding

food purchase and waste production. The main finding of our study is a

reduction of avoidable food waste by more than 50% of fresh mass for both

panels, showing that households can achieve this part of the SDG 12.3.

Based on the method’s effectiveness, we encourage its wider use and

further development.

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Theme: Urban Basic ServicesEnergy metering for the urban gas system: A case study in China.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

With the continued downturn in global crude oil prices, the natural gas market shows a rapid growth trend. The coordination of natural gas trade is becoming more and more important, and many organizations have put forward natural gas energy metering the schemes. Nowadays, the energy metering schemes for long-distance natural gas pipelines have been approaching maturity, but the energy metering scheme between urban gas gate stations and urban gas users has not yet been proposed. Therefore, this paper takes two different types of cities in China for instance to verify the rationality of urban gas energy metering, and proposes a specific plan for urban gas energy metering. Taking Beijing (China) and Dali (Yunnan Province, China) urban gas systems as examples, by comparing the energy metering method with traditional volumetric metering method, it can be obtained that the use of volumetric metering method in Beijing and Dali will lead to different degrees of extra economic losses to the natural gas companies, and the extra economic losses in winter are the biggest. For some cities with high temperature in summer, the use of volumetric metering will lead extra economic losses in winter and extra economic benefits in summer. Therefore, it is fairer to use the urban gas energy metering method. Furthermore, the method of establishing an urban gas energy metering system and the method of building an Internet plus-based management system are proposed in this paper.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesLong-life performance of biogas systems for productive applications: The role of R&D and policyDate NOVEMBER 2019




Summary In order to achieve the transformations required to realize sustainable development, the use of modern renewable energy has to increasingly take primacy. Biogas technology is one of listed modern RETs but despite its early introduction in Uganda, its adoption rate remains very low amidst high technology failure and dis-adoption. To investigate this, a field-based assessment was conducted to evaluate performance of productive biogas

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installations with an aim of determining the root cause of this poor performance. It was found out that over 50% of productive biogas installations failed within two years after their commissioning due to logistical and technological challenges. Most installations could not sustain biogas production due to deprived quality of digester feed, and lack of local technical data to utilize alternatives during scarcity of the primary feedstock. Insufficient R&D in the biogas sector is suggested to be the lead cause of such poor performance. Therefore, novel policy strategies for promoting R&D have been proposed in this paper because for success of any productive biogas system, optimization of energy recovery through R&D must be at the forefront in order to drive system outputs to better economic gain.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesParticipation in solid waste management: Lessons from the Advanced Locality Management (ALM) programme of Mumbai.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is the national flagship programme of the Government of India that aims to achieve the vision of “Clean India’. The Solid Waste Management (SWM) component of the SBM envisages to become a ‘janandolan ’(people's movement) with participation from a wide range of stakeholders. This assertion emphasizes the importance of community and civic groups in maintaining cleanliness of cities. The ‘Advanced Locality Management’ Programme (ALM) of Mumbai is one of the earlier efforts of citizen-government partnership for SWM in India. Initiated in 1997 it is still operational in Mumbai. This paper traces the evolution of the ALM programme, with particular reference to engagement of civic groups, their changing roles and responsibilities over time. In doing so, the paper argues that for true ‘janandolan’ on urban civic issues, a broader mandate for participation that encompasses wider concerns of citizens is required.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesFrugality in multi-actor interactions and absorptive capacity of Addis-Ababa light-rail transport.Date NOVEMBER 2019

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Summary

Cities in transition need strategies to do more and better using less or limited resources, i.e., to be frugal in approach, especially when implementing expensive infrastructures. Addis-Ababa city in recent years acquired the light-rail transport (LRT) from China, which entails different multi-actors interacting to achieve resource-efficient LRT in terms of cost, technical knowledge and time. Addis-Ababa re-organized their organizational structure to interact with multi-actors, in providing affordable LRT, measurable technological transfer and learning routine via structured absorptive capacity, delivering an environmentally sound electrified light-rail, as a zero-carbon emission transport system. Using mixed research methods, consisting of light-rail expert's semi-structured interviews and passenger's survey, this article aims to know how the multi-actor interaction processes and absorptive capacity structure have delivered frugality in urban rail transport. Thus, delivering the LRT, despite inadequate country-owned financial resources, less technological and knowledge capability of LRT, within a limited period of three years. Results show that frugality strongly depends on the structure of absorptive capacity and process of multi-actor interactions. In addition, tacit knowledge developed by Addis-Ababa, as an existing knowledge base is vital in harnessing the explicit knowledge provided by China. This frugally delivered light-rail consequently brought changes to the low-income passengers, including some part of the bottom of pyramid (PoB) category, and a fraction of modal shift from other motorized transport modes to the light-rail public transport.

Theme: Urban Basic ServicesRural Transport Services Indicators: Using a new mixed-methods methodology to inform policy in GhanaDate NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Rural people need access to markets and services. In developing countries, where private vehicle ownership is limited, villagers depend on public transport services. However, research evidence available to inform policy formulation is often extremely limited. To better understand the characteristics, costs, frequencies and acceptability of rural transport services in Ghana, data was collected using a methodology developed by the International Forum for Rural Transport and Development. This methodology combines traffic count data with structured qualitative

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interviews with transport users, operators, regulators and local development experts. A key finding concerned motorcycle taxis which, although officially banned in 2012, remain a common sight in rural Ghana and are generally appreciated by transport users and other stakeholders. Following our presentation of findings to an audience of national stakeholders and policy-makers, a consensus emerged to continue restricting commercial motorcycle operations in cities and on highways, but allowing them on rural roads, if combined with appropriate safety training and regulations. These findings feed into an ongoing policy debate about motorcycle taxi transport in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Theme: Urban Economy

The data economy: How technological change has altered the role of the citizen-consumer

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

Citizenship and consumption have been linked for over a century, emphasizing the pivotal role played by the citizen-consumer in society as a whole, and the voting power of the consumer's money. In the modern, digitalized world of the data economy, citizen-consumers are being assigned new roles: active market party, content producer, distributor, and an important source of economic value formation. This article examines how the role of the citizen-consumer is transforming in the data economy, giving a simplified account of historical continuities and discontinuities. We concentrate on the commercial side of consumer citizenship, scrutinizing two periods in the history of technology: first, the 1930s–40s when the mobile citizen-consumer was invented, designed, and promoted by the US car industry; and second, the post-1990s when an even greater sense of mobility was introduced by cell phones and the Internet, drawing examples from outlying yet technologically advanced Finland. We close with a discussion of how the digital turn has given citizen-consumers new channels of operations, querying how technological change has influenced their everyday lives.

Theme: Urban EconomyDo low-skilled workers gain from high-tech employment growth? High-technology multipliers, employment and wages in Britain.Date NOVEMBER 2019


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Summary

Do low-skilled workers benefit from the growth of high-technology

industries in their local economy? Policymakers invest considerable

resources in attracting and developing innovative, high-tech industries, but

there is relatively little evidence on the distribution of the benefits. This

paper investigates the labour market impact of high-tech growth on low

and mid-skilled workers, using data on UK local labour markets from

2009–2015. It shows that high-tech industries – either STEM-intensive

‘high-tech’ or digital economy – have a positive jobs multiplier, with each

10 new high-tech jobs creating around 7 local non-tradeable service jobs,

around 6 of which go to low-skilled workers. Employment rates for mid-

skilled workers do not increase, but they benefit from higher wages. Yet

while low-skilled workers gain from higher employment rates, the jobs are

often poorly paid service work, so average wages fall, particularly when

increased housing costs are considered.

Theme: Urban EconomyZoning and spatial analysis of poverty in urban areas (Case Study: Sabzevar City-Iran)Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary The present descriptive-analytical study employs a survey research method, documentary technique, and applied-developmental research design to zone the 18 neighborhoods of Sabzevar City in terms of urban poverty indicators. Data collection was done through a questionnaire distributed among a sample with the size of 384 participants selected from for citizens of 18 neighborhoods of Sabzevar City. A total of 17 urban poverty indicators were surveyed in the form of three sociocultural, economic, and access to urban services indicators. For data analysis, the analytic network process (ANP), Grey Relational Analysis (GRA), and spatial statistics tests were used. The results of the integration of the three economic, sociocultural, and access to urban services indicators depict that the highest urban poverty is in neighborhoods 17 and 18, 6, 14, 15, 13, 12, 11, and 9 respectively. All these neighborhoods are among the marginal neighborhoods of the city. The lowest urban poverty levels are in neighborhoods 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and partly in neighborhoods 13, 14 and 16, which are part of the city's central neighborhoods, mostly including

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government employees, the salaried, and those with high-paying jobs. Comparing different types of urban textures via the Integrated Zoning Map of Poverty in Sabzevar City shows that urban poverty zones correspond to the areas of unofficial settlements and extension villages, and the economic poverty in the southern regions of the city is higher than other urban areas. According to the principles of Grey Relational Analysis (GRA), neighborhoods 1 and 2, which includes Southern Kashifi St., Northern Asrar St., and Imam Khomeini Blvd., is considered to be at a higher level than other areas in terms of poor urban poverty. The results of spatial statistics tests (spatial autocorrelation test and G-test) indicate the correlation and clustering of the data model or urban poverty indicators of the study area.

Theme: Urban EconomyDoes oil price volatility influence real sector growth? Empirical evidence from Pakistan.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

The study investigates the short-run and long-run relationship between oil price fluctuation and real sector growth in Pakistan. Four major sectors of the economy (Manufacturing, electricity, transport and communication, and livestock) were analyzed to find any relation. Similar studies can be found in the existing literate, however, the distinguish feature of present study is that it investigates each individual sector’s linkage to oil price changes. Annual time series data of selected sectors ranging from 1976 to 2017 is selected for the study. Classical normal linear regression models under auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) were employed to study the relationship between economic sectors and oil price fluctuation. Empirical results indicate that changes in oil price adversely affect manufacturing, livestock and electricity sectors in short-run and long-run, while significant positive impact was found on transportation and communication. Consequently, the sectors prone to oil price changes require special attention of policy makers. An expansionary monetary policy can be a short-run solution to reduce the impact of increasing oil price, whereas the government can introduce a policy framework to counter this effect in long-run.

Theme: Urban EconomyPractising circles: Studying institutional change and circular economy practices.Date NOVEMBER 2019


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Summary

Recent international and national policy initiatives promulgate the Circular

Economy (CE) as the new central pathway towards sustainable modes of

production and consumption. A growing number of commentators criticize

the approach, despite its success in triggering discussions about product

design (longevity, reparability) and about options for sharing goods and

services. The criticism centers on the mere technological fix orientation of

the CE approach and its ecological modernist idea of gradually adapting

the current production system to material resource constraints - while

leaving aside socio-political aspects of consumption as well as the possible

need for sufficiencyoriented lifestyles. This paper argues for a broader

understanding of CE and for the use of an institutional perspective inspired

through practice theory, and presents a framework to assess the

transformative potential of CE, encompassing its alternative/dissenting

articulations in the noncorporate sector.

Theme: Urban Economy

Correlates of youth violence in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-analysis

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary The highest rates of serious interpersonal violence occur in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs) especially in Latin America, the Caribbean, and sub–Saharan Africa. However, previous reviews of risk factors for youth violence focused almost entirely on studies from high-income countries (HICs). Rigorous synthesis of evidence is needed for LMICs. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies of youth violence in LMICs, identified by extensive searches in seven languages. Studies reporting correlates of violence perpetration in samples of 100 or more 10–29 year-olds from the general population in LMICs were included in the review. Eighty-six studies including 480,898 individuals from 60 countries were eligible for meta-analysis. Violent outcomes included fighting, carrying a weapon and other interpersonal violent behaviors (e.g. assault). The strongest correlates of youth violence (OR ≥ 2.5) were: male sex, impulsivity, conduct problems, sexual intercourse at an early age, smoking, alcohol use, using illicit drugs, being bullied, suffering criminal

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victimization, having deviant/delinquent peers, and watching violent television. We conclude that many correlates of youth violence in LMICs are similar to those that have been identified in HICs, but other biological, psychological, and cultural predictors remain to be tested in LMICs. Implications for research and policy are discussed.

Theme: Urban EconomyImportance and share of agribusiness in the Chinese economy (2000–2014)Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

This paper analyzes the importance and share of agribusiness and its aggregates in the Chinese national economy in the context of economic growth observed in 2000–2014. Based on National Input-Output Tables (NIOT) data, the share of agribusiness in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, and global output was found to have declined due to a decrease in the share of agriculture itself. Hence, the increase in agribusiness GDP was primarily driven by the supply-related aggregate. In turn, the food industry provided the greatest momentum for growth in global output of agribusiness. This research also found that the GDP of the agriculture-based aggregate had a large share in its global output. This means that compared to other sectors, agricultural production demonstrated low levels of direct material intensity, which is important from the perspective of material efficiency and sustainable development.

Theme: Urban EconomyAsset Management as a Digital Platform Industry: A Global Financial Network PerspectiveDate NOVEMBER 2019




Summary While contemporary technological disruption is increasingly conceptualized in terms of the logic and paradoxes of the digital platform economy, discussions of “FinTech” have only engaged to a limited extent with these debates—particularly from an economic geographic standpoint. Here we fill this gap by proposing an adapted Global Financial Network (GFN) framework for conceptualizing the organizational and geographic logic of the digital platform economy in finance, and applying it to

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examine the impact of the digital platform model on asset management. As we will show, asset management is being profoundly disrupted by what we dub digital asset management platforms—or DAMPs—which encompass services including index fund and ETF provision, robo-advising, and analytics and trading support. Like other digital platforms, DAMPs do not so much leverage technology to enhance their competitiveness within markets, as to radically restructure the market itself. Also, like other platforms, their rise has produced a winner-take-all paradox of centralization through democratization that defies predictions of technology-enabled industry decentralization. However, the logic and implications of the rise of DAMPs diverges, in other respects, from non-financial digital platforms, as finance has long possessed an informational intensity and regulatory and organizational fluidity characteristic of the digital platform economy. Consequently, the digital platform model has mostly developed endogenously in asset management through incremental innovation by major financial firms—in a process that has reinforced the position of leading incumbent asset management centers, and above all New York—rather than being introduced from the outside by upstart technology firms and clusters.

Theme: Urban EconomyCosts or benefits? Assessing the economy-wide effects of the electricity sector's low carbon transition – The role of capital costs, divergent risk perceptions and premiumsDate NOVEMBER 2019




Summary To mitigate climate change, societies strive to transform the energy sector towards greenhouse gas emission neutrality, a move which assessment studies often indicate incurs large macroeconomic costs. In this context the weighted average costs of capital (WACC) are especially important, as renewables are highly capital intensive. In particular, investors' perceptions and expectations of risks are fundamental determinants of WACC and thus strongly influence the macroeconomic outcome of transition analyses. For the case of Europe's electricity sector transition, we analyze this sensitivity by choosing different WACC settings, driven also by different policy settings redirecting expectations. First, we find that when differentiating WACC across regions and technologies more accurately than usually done in the literature, immediate and substantial macroeconomic benefits from the transition emerge. We thereby reveal a systematic overestimation of low-carbon transition costs in the literature. Second, we find that when pricing-in increasing trust in renewables, these benefits get significantly larger, outweighing possible negative macroeconomic effects from the risk of stranding of fossil-based assets. We also demonstrate that in developed

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regions such as Europe, de-risking renewables is an effective lever for reaching climate targets, which indicates the relevance of green macroprudential regulation.

Theme: Urban EconomyLegal restrictions on foreign institutional investors in a large, emerging economy: A comprehensive datasetDate NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

The dataset presented in this article contains information on imposition or relaxation of legal restrictions on foreign investment, by the authorities in a large, emerging economy- India. These restrictions are referred to as capital controls because they act as controls on the capital account of an economy. Legal instruments such as regulations, circulars and notifications published on the websites of the relevant regulatory authorities, have been used as the source of the data. In particular, the dataset discerns information from these legal instruments to identify whether the instrument tightens or eases capital controls on investment by foreign institutions in different asset classes such as debt, equity and derivatives.

Theme: Housing and Slum UpgradingA conceptual framework for the uptake of the green building concept in Ghana.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Green building (GB) is receiving global acclaim as the most formidable

answer to the adverse effects brought upon the climate and environment by

buildings and construction activities. The developed countries accept this

as a best option to the mitigation of the impacts on the environment and

have developed codes, policies and frameworks to encourage and enforce

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the implementation of green building concepts in their construction

industries. In a sharp contrast, current evidence suggests that, uptake of GB

in developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is at a snail pace and

characterized by the absence of GB codes and frameworks. In response,

this study through a critical literature review process, explores theoretical

applications of the innovation diffusion theory and theory of planned

behavior to develop an understanding of the GB implementation process.

The combination of the two theories with other frameworks yields a

conceptual framework for the uptake of the green building concepts (GBC)

in the Ghana construction industry to facilitate the understanding of a

stakeholder's decision to adopt GBC hence improving uptake.

For an increased uptake of the concept in Ghana, likely impediments

include, lack of awareness, government regulations, financial constraints

and cultural change resistance among others. The testable conceptual

framework developed would provide the foundation for a comprehensive

uptake framework of the green building concepts in the Ghana construction

industry.

Theme: Housing and Slum UpgradingImpact of glass facades on internal environment of buildings in hot arid zone.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary This research focuses on the problem of the design of contemporary glass buildings and facades in a hot dry area such as Egypt, that is based on the “western” concept of the glass facade design, without any attention to design according to the climate, or the use of glass in how, type and color to show the architectural identity and character of the country.The result is that the energy needed to cool the internal environment of these buildings is very high, leading to pressure on the total energy resources and the appearance of glass blocks that do not respect the architectural identity of the country.The importance of this study is to make designers and users aware of the application of appropriate glass types to ensure the comfort of users within buildings. Furthermore, it studies the effect of the glass facades on the visual and thermal comfort of users, and proposes a suitable process methodology for selecting the appropriate type of glass or color as well as

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effective shading systems which respond to the solar radiation of that region. It also emphasizes on the glass design methods that express architectural identity and culture of the country.

Theme: Housing and Slum UpgradingUrban migration and housing during resource booms: The case of Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

This paper investigates the relationship between urban migration and housing in the context of an emergent oil boom in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. The paper responds to the relative lack of research on resource boom-driven urbanization, particularly in Africa, and on the way in which urban migration shapes, and is shaped by, housing conditions. The paper analyzes the relationship between housing conditions and urban migrants' choice of residential locations. Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative analysis of data from 322 surveys in two neighborhoods of Sekondi-Takoradi, the paper draws three primary conclusions. First, migrants' choices regarding where they live are premised on neighborhood housing conditions. Second, most migrants are urban-urban migrants which means that the predominant theories of urban growth are poorly equipped to address the urban transformation occurring in Sekondi-Takoradi. Finally, migrants’ housing choices have considerable urban form implications, promoting in different contexts both urban densification and urban sprawl. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings in the Ghanaian and wider African contexts.

Theme: Housing and Slum UpgradingPrioritizing deep renovation for housing portfolios.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Cost-effectiveness of deep renovation has been assessed thoroughly on a building level. Such studies provide limited guidance when prioritizing

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renovation measures for a building portfolio. On a stock level, building-stock modelling is commonly used to assess impact of renovation on a national and city level, targeting stakeholders operating at a planning or policy level. However, due to methodological choices and data availability, assessment of property owner portfolios is lacking. The aim of this paper is to calculate and spatially differentiate cost-effectiveness of deep renovation using equivalent annual cost and increase in assessed building value for a portfolio owner as a first step in prioritizing deep renovation within a building portfolio. A bottom-up engineering-based model is applied utilizing building-specific information for a municipal housing company portfolio in the City of Gothenburg, Sweden, consisting of 1803 multi-family buildings. Energy demand for space heating and hot-water is calibrated using measured energy use from energy performance certificates. Deep renovation is assessed by applying a package of measures across all buildings. Results show average energy use reduction across the portfolio of 51% to an average cost of 597 EUR/m2 living area. While average energy cost savings account for 21% of equivalent annual cost, there are seven buildings where more than half the annual equivalent cost of renovation is covered by energy cost savings. Similarly, the distribution of change in assessed building value is large for individual buildings, ranging from 0–23%. Aggregating results to larger areas tend to average out results while differences between individual buildings within areas persists. As such, the cost-effectiveness of deep renovation should be assessed on a building-by-building basis rather than for an area or neighbourhood. The results are intended as a first step in prioritizing deep renovation within a building portfolio and further detailed assessment is needed.

Theme: Housing and Slum UpgradingBuilding performance robustness assessment: Comparative study and demonstration using scenario analysis.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary During the design phase, it can be of great value to quantify the performance robustness of proposed building designs in order to arrive at buildings that deliver the desired performance over their lifespan. Design-support approaches that take performance robustness into account need to find appropriate ways of transforming the large number of unknowns in future scenarios regarding building operation and external conditions into actionable information for decision-makers. Many robustness assessment methods for environmental impact and indoor comfort are currently available, but there is very little guidance about the suitability of these methods under different conditions. Through the use of a mixed-methods research approach, combining cross-disciplinary literature review and a simulation-based case study, this article aims at comparing different

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approaches for analyzing the propagation of uncertainties and their impact on building performance in a systematic manner.Different uncertainty sources are reviewed and the characteristics of different reasons and corresponding metrics to quantify the impact of these uncertainties are analyzed. The findings are complemented by results from a simulation study that highlights the usefulness of scenarios as formulated alternatives in cases when probabilities of occurrence are unknown. Moreover, the wide application potential of considering performance robustness is illustrated by demonstrating how the choice for a metric that is either based on performance spread or on performance regret can be matched in response to the risk-taking attitude of different decision makers.

Theme: Housing and Slum UpgradingTowards climate robust buildings: An innovative method for designing buildings with robust energy performance under climate change.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

Neglecting extremes and designing buildings for the past or most likely weather conditions is not the best approach for the future. Robust design techniques can, however, be a viable option for tackling future challenges. The concept of robust design was first introduced by Taguchi in the 1940s. The result of the design process is a product that is insensitive to the effect of given sources of variability, even though the sources themselves are not eliminated. A robust design optimization (RDO) method is for the first time proposed in this paper, for supporting architects and engineers in the design of buildings with robust energy performance under climate change and extreme conditions. The simplicity and the low computational demand of the process underlies the feasibility and applicability of this method, which can be used at any stage of the design process. The results show that the performance of the optimum solution not only has a 81.5% lower variation (less sensitivity to climate uncertainty) but at the same time has a 14.4% lower mean energy use value compared with a solution that is compliant with a recent construction standard (ASHRAE 90.1-2016). Less sensitivity to climate uncertainty means greater robustness to climate change whilst maintaining high performance.

Theme: Urban Risk Reduction and Rehabilitation

Engaging stakeholders in the assessment of NBS effectiveness in flood risk reduction: A 27


participatory System Dynamics Model for benefits and co-benefits evaluation

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

There is an imperative worldwide need to identify effective approaches to deal with water-related risks, and mainly with increasingly frequent floods, as well as with severe droughts. Particularly, policy and decision-makers are trying to identify systemic strategies that, going beyond the mere risk reduction, should be capable to deal simultaneously with multiple challenges (such as climate resilience, health and well-being, quality of life), thus providing additional benefits. In this direction, the contribution of Nature Based Solutions (NBS) is relevant, although their wider implementation is still hampered by several barriers, such as the uncertainty and lack of information on their long-term behavior and the difficulty of quantitatively valuing their multidimensional impacts. The activities described in the present paper, carried out within the EU funded project NAIAD, mainly aim at developing a participatory System Dynamic Model capable to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of NBS to deal with flood risks, while producing a multiplicity of co-benefits. The adoption of a participatory approach supported both to increase the available knowledge and the awareness about the potential of NBS and hybrid measures (e.g. a combination of NBS and socio-institutional ones). Specific reference is made to one of the demos of the NAIAD project, namely the Glinščica river case study (Slovenia).


Risk-based decision making to evaluate pollutant reduction scenarios

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary A total maximum daily load (TMDL) is required for water bodies in the U.S. that do not meet applicable water quality standards. Computational watershed models are often used to develop TMDL pollutant reduction scenarios. Uncertainty is inherent in the modeling process. An explicit uncertainty analysis would improve model performance and result in more robust decision making when comparing alternative pollutant reduction scenarios. This paper presents a risk-based framework for evaluating alternative pollutant allocation scenarios considering reliability in achieving water quality goals. We demonstrate a generic routine for the

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application of Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) to Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) using existing softwares to evaluate two bacteria reduction scenarios from a recently developed TMDL that addressed a bacterial impairment in a mixed land use watershed in Virginia, U.S. Our probabilistic analysis showed that for reliability levels <25%, the recommended TMDL bacterial load reduction scenario had the same exceedance rate as the full reduction scenario (fully reducing all bacterial loads except wildlife), while for reliability levels between 25%-50%, the exceedance rates for the two pollutant reduction scenarios were similar, with the TMDL recommended scenario violating the water quality criteria only slightly more often. The full reduction scenario performed better in higher reliability levels, although it could not meet the water quality criteria. Our results indicated that, in this case, achieving water quality goals with very high reliability was not possible, even with extreme levels of pollutant reduction. The risk-based approach presented here illustrates a method to propagate watershed model uncertainty and assess performance of alternative pollutant reduction scenarios using existing tools, thereby enabling decision makers to understand the reliability of a given scenario in achieving water quality goals.


Screening of enhanced oil recovery techniques for Iranian oil reservoirs using TOPSIS algorithm

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary In recent decades, parallel to amazing advances in the development of data mining methods, screening, as the first step of any enhanced oil recovery (EOR) project, has become an interesting subject of data mining methods. Screening of EOR methods is a multi-criteria decision making process, and the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method as a systematic statistical method, can be applied in this regard. In this paper, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) as one of the methods under the MCDM category was used to screen 65 Iranian oil reservoirs. The screening method was employed for 10 different EOR techniques using a wide range of properties and conditions. The analysis used a database including more than 800 successful EOR projects across the world and for 9 ideal reservoir parameter values. The relative importance of the reservoir parameters was determined based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) at nine importance levels. The findings showed that among the considered screening parameters, to determine the best EOR technique, lithology of the reservoir is the most influencing parameter. Additionally, almost 74%

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of the oil reservoirs under study, as a first priority, were eligible for CO2 injection, either miscible or immiscible. Thermal methods were in the second stage of ranking. The first and second candidate choice for onshore oil reservoirs was immiscible CO2 and hydrocarbon gas injection, respectively. For offshore reservoirs, CO injection and steam flooding were the best choices. Also, miscible injection was the least important technique, due to the huge difference of considered reservoir pressure with minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of injection. The proposed technique is computationally fast and less expensive than field simulation studies for ranking EOR projects for any oil reservoir in the world.


Natural hazard impacts on industry and critical infrastructure: Natech risk drivers and risk management performance indicators

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

Industrial facilities and critical infrastructure are vulnerable to the impact of natural hazards. These impacts can trigger so-called Natech accidents and the release of toxic substances, fires and explosions, potentially resulting in health effects, environmental pollution and economic losses. Different factors drive Natech risk, including technical issues linked to the characteristics inherent in Natech events, as well as risk governance and socio-economic challenges. This paper discusses the most important Natech risk drivers in detail, gives examples of existing instruments for Natech risk management in the European Union and at international level, and proposes a set of basic indicators to help measure a country's level of Natech risk reduction. It concludes with targeted recommendations on how to close persisting gaps related to Natech research and policy challenges.


Seismic risk mitigation at Ischia island (Naples, Southern Italy): An innovative approach to mitigate catastrophic scenarios

Date NOVEMBER 2019



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Summary

Ischia island, in the province of Naples, is a densely populated volcanic island, in which small to moderate magnitude earthquakes occur. Due to the very shallow depth of such events (<2 km), they can generate serious damage and casualties, up to the complete destruction of urban centers located within short epicentral distance. Almost all of the earthquakes at Ischia island occur at shallow depth, beneath the Northern slopes of the Mt. Epomeo horst, which is located very close to the town of Casamicciola. In fact, Casamicciola was completely destroyed by the 1883 earthquake (2313 victims) and experienced intensities up to XI degree on the Mercalli scale. Historical records show that the background seismicity here is almost absent, but larger earthquakes tend to occur in clusters, lasting some decades and with intervals between consecutive events on the order of years to decades. The clustering in time and the very shallow hypocentres, which cause, with respect to tectonic earthquakes of similar magnitude, larger effects though limited to a relatively small area, make the seismicity in this island very peculiar. Despite such destructive record, till now official hazard maps strongly underestimated the seismic hazard in this area. On August 21st 2017, a very shallow earthquake with rather small magnitude struck the area of Casamicciola, killing two people, injuring many more and causing huge damage and partial to total collapse of edifices located just above the earthquake fault.

The maximum acceleration recorded for this earthquake exceeded by more than a factor of two the reference acceleration that should be sustained by edifices, according to official hazard maps. We propose here a complete procedure to assess and mitigate the risk, which can be rapid and economically affordable and, at the same time, can avoid further grief due to possible occurrence of other destructive earthquakes within a short time interval. We describe the most likely building collapse and casualty scenarios, in case that low-to-moderate magnitude earthquakes would occur before the edifices would be appropriately reinforced and secured. Our scenarios demonstrate the urgent need for securing operations. The proposed procedures for assessing seismic hazard and for securing urban areas provide an example that is potentially applicable to the whole Italian peninsula. They may allow in fact the mitigation of the destructive impact of a large number of earthquakes, which in Italy are often characterized by low or moderate magnitudes.


Developing community-based forest ecosystem service management to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation☆Date NOVEMBER 2019


Original English

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Language


Summary

At the site level, communities who manage and conserve forests are parties influencing as well as affected by deforestation and forest degradation. Hence, understanding their roles in supporting or avoiding deforestation and forest degradation is important to support national effort in reducing carbon emissions from forest. This study is aimed at: (1) examining communities' needs for forest products and services; (2) analysing communities' interests towards REDD+ activities in reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation activities; and (3) analysing options to be developed into management plans for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. It examines 9 communities in the provinces of Papua, Central Kalimantan, and Riau. It employs a qualitative approach through stakeholder interviews, focus group discussions and field observations. The study found that communities face some constraints in managing forest ecosystem services that impede their role in reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation that can be expected from the utilisation of non-timber forest products and ecosystem services. Communities' interests in joining programs to reduce emission from deforestation and forest degradation are diverse, but their capacity in planning and in systematic forest use, in including carbon conservation programs are relatively low. Hence, strengthening community-level organisational structures and developing robust plans for sustainable management of forest ecosystem services are needed to support communities' participation in reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.


Are national commitments to reducing emissions from forests effective? Lessons from Indonesia☆Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary For Indonesia to achieve its greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments, it will have to reduce emissions from deforestation, forest degradation and peatland degradation. The National Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions was Indonesia's first comprehensive plan. It reflected Indonesia's emission reduction commitments to 2020, and the first phase ran from 2010 to 2014. This research evaluates its design and implementation. It assesses seven out of thirteen actions that were implemented to reduce emissions from forestry and peatland degradation. It is shown that only two actions had a direct,

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evidence-based link to emission sources. Three actions had some evidence of a link, albeit dependent on many factors. For the remaining two actions, focused on emissions from agriculture in peatland, there was no information to demonstrate clear and targeted implementation of the actions. The analysis also shows that the indicators listed in the National Action Plan were insufficient to demonstrate meaningful reductions of emissions. Part of the explanation for the problematic design of the actions is that many of them were pre-existing policies, aimed at achieving a variety of different objectives that were just rebadged as climate change actions.

Theme: Urban Land Legislation and Governance

Land use optimization tool for sustainable intensification of high-latitude agricultural systems.

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Recent studies assessing agricultural policies, including the EU’s Agri-Environment Scheme, have shown that these have been successful in attaining some environmental goals. In Finland, however, the economic situation of farms has dramatically fallen and hence, the actions do not result in social acceptability. Sustainable intensification is a means to combine the three dimensions of sustainability: environmental, economic and social. Here we introduce a novel land use optimization and planning tool for the sustainable intensification of high-latitude agricultural systems. The main rationale for the development of the tool was to achieve a systematic and comprehensive conception for land allocation across Finland, where field parcels vary substantially in their conditions. The developed tool has a three-step scoring system based on seven physical characteristics (parcel size, shape, slope, distance to the farm center and waterways, soil type and logistic advantages) and the productivity of field parcels. The productivity estimates are based on vegetation indices derived from optical satellite data. The tool allocates virtually all >1 million field parcels in Finland either to sustainable intensification, extensification or afforestation. The tool is dynamic in the sense that its boundary values for land allocation can be fixed according to changes in social targets and supporting policies. Additionally, it can be applied year after year by acknowledging new available data, e.g., on vegetation indices and field parcel rearrangements between farms. Furthermore, it can be applied to all

33


farm types and across Finland. It is a tool for land use planning, implementation and monitoring, but its thorough implementation calls for further development of policy instruments, which are currently more supportive towards land sharing than land sparing activities.

Theme: Urban Land Legislation and GovernanceMaking space legible across three normative frames: The (non-)registration of inherited land in Ghana.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

Land registration as a state legibility making endeavor has received little success in the global south where large incidence of non-registration has been reported. However, in seeking explanations for the lack of official land rights registration, researchers tend to focus on shortcomings in the bureaucratic processes based on expectations that are implicitly informed by a Weberian ideal bureaucracy. Little connection is made to other relevant factors that play different roles in the land registration processes such as the external socio-cultural norms which produces and regulate land relations. It is therefore important to study the actual practices of land rights registration and the underlying norms that govern such practices. In this study, we qualitatively analyze the actual practices of registration at the intersection of three normative frames, namely, social norms, practical norms and official norms. We used these normative frames as a theoretical prism to analyze how the choices made by successors of inherited property across rural and urban areas in Ghana are informed, given the plural normative influences. We found that beyond organisational inefficiencies, the eventual decision of a successor of property to report transfers for registration depends on the nature of property claims (competing or complimentary), the manner of property sharing and holding, and the existence of ‘halfway-documents’ that provide some sort of legitimacy. Therefore, there is not one set of obstacles to registration, which would call for one set of solutions, instead, we need to appreciate the diverse nature of the factors that play roles in land registration in order to provide fit-for-purpose solutions.

Theme: Urban Land Legislation and GovernanceStakeholder power relations in Land Value Capture: comparing public (China) and private (U.S.) dominant regimes.

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Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

Understanding stakeholder power relations—such as between land

sellers, land buyers, and local governments—is crucial to understanding

Land Value Capture (LVC). While scholars have focused on stakeholder

relationships through approaches such as stakeholder salience,

stakeholder interaction, stakeholder value network, and stakeholder

multiplicity, much research either places insufficient focus on power or

only stresses partial attributes of power. As a result, the role of power

relations among key stakeholders in LVC remains insufficiently

explored. Our contribution is a new analytical framework for stakeholder

power dynamics surrounding LVC. This provides an empirical analysis

by comparing the public (China) and the private (U.S.) dominant

regimes, through the perspectives of power direction, strength, and

mechanism. To conceptualize the three perspectives of power in LVC,

we constructed an analytical matrix and then categorized data in terms of

stakeholder, space, and time perspectives. Based on empirical findings,

four emerging dilemmas shed light on consequences for LVC policy

making as well as areas in need of further research.

Theme: Urban Land Legislation and GovernanceGendered land rights, legal reform and social norms in the context of land fragmentation - A review of the literature for Kenya, Rwanda and UgandaDate NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Recently, concerns have been voiced regarding the rapid increases in rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa and their consequences for rural livelihoods and food security (Headey and Jayne, 2014; Jayne et al., 2014) as pressure on land increases in already land-constrained countries.

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837718313516#bib0185





Generally speaking, the literature shows a number of parallel tendencies as demand for land increases: the marginalization of weaker groups’ claims to land and a growing push towards individualized tenure arrangements. While intersectional aspects related to marriage, age, ethnicity and migrant status must be born in mind, from a gender perspective, women in sub-Saharan Africa have historically been discriminated against in property rights systems that either view women as property or severely curtail their property rights by assigning them rights to land through adult males, such as husbands, fathers or sons (Joireman, 2008). Such discrimination would be expected to be accentuated by growing demand for land, as the property rights of adult males take precedence over those of women.While contemporary processes of population growth and commodification of land more generally are expressed in dwindling farm sizes in a number of African countries such tendencies should also be situated in relation to increasing policy experimentation with privatized land rights more generally, either on individual or communal basis. Here, the literature suggests that formalization of land rights may enshrine gender-based discrimination through formalizing the customary land rights of male right holders. Simultaneously, however, legal reforms in several countries, at least ostensibly, have attempted to improve land rights for women.The aim of this article is to review the literature on women’s rights to land in Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda against this broader backdrop of fragmentation, commodification, individualization of land rights and legal reform. The review explores a set of research questions, which take their point of departure from the hypothesized links between gender-based discrimination and the parallel processes of land fragmentation and privatization, but also explores the country level empirics of such discrimination in the context of recent legal reforms. The following questions underpin the analysis-Does gender-based discrimination exist in the land tenure systems and land use practices found in these countries?-If so, what role do formal and informal legal mechanisms and social norms, respectively, play in upholding this discrimination?-How do growing demand for land and privatization of tenure affect rural livelihoods from a gender perspective?A sizeable literature exists with respect to the first two questions, and most attention will therefore be paid to these. While the literature on livelihood changes is limited, contrasting theoretical perspectives highlight the link between privatized tenure and livelihood outcomes (whether positive or negative). As such the inclusion of this question is warranted despite the relative lack of literature on the topic.The article begins by describing the methodology including the selection of countries and sources used. This is followed by a description of gendered patterns of land control and ownership. A theoretical section follows, outlining theories related to land rights and privatization and individualization of tenure and the presumed linkages between redressing

36


gender discrimination in land rights and positive outcomes such as raising productivity and improving child welfare. A descriptive section introduces the tenure systems, land legislation and the current situation of women’s access to land in each country, tracing the inequities and discrimination that are present in the contemporary tenure, market, and inheritance systems for land. Following this descriptive section, I synthesize the findings for the countries overall, identifying the formal and informal mechanisms through which discriminating practices are perpetuated and if and how they have been affected by recent legal reform efforts and changes in land policy. Finally, I discuss the gender consequences of these developments for rural livelihoods.

Theme: Urban Land Legislation and GovernanceIndonesia's land reform: Implications for local livelihoods and climate changeDate NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

One of the main components of Indonesia's Just Economy policy is extensive and rapid land reform, which targets about 12% of the country's land area for redistribution to farmers and communities by 2019. Much of the reform is occurring on forest land. At the same time, the country has pledged a significant reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, two thirds of which is to be achieved from forests. Hence agrarian reform potentially conflicts with emission reduction commitments. This research analyses how the redistribution of forests, with emphasis on the social forestry program, might affect people's livelihoods and Indonesia's capacity to deliver on its climate change commitments. With reference to Central Kalimantan province, we find that the land reform policy has increased the area distributed to local people through the streamlining of processes. However, ambitious targets and hurried distribution of land have posed significant challenges for processes and implementation. They result in partial understanding of the schemes, rights and responsibilities, inappropriate site allocation and types of forestland being distributed, and inadequate consideration for community capacity and local governance. Importantly, the resources allocated to grant these rights have not been accompanied by equal attention to foster subsequent actual land-based livelihood activities and forest protection. Hence the reform's potential to improve local livelihoods and contribute to climate change mitigation in Central Kalimantan is unlikely to be fully realized in the near future. We suggest that careful consideration be given to the processes of distribution, the type of forests being assigned, attention and support to foster implementation, and monitoring and enforcement of regulations.

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/climate-change-mitigation

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/livelihood

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/forestry

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/greenhouse-gas-emission


Theme: Urban Land Legislation and Governance

Does the location of construction land supply play an very important role on economic growth? The case study of Tianjin Binhai New Area

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

Land is not only a basic factor of production and an important space carrier, but also a key tool to control the development of urban economy. While the phenomenon of land participation in regulation exists generally in China, the theory of supporting regulation and the effect of regulation are still unclear. In the study, we intend to analyse the relationship between location of construction land supply and regional economic growth. By constructing indexes of construction land supply structure and a theoretical model based on the Solow model, we explore the relationship between the location of construction land supply and economic growth in the Tianjin Binhai New Area (TBNA). We find that the location of construction land supply significantly impacts economic growth. The circle-layers dimension has a hop about the influence of construction land supply on economic growth. The orientation dimension has superiority in some regions, especially the southwest and northwest. To realise sustainable urban development, construction land supply should focus on the lag and location difference of its economic driving effect and actively promote the redevelopment of stock construction land not only in the TBNA but also other rapidly developing cities.

Theme: Cross-cuttingEnvironmental footprint family to address local to planetary sustainability and deliver on the SDGs.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary The number of publications on environmental footprint indicators has been growing rapidly, but with limited efforts to integrate different footprints into a coherent framework. Such integration is important for comprehensive understanding of environmental issues, policy formulation and assessment of trade-offs between different environmental concerns. Here, we systematize published footprint studies and define a family of

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footprints that can be used for the assessment of environmental sustainability. We identify overlaps between different footprints and analyse how they relate to the nine planetary boundaries and visualize the crucial information they provide for local and planetary sustainability. In addition, we assess how the footprint family delivers on measuring progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), considering its ability to quantify environmental pressures along the supply chain and relating them to the water-energy-food-ecosystem (WEFE) nexus and ecosystem services. We argue that the footprint family is a flexible framework where particular members can be included or excluded according to the context or area of concern. Our paper is based upon a recent workshop bringing together global leading experts on existing environmental footprint indicators.

Theme: Cross-cuttingEnvironmental and economic implications of recovering resources from food waste in a circular economy.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Around a third of food is wasted globally, requiring significant resources

for its treatment and disposal, in addition to wasting valuable resources.

Following the circular economy principles, this waste should ideally be

avoided, and if not possible, treated to recover resources. This paper

considers the life cycle environmental and economic implications of

recovering energy and material resources from food waste, focusing on the

UK situation. Four treatment methods are considered: anaerobic digestion,

in-vessel composting, incineration and landfilling. The results show that

per tonne of waste treated, anaerobic digestion has the lowest

environmental impacts in 13 out of the 19 categories considered in the

study, including net-negative global warming potential. In-vessel

composting is the least sustainable option environmentally, in contrast to

being preferred over incineration according to the circular economy

principles. Incineration has the lowest life cycle costs (£71/t), while

landfilling is the costliest option (£123/t). Managing the 4.9 Mt of food

waste collected annually from UK households via the four methods

generates 340,000 t CO2 eq. and costs £452 m, in addition to causing a

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number of other environmental impacts. However, it also saves 1.9 PJ of

primary energy, primarily due to electricity generation through

incineration. If all of this food waste was incinerated, £103 m and

360,000 t CO2 eq./year could be saved compared to current waste

management, rendering incineration a carbon-negative technology. This

would also result in savings in 14 other impacts, but would increase

summer smog by 30% and metal depletion by 56%. The environmental

benefits of incineration would be exceeded only if all food waste was

treated by anaerobic digestion, which would save 490,000 t CO2 eq./year

and produce 50% more electricity per tonne of waste than incineration.

Anaerobic digestion would also lead to savings in 14 other impacts

compared to the present situation, but would result in a four times higher

acidification and three times greater emissions of particulate matter. In

addition, it would save £251 m/year compared to the current costs.

Nevertheless, prevention of avoidable food waste would realise far greater

environmental and economic savings, estimated here at 14 Mt CO2 eq. and

£10.7 bn annually.

Theme: Cross-cuttingWhy women's traditional knowledge matters in the production processes of natural product development: The case of the Green Morocco Plan.Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Traditional Knowledge (TK) is well recognized for its contribution to climate change adaptation strategies and community-based natural resource conservation. In Morocco, traditional knowledge is now increasingly incorporated into natural product development derived from natural resources as policies advocate the creation of income generating activities via cooperatives; these initiatives ultimately seek to empower rural women economically and to lift them out of poverty. Focus groups, semi-structured interviews and in depth observation were conducted in six cooperatives in Rhamna province to examine the extent to which women's traditional knowledge is applied and whether it is recognized. Our study reveals that the women's traditional knowledge is readily integrated in the development of natural products, vital in product development, yet is not officially acknowledged by the employers and national legislation. With international organisations increasingly putting pressure on countries such as Morocco

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to integrate the Access to Benefit Sharing (ABS) and particularly article 8j of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the challenge lies now in securing recognition of women's traditional knowledge involved in these activities.

Theme: Cross-cuttingIncentives and barriers for participation in community-based environmental monitoring and information systems: A critical analysis and integration of the literatureDate NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

The reliance of environmental management on comprehensive, high quality, timely and (ideally) affordable data and information has given rise to the need for ‘shared environmental information systems’ (SEIS). Community-based monitoring and information systems or ‘citizen observatories’ are a form of SEIS whereby citizens are involved in new roles such as data collection for environmental monitoring, data and knowledge sharing for joint decision- making, and cooperative planning. Despite the technological advances and the notional potential, many efforts to implement community-based monitoring systems (CBM) are facing difficulties with engaging the core stakeholder. The success of CBMs relies on the active participation and commitment of all involved stakeholders: citizen, decision and policy makers, and (private) data aggregators and scientists. This requires in-depth understanding of their motivations, incentives and barriers for participating.This paper draws on the Theory of Planned Behaviour as an organising theoretical framework and reviews the (dispersed) empirical insights from the literature in order to generate an integrated overview of the incentives and barriers of the aforementioned stakeholders to participate in CBMs. The insights from the literature allow us to take stock of the state of research into motivations for CBM participation, to identify complementary and conflicting incentives for the respective actors, and to indicate gaps to be addressed in future research.

Theme: Cross-cuttingWomen’s leadership in renewable transformation, energy justice and energy democracy: Redistributing powerDate NOVEMBER 2019


Original English

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Language


Summary

As women take on more leadership roles in the United States advancing social and political change, analysis of women’s contributions to the transformation occurring within the energy sector is critically important. Grassroots movements focused on energy justice and energy democracy focus on: (1) resisting the power of large multinational fossil fuel energy companies that exacerbate inequities and disparities in energy, (2) reclaiming the energy sector with more community and public control to redisitrbute benefits and risks, and (3) restructuring the energy sector to prioritize equity and justice with community ownership and distributed governance. This research analyzes women’s leadership by focusing on how two women-led, non-profit organizations are advancing the renewable energy transition, operationalizing the concept of energy democracy and contributing to the energy justice movement. The two organizations are Grid Alternatives, a solar installation and workforce training organization, and Mothers Out Front, an advocacy organization focused on addressing climate change by promoting a transition to renewable energy. These organizations differ in their mission and approaches, yet both intentionally link climate and energy action with other forms of social justice activism, by expanding community engagement, strengthening participation, and fundamentally redistributing power to promote a transition to more equitable, resilient and sustainable energy systems. This paper contributes to the theoretical understanding of gender in energy justice and energy democracy movements, and to the practical consideration of the role that women’s leadership is playing in accelerating energy system change and advancing the principles of energy justice and energy democracy.

Theme: Cross-cuttingEnvironmental education outcomes for conservation: A systematic reviewDate NOVEMBER 2019




Summary Effective environmental education represents more than a unidirectional transfer of information: rather, this suite of tools develops and enhances environmental attitudes, values, and knowledge, as well as builds skills that prepare individuals and communities to collaboratively undertake positive environmental action. Environmental education also facilitates connections between actionable research findings and on-the-ground practices, creating synergistic spaces where stakeholders collaborate to address dynamic environmental issues over time. Because of this commitment to application and iteration, environmental education can result in direct benefits to the environment and address conservation issues concretely. Yet, the path to achieving those tangible impacts can be winding, with robust data

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documenting changes challenging to produce. To better understand the research-implementation spaces where those environmental education outcomes occur, are measured, and are reported, we undertook a systematic review of research on environmental education's contributions to conservation and environmental quality outcomes. Given the variation in research designs and data, we used a mixed-methods approach to the review; analysis of the 105 resulting studies documented strongly positive environmental education outcomes overall and highlighted productive research-implementation spaces. Chi-square analyses revealed that programs reporting direct outcomes, compared with those reporting indirect outcomes, differed on primary topic addressed. A narrative analysis indicated that environmental education programs documenting direct impacts included: a focus on localized issues or locally relevant dimensions of broader issues; collaboration with scientists, resource managers, and/or community organizations; integrated action elements; and intentional measurement/reporting structures. Those themes suggest program development and documentation ideas as well as further opportunities for productive research-implementation spaces.

Theme: Cross-cuttingThe Saudi Women Participation in Development IndexDate NOVEMBER 2019




Summary We present a composite index that measures the participation of Saudi

women in national development through certain broad dimensions of

measurements, to be employed on Saudi Arabian datasets. In terms of

method and technique, the composite index consists of 5 pillars from

selected weighted variables chosen by experts, in order to provide a well

representative index that measures local priorities and development

needs. Construction of the index goes through stages, such as data

allocation, national surveys, data normalizing, weight assignment, focus

groups, pilot testing, and finally measurement of the index and its

components. The index incorporates 54 indicators to capture the

complexity of national development and ranks regions in Saudi Arabia

according to calculated components and the gender gap between women

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and men in five key areas: health, education, economy, social

engagement, and legislative structure to gauge the state of gender

equality in the country. The index will be beneficial to decision makers to

allocate necessary strategic policies that will help increase women

participation in development in order to play their anticipated role in

achieving the goals of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030.

Theme: Cross-cutting

Gender perspectives of climate change adaptation in two selected districts of Ghana.

Date NOVEMBER 2019




Summary

This study analyzed gender differences in climate adaptation by farming households in Ghana. This involved 300 farmers from two districts of Ghana and the data analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed severer climate impacts on the livelihoods of females than males in Ghana. On the contrary, the adaptive capacity of males was found to be higher than that of females. This was supported by the observed differences in gender climate adaptation where both male heads and male household members had higher mean climate adaptations than both female heads and female household members. Overall, the climate adaptation strategies mostly adopted by both males and females include changing planting dates, row planting, planting early maturing and drought tolerant seed varieties, mixed farming, intercropping and refiling of farm plots. Except for zero tillage and intercropping, male farmers had high adoption levels than female farmers. It is concluded that the observed gender adaptation differences were due to the levels and intensity of adoption other than differences in the type of strategies adopted by the different gender groups. The Ministry of Food and Agriculture should consider integrating climate adaptation policies into current agricultural policies such as “planting for food and jobs” policy.

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