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UMR 5205
A (Quick) Historical Panorama of Information Technologies
Lionel Brunie
National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA)LIRIS Laboratory/DRIM Team – UMR CNRS 5205
Lyon, France
http://liris.cnrs.fr/lionel.brunie
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Agenda
Back to (pre-)History
A Quick Look at Cutting-Edge IC Technologies Super Computing Large Scale Computing: Grid and Cloud Computing Mobile, Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing The Internet of (Any-, Every-)Thing(s)
How all this has happened? Technological Evolutions Software Evolutions
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
A short history of computers and IT…
60 years ago…
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
A short history of computers and IT…
25 years ago…
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
A short history of computers and IT…
Today…
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
A short history of computers and IT…
Tomorrow ?
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
A short history of computers and IT…
Tomorrow ?
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
A short history of computers and IT…
Tomorrow ?
Internet of Anything?
Internet of Everything?
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
A short history of computers and IT…
Tomorrow ?
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
A Quick Look at Cutting Edge IT
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Let’s have a look at cutting edge IT
Super Computing
Grid and Cloud Computing
Mobile, Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing
The Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Super Computing
From Vector Machines to Clusters
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Old times
Basic ideas A super computer is like a Ferrari → use specific components Super computing is like F1 or WRG → adapt to the application
scenario
Vector Computer (Cray)Database Computer
An alternative idea: Super SIMD (Connection Machines)
Incredible creativity in architecture and network design
A Cray-2
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 14
2015… The Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2)
Ranked 1st in the top500 list of the most “powerful” (computing intensive) computers (since June 2013)
Ranked 6th in the graph500 list of the most “powerful” (data intensive processing) computers (June 2013)
Ranked 32nd in the green500 list of the most energy efficient computer (June 2013)
China (National University of Defense Technology)
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 15
2015… The Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2)
Rmax = 33862 (i.e., 33,9 Pflops) – Rpeak = 54902 (computing efficiency : 61,7 %)
3,120,000 cores – Memory: 1.375 PB – Disk: 12,4 PB –fat-tree based Interconnection Network
16000 computer nodes
1 node = 2 Intel (12 cores) Ivy Bridge Xeon + 3 (57 cores) Xeon Phi co-procs + 88GB memory shared by the Ivy Bridges procs + 8 GB memory shared by the Xeon Phi chips
Power:17,8 MW (1,9 Tflops/kW – 1,9 Gflops/W … only!)
« Tianhe-2 operation for 1 hour is equivalent to 1.3 billion people calculator operating one thousand years » (best-news.us – assertion not checked)
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 16
2015 #2… The Titan (Cray XK7)
Ranked 2nd in the top500 list (1st in Nov. 2012)299008 cores – Memory: 710 TB – Cray Gemini Interconnect18688 Opteron 6274 16 cores 2.200GHz + 18,688 Nvidia Tesla K20X GPUsRmax = 17590 – Rpeak = 27112 (computing efficiency : 65 %)Power: 8.2 MW… only!
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Supercomputing… A Quick Look at the Web
Top500.org performance development logarithmic progression! (x10 in 3years) clusters, clusters (86%)! 51% in industry max power efficiency: 5,3 Gflops/W #500: 153 TFlops! – Total : 309 Pflops poster Top500
Graph500.org BlueGene++
Green500.org and GreenGraph500 List max: 5,3 Gflops/W #1 green500 = #168 top500 (317-594 Tflops) #1 top500 = #57 green500 (2GFlops/W)
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Large Scale Computing: the Grid
Resource Sharing and CooperativeComputing in Large-Scale Dynamic
Virtual Organizations
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Grid Computing… The LCG ArchitectureT
ier-
1
Tier-0
10 Gbps linksOptical Private Network
(to almost all sites)
Trigger and Data
Acquisition System
Tie
r-2
General Purpose/Academic/Research Network
From F. Malek – LCG FRance
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Grid Computing: ApplicationsHigh energy & nuclear physics
Simulation Earth observation, climate modeling Geophysics, earthquake modeling Fluids, aerodynamic design Pollutant dispersal scenarios
Astronomy- Digital sky surveys: modern telescopes produce over 10 Petabytes per year (upto 30 TB per day)!
Molecular genomics
Chemistry and biochemistry
Financial applications
Medical images
…
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Large Scale Computing: the Cloud
Business-centric Large-Scale Distributed Computing
Everything as a Service
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Cloud Computing
“A large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is driven by economies of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically-scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers over the Internet” (Foster at al.)
SalesForces, Amazon, IBM, Google, Microsoft, Backblaze…
Everything as a service Infrastructure as a service Platform as a service Software as a service
Behind the scene: some kind of a (proprietary) grid + virtualization++
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Mobile/Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing
A Focus on the User
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Mobile/Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing
Mobile communications have freed the user from the Internet plug
3G/4G mobile Internet is as faster as Internet-at-work and Internet-at-home
Ubiquity, i.e., Internet-everywhere, is a reality (at least in Western countries)
A dramatic social (and business) change!
A still-open issue: context-awareness what is your device, what are the network conditions? where are you? what are you doing right now and in the near future? what are your preferences? Who are your friends? …
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 25
Applications of Ubi./ Perv. Computing
Sensor networks (smart dust)Home networksPatient monitoring (personal area networks)Emergency management / battlefield / borders monitoringMuseums and pervasive buildingsVehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET) / MANETAlert management (parking, kids, etc.)Supply chainU-Society
People to People (P2P): Facebook on your cell phone People to Object (P2O): IoT platforms Geopositioned Services: App Store
Do-IoT-Yourself: Arduino / Raspberry Pi / Beaglebone - Fab Lab ? …
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
The Internet of ThingsWhen (Smart) Things Meets Internet
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 27
The « Internet of Things (IoT) is […] a dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.
In the IoT, ‘things’ are expected to become active participants in business, information and social processes where they are enabled to interact and communicate among themselves and with the environment by exchanging data and information ‘sensed’ about the environment, while reacting autonomously to the ‘real/physical world’s events » (CERP-IoT)
The Internet of Things: Definition
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 28
Applications of the Internet of Things
IoT platforms yet exist: xively (ex-cosm, ex-pachube), sen.se, etc.
Machine To Machine (M2M) / Object To Object (O2O) the never lasting intelligent fridge ? smart maintenance « Intelligent » sensors networks smart factory ITS and Smart car…
What place for humans?
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 29
Key wordsIdentity / PersonalityAutonomy Interaction / Environment Communication / Global Network
A philosophical approach: Spimes (Bruce Sterling, 2004)?
A promise with no future? A nightmare? A dream? The true future?
The Internet of Things
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 30
A Universal Network of Things ?
From readwrite.com
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 31
An Infinity of Networks of Things
From readwrite.com
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 32
Recipe: pour sensors/actuators, add some monitoring and control systems, add some analytics and “intelligence”, if you like add the user, mix all together: you get a CPS
Ancestors: embedded systems
New dimension: notion of network sensor network/IoT
Large scale
Applications: Industry 4.0, sensor networks, critical systems (e.g., air traffic)
Cyber-Physical Systems (1/2)
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 33
Cyber-Physical Systems (2/2)
From: IMS Center
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
How all this has happened?
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Technological Evolutions
Large bandwidth communications Optical fiber 3G, 4G, 4G+, WiMax WiFi Direct
Low power local communications NFC Zigbee, Bluetooth…
« Universal » identification RFID - Electronic Product Code (EPC) – EPCGlobalNetwork –
Object Naming Service (ONS) IETF Host Identity Protocol (HIP – RFC 4423-5201 )
Geopositioning GPS/Galileo GSM
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Technological Evolutions (Cont’d)
Supercomputing Parallel supercomputers (1- Tianhe-2 - 34 Pflops) Super-clusters/clouds (Microsft = 1 million of servers (July’13) ; Amazon 1.5-2 millions? Google 2+ millions?
Soon 10 millions?)
Super storage Key: ~GB Disk: ~TB Data Center: ~PB
Micro-Nano technologies
Sensors – Sensor networks
“Things”
Convergence digital camera – telephone – laptop → smartphone
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Software Evolutions
Services – SOA
Object Service / Service Object (Everything as a Service)
Social networks
E-Services
Mobility (M-services)
“All digital, any where, any time” Era
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 38
Back to Ubiquitous/Pervasive
Computing
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing… The Vision of a Calm Technology
« The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it »
[The objective of pervasive computing is to ] “ … make a computer so imbedded, so fitting, so natural, that we use it without even thinking about it.”
“Ubiquitous (pervasive) computing is roughly the opposite of virtual reality. Where virtual reality puts people inside a computer-generated world, ubiquitous computing forces the computer to live out here in the world with people.”
« A new way of thinking about computers in the world, one that takes into account the natural human environment and allows the computers themselves to vanish in the background »
Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC, 1991-
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 40
[M. Satyanarayanan, 2001]Pervasive computing environment = « one saturated with
computing and communication capability, yet so gracefully integrated with users that it becomes ‘a technology that disappears’ »
So:“Smart” spaces“Invisibility” and transparencyScalability
Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing… The Vision of a Calm Technology
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama 41
The « object-subject » is actor (a first-class citizen) of the “system” / of the Future smart objects / smart everything active objects “the” cloud
« Intelligence » is, at first, the « network » i.e., the ability to exchange information / communicate
« Intelligence », is also the ability to self-adapt to the user profile and the context (« context awareness »), “to weave” into the environment
« Ego » is part of the context
« Intelligence », finally, is the ability to organize: autonomously (autonomic computing, self healing…) spontaneously
Multi-Scale Ubiquitous Ego-Centric Digital EcosystemUser-Centric Cloud-IoT
Some Key Ideas for an Holistic Vision
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
A Partial Conclusion
An incredible change!
A digital world (and digital life)
An (almost) unlimited power of processing, storage, communication
Unlimited opportunities of new applications
But a coined in the 60’s client-server way of thinking!
And strong concerns about privacy
(A Highway to) Hell or Eden?
Master Course, Lyon, 2015/2016 - Historical Panorama
What IT world do you want to build ?