[Dr. Prashant Kumar; APRIL, 27 Sep 2013]

Ultrafine Particles Ultrafine Particles Ultrafine Particles Ultrafine Particles –––– Known, Unknowns and Challenges!Known, Unknowns and Challenges!Known, Unknowns and Challenges!Known, Unknowns and Challenges!

Dr. Prashant KumarDr. Prashant KumarDr. Prashant KumarDr. Prashant KumarSenior Lecturer in Wind EngineeringSenior Lecturer in Wind EngineeringSenior Lecturer in Wind EngineeringSenior Lecturer in Wind Engineering

Department of Civil & Environmental EngineeringDepartment of Civil & Environmental EngineeringDepartment of Civil & Environmental EngineeringDepartment of Civil & Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Surrey, UKUniversity of Surrey, UKUniversity of Surrey, UKUniversity of Surrey, UK

Group Member of the:Group Member of the:Group Member of the:Group Member of the:Environmental Flow Research Centre (EnFlo)Environmental Flow Research Centre (EnFlo)Environmental Flow Research Centre (EnFlo)Environmental Flow Research Centre (EnFlo)

Centre for Environmental and Health Engineering (CEHE)Centre for Environmental and Health Engineering (CEHE)Centre for Environmental and Health Engineering (CEHE)Centre for Environmental and Health Engineering (CEHE)

[Dr. Prashant Kumar; APRIL, 27 Sep 2013]

Ultrafine/nanoparticles Ultrafine/nanoparticles Ultrafine/nanoparticles Ultrafine/nanoparticles –––– definition, type, sources, definition, type, sources, definition, type, sources, definition, type, sources, emissions, concentrations, exposureemissions, concentrations, exposureemissions, concentrations, exposureemissions, concentrations, exposure

Emerging sources & relative importanceEmerging sources & relative importanceEmerging sources & relative importanceEmerging sources & relative importance

Potential challenges to tackle through APRILPotential challenges to tackle through APRILPotential challenges to tackle through APRILPotential challenges to tackle through APRIL

OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

[Dr. Prashant Kumar; APRIL, 27 Sep 2013]

BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackground

DefinitionDefinitionDefinitionDefinition ofofofof ultrafine/nanoparticles?ultrafine/nanoparticles?ultrafine/nanoparticles?ultrafine/nanoparticles?Ultrafine particles (<100 nm in diameter)Nanoparticles – any particle in nanosize range, <10 nm, <50 nm, <100 nm?BIS and EU definition for nanoparticles – any dimension of size between 1 and100 nm; but this is for MNPs!By analogy of PNCs in urban environments, over 99% of total PNCs <300 nm

Taken from: Kumar, P., Robins, A., Vardoulakis, S., Britter, R., 2010. A review of the characteristics of atmospheric urban nanoparticles and the prospects of

developing regulatory control. Atmospheric Environment 44, 5035-5052; Kumar et al. (2011). Modelling of nanoparticles. Atmospheric Environment 67, 252-277.

1 10 100 1000 10000

D p (nm)

PM2.5

Dp ≤2.5 µm

PM10

Dp ≤10 µm

Ultrafine Particles

Dp ≤100 nm

Nanoparticles

Dp ≤300 nm

PM1

Dp ≤1 µm

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Dep

osi

tio

n

Measured

Fitted modes

Deposition

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0Nuclei mode Accumulation Coarse mode

mode

Norm

alis

ed d

istr

ibu

tion

s (1

/Cto

tal)

dN

/dlo

gD

p

[Dr. Prashant Kumar; APRIL, 27 Sep 2013]

Sources Sources Sources Sources –––– A Big PictureA Big PictureA Big PictureA Big Picture

Source: Kumar et al. (2013). Ultrafine particles in Cities. In preparation. Data: Paasonen et al. (2013)

Within EU28, road traffic ~32% of total in Greece, ~97% (Luxemburg), ~93% (Cyprus)

Inside car cabinInside car cabinInside car cabinInside car cabin

0

0.5

1

1.5

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360

PN

C c

m-3

×1

06

Overall Average PNC

Acceleration

~5 Times Background

~100 Times Background PNC

Journey Time (seconds)

[Dr. Prashant Kumar; APRIL, 27 Sep 2013]

Source: Joodatnia, P., Kumar, P., Robins, A., 2013. The behaviour of traffic produced nanoparticles in a car cabin and resulting exposure rates. Atmospheric

Environment 65, 40-51.

[Dr. Prashant Kumar; APRIL, 27 Sep 2013]

“At national level, emission inventories tell importantinformation on major sources, but the overall picturemay alter and other sources may become importantwhen it comes to exposure assessment. So priority ofany action will depend whether the focus is on nationalscale to curtail total emissions and/or reduce exposureat city scale.”

Emission v/s ExposureEmission v/s ExposureEmission v/s ExposureEmission v/s Exposure

Indoor (36%), outdoor (47%), in–vehicle (17%) → non–smoker styleIndoor (77%), outdoor (17%), in–vehicle (6%) → smoker style

[Dr. Prashant Kumar; APRIL, 27 Sep 2013]

Construction Construction Construction Construction & Demolition& Demolition& Demolition& Demolition

Kumar, P., Morawska, M., 2013. Recycling concrete: An undiscovered source of ultrafine particles. under review.

Kumar, P., Mulheron, M., Fisher, B., Harrison, R.M., 2012. New Directions: Airborne ultrafine particle dust from building activities – a

source in need of quantification. Atmospheric Environment 56, 262-264.

Kumar, P., Mulheron, M., Som, C., 2012. Release of ultrafine particles from three simulated building processes. Journal of Nanoparticle

Research 14, 771, doi: 10.1007/s11051-012-0771-2.

Kumar, P., Pirjola, L., Ketzel, M., Harrison, R.M. 2013. Nanoparticle emissions from 11 non-vehicle exhaust sources - a review. Atmospheric Environment 67, 252-277.

Joodatnia, P., Kumar, P., Robins, A., 2013. Fast response sequential measurements and modelling of nanoparticles inside and outside a car cabin. Atmospheric

Environment 71, 364-375.

Joodatnia, P., Kumar, P., Robins, A., 2013. The behaviour of traffic produced nanoparticles in a car cabin and resulting exposure rates. Atmospheric Environment 65,

40-51.

Carpentieri, M., Kumar, P., Robins, A., 2012. Wind tunnel measurements for dispersion modelling of vehicle wakes. Atmospheric Environment 62, 9-25.

Fujitani, Y., Kumar, P., Tamura, K., Fushimi, A., Hasegawa, S., Takahashi, K., Tanabe, K., Kobayashi, S., Hirano, S., 2012. Seasonal differences of the atmospheric

particle size distribution in a metropolitan area in Japan. Science of the Total Environment 437, 339-347.

Heal, M.R., Kumar, P., Harrison, R.M., 2012. Particles, Air Quality, Policy and Health. Chemical Society Reviews 41, 6606-6630.

Kumar, P., Kumar, A., Lead, J.R. 2012. Nanoparticles in Indian environment: Known, unknowns and awareness. Environmental Science & Technology 46, 7071-7072.

George, K.V., Patil, D.D., Kumar, P., Alappat, B.J. 2012. Field comparison of cyclonic separator and mass inertial impactor for PM10 monitoring. Atmospheric

Environment 60, 245-252.

Kumar, P., Mulheron, M., Fisher, B., Harrison, R.M., 2012. New Directions: Airborne ultrafine particle dust from building activities - a source in need of quantification.

Atmospheric Environment 56, 262-264.

Mishra, V.K., Kumar, P., Int Panis, L., Poppel, M.V., Bleux, N., Frijns, E., Reggentea, M., Berghmans, P., Samson, R., 2012.Wintertime spatio-temporal variation of

ultrafine particles in a Belgian city. Science of the Total Environment 431, 307-313.

Kumar, P., Mulheron, M., Fisher, B., Harrison, R.M., 2012. Airborne ultrafine particle dust from building actitvities – a source in need of quantification. Atmospheric

Environment 56, 262-264.

Kumar, P., Mulheron, M., Som, C., 2012. Release of ultrafine particles from three simulated building processes. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 14, 77. doi:

10.1007/s11051-012-0771-2.

Carpentieri, M., Kumar, P., 2011c. Ground–fixed and on–board measurements of nanoparticles in the wake of a moving vehicle. Atmospheric Environment 45, 5837-

5852.

Kumar, P., Ketzel, M., Vardoulakis, S., Britter, R., 2011b. Dynamics and dispersion modelling of nanoparticles from road traffic in the urban atmospheric environment –

a review. Journal of Aerosol Science 42, 580-603.

Kumar, P., Gurjar, B.R., Nagpure, A., Harrison, R.M., 2011a. Preliminary estimates of nanoparticle number emissions from road vehicles in megacity Delhi and

associated health impacts. Environmental Science & Technology 45, 5514-5521.

Carpentieri, M., Kumar, P., Robins, A., 2010d. An overview of experimental results and dispersion modelling of nanoparticles in the wake of a moving vehicle.

Environmental Pollution 159, 685-693.

Kumar, P., Robins, A., ApSimon, H., 2010c. Nanoparticle emissions from biofuelled vehicles – their characterstics and impact on the number – based regulation of

atmospheric particles. Atmospheric Science Letters 11, 327-331.

Kumar, P., Robins, A., Vardoulakis, S., Britter, R., 2010b. A review of the characterstics of nanoparticles in the urban atmosphere and the prospects for developing

regulatoy control. Atmospheric Environment 34, 5035-5052.

Kumar, P., Fennell, P., Robins, A., 2010a. Comparsion of the behaviour of manufactured and other airborne nanoparticles and the consequences for prioritising

research and regulation activities. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 12, 1523-1530.

Kumar, P., Robins, A., Britter, R., 2009c. Fast response measurements of the dispersion of nanoparticles in a vehicle wake and a street canyon. Atmospheric

Environment 43, 6110-6118.

Kumar, P., Garmory, A., Ketzel, M., Berkowicz, R., 2009b. Comparative study of measured and modelled number concentration of nanoparticles in an urban street

canyon. Atmospheric Environment 43, 949-958.

Kumar, P., Fennell, P., Hayhurst, A., Britter, R., 2009a. Street versus rooftop level concentrations of fine particles in a Cambridge Street Canyon. Boundary–Layer

Meteorology 131, 3-18.

Kumar, P., Fennell, P., Symonds, J., Britter, R., 2008d. Treatment for the losses of ultrafine aerosol particles in long sampling tubes during ambient measurements.

Atmospheric Environment 42, 8831-8838.

Kumar, P., Fennell, P., Britter, R., 2008c. Effect of wind direction and speed of the dispersion of nucleation and accumulation mode particles in an urban street canyon.

Science of the Total Environment 402, 82-94.

Kumar, P., Fennell, P., Britter, R., 2008b. Pseudo-simultaneous measurements for the vertical variation of coarse, fine and ultrafine particles in an urban street canyon.

Atmospheric Environment 42, 4304-4319.

Kumar, P., Fennell, P., Britter, R., 2008a. Measurements of the Particles in the 5–1000 nm range close to the road level in an urban street canyon. Science of the Total

Environment 390, 437-447.

Our Research Focus at SurreyOur Research Focus at SurreyOur Research Focus at SurreyOur Research Focus at Surrey

Ve

hic

le w

ake

City S

ca

leS

tre

et S

ca

leM

easu

rem

ents

, so

urc

e ch

arac

teri

sati

on

(veh

icle

s/ n

on

-veh

icle

s), e

mis

sio

n, d

isp

ersi

on

, an

d e

xpo

sure

mo

del

ling

+ M

NP

[Dr. Prashant Kumar; APRIL, 27 Sep 2013]

CHALLENGES?

SourceSourceSourceSource identificationidentificationidentificationidentification andandandand characterisationcharacterisationcharacterisationcharacterisation:::: VehiclesVehiclesVehiclesVehicles andandandand nonnonnonnon––––vehiclesvehiclesvehiclesvehicles

DispersionDispersionDispersionDispersion:::: existingexistingexistingexisting complexcomplexcomplexcomplex issuesissuesissuesissues ++++ transformationtransformationtransformationtransformation ++++ spatialspatialspatialspatial scalesscalesscalesscales

ExposureExposureExposureExposure:::: startingstartingstartingstarting fromfromfromfrom nearnearnearnear––––tailpipe,tailpipe,tailpipe,tailpipe, transporttransporttransporttransport microenvironment,microenvironment,microenvironment,microenvironment, street,street,street,street, totototocitycitycitycity scalescalescalescale

ResponseResponseResponseResponse:::: guidelines,guidelines,guidelines,guidelines, regulations,regulations,regulations,regulations, policies,policies,policies,policies, actionactionactionaction plansplansplansplans

Figure source: Kumar, P., Kumar, A., Lead, J.R. 2012. Nanoparticles in Indian environment: Known, unknowns and awareness. Environmental Science &

Technology 46, 7071-7072.

[Dr. Prashant Kumar; APRIL, 27 Sep 2013]

CCCCONTACT

DDDDR. PPPPRASHANT KKKKUMAR

Email: P.Kumar@surrey.ac.ukWebpage: http://www2.surrey.ac.uk/cee/people/prashant_kumar/

TTTTHANK YYYYOU