UITP Arno Kerkhof

H.U.F.

26 May 2011

LONDON

Fuel & Traction SystemsObservatory - HYBRIDS

Arno KerkhofHead of Bus Division

Int. Association of Public Transport

FTSO

Fuel &Traction System Observatory

FTSO OBJECTIVES

FTSO MAIN CONCLUSIONS


TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY, THE BESTSOLUTIONS ARE ELECTRIC DRIVE

TECHNOLOGIES

• PURE ELECTRIC FOR MINI – MIDI BUSES

• HYBRID TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE BUSES

• FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY - FUTURE

FTSO MAIN CONCLUSIONS


Hybrid buses are becoming a player on marketplace

• NORTH AMERICAStarted serial introduction by the end of 90’s.Today several thousands in different cities.

•EUROPESome trials by the end of 90’s, not continued.Trying to develop the expansion all around.

•ASIA - PACIFICNot so much developed.Some manufacturers starting to propose models.

HYBRID BUSES MARKET DEVELOPMENT


NORTH AMERICAN COMMERCIAL OFFER

•Daimler ORION BusCummins ISB260 engineBAE Systems trans.Li-ion battery

•NEW FLYER-XcelsiorCummins ISB280 engineGM-Allison EP40 trans.

•GILLIG CorporationCummins ISB280 engineGM-Allison trans.NiMH battery


NORTH AMERICAN HYBRID FLEETS

CITY COMPANY BUS Model Dec.2009 Dec.2010

New York MTA Orion Bus 960 1.812Toronto TTC Orion Bus 525 950Washington WMA New Flyer 50 550Philadelphia SEP New Flyer 269 510Seattle KCD New Flyer 236 520Chicago CTA New Flyer 170 228Vancouver CMBC New Flyer 2 182Ottawa COT Orion Bus 2 177Honolulu CCH New Flyer 50 80Montreal STM Volvo (Tender 300) 8(test) 8Other cities 600 1.003

TOTAL (Diesel-electric) 2.872 6.020Others (Gasoline/GNC-electric) 160 300


EUROPEAN COMMERCIAL OFFER

All major manufacturers are offering:

EVOBUS Serial Batteries 18 m.

SCANIA Serial Batteries 15 m.

VOLVO Parallel Batteries 12 m-DD

MAN Serial Ultracaps 12 m.

IRISBUS Serial Batteries 12-18 m.

SOLARIS Parallel Batteries 12-18 m.

VAN HOOL Serial Ultracaps 9-10-18-25 m

VDL Parallel Batteries 18-24 m.

DENNIS Serial Batteries 9-10,7-DD

WHRIGHT Serial Batteries 12 m-DD

HESS Serial Ultracaps 18-25 m.

TATA HISPANO Serial Batteries 12 m.

CASTROSUA Serial Batteries 9,6-11,5 m.

TYPE ENER.STG. SIZE


EUROPEAN HYBRID FLEETSCOUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011

U.K. LONDON Total 56 196Wright Bus 23A.Dennis 17

Manchester A.Dennis -- 116Oxford A.Dennis -- 26Other cities 312

TOTAL 56 650

GERMANY Leipzig Evobus 1 19Dresden MAN 1 18Bochum Solaris 1 13Köln -- 12Other cities

TOTAL 17 171


Figures 2011 to be

updated

COUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011

FRANCE PARIS (RATP) Several 6 (test) 1 - 2Transdev Solaris 5 5Poitiers Heuliez -- 1Beauvais VanHool -- 1

NETHERLAND Dordrecht Volvo -- 27Zuid Holland VanHool 10 24Rotterdam Evobus+Citea 2 4Enschede Citea -- 2Apeldoorn Volvo 5 5Eindhoven VDL Phileas 12 12Utrecht (Tender 2012-failed?) -- 211??

BELGIUM Flanders Van Hool 57 136Wallonnia Retrofit Irisbus 1 (proto) 1


EUROPEAN HYBRID FLEETS

COUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011

ITALY Italy has run a quantity of 1st. Generation Hybrid buses A total of more than 220 units run since 1995

Manufacturers : ALTRA – Breda – Cacciamali – CAM

MILAN Several 4 40FLORENCE Under Tender -- 18

SWITZERLAND Test in several cities HESS -- 2Luzern Volvo 6

SPAIN Barcelona MAN+Castrosua 4 4 (+22)Madrid Several 4 (test) -- (+24)Valladolid MAN -- 1San Sebastian MAN -- 1Barcelona Area MAN+Castrosua -- 8Barcelona TMB Retrofit 1 50Madrid EMT Retrofit -- 16


ASIA - PACIFIC COMMERCIAL OFFER

Several manufacturers (4-5)

The main proposals are:

MITSUBISHI

TATA – CNG Hybrid


ELECTRIC BUSES

THE ELECTRIC BUS DOES EXIST = TROLLEYBUS

THE PROBLEM FOR AUTONOMOUS BUS

ENERGY STORAGE

NORMAL CITY BUS SERVICE15 h/day or 180 km


ELECTRIC BUS ELECTRIC BUS -- BATTERIESBATTERIES

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

MINIBUS without A/C 7 kW.h x 15 h. = 105 kW.h

with A/C 10 kW.h x 15 h. = 150 kW.h

LARGE BUS without A/C 24 kW.h x 15 h. = 360 kW.h

with A/C 30 kW.h x 15 h. = 450 kW.h



ENERGY NEEDED

MINIBUS without A/C 105 kW.h / 80% = 131 kW.hwith A/C 150 kW.h / 80% = 188 kW.h

LARGE BUS without A/C 360 kW.h / 80% = 450 kW.hwith A/C 450 kW.h / 80% = 560 kW.h

BATTERY CAPACITY (Li-ion)

CURRENT 85 W.h/kgDEVELOPMENT (3 years) 170 W.h/kg



BATTERY WHEIGHTCURRENT FUTURE

MINIBUS 131 kW.h 1.540 kg 770 kg188 kW.h 2.200 kg 1.100 kg

LARGE BUS 450 kW.h 5.290 kg 2.650 kg560 kW.h 6.590 kg 3.290 kg

PASSENGERS CAPACITY

MINIBUS w/o A/C 22 25w A/C 12 25

LARGE BUS w/o A/C 15 50w A/C 0 40


ELECTRIC BUS ELECTRIC BUS -- EUROPEEUROPE

ZEUS -Bredamenarini bus

Lenght = 5,9 m.Passen. = 23Batty Li-ion 58 kWhAutonom. = 120 km

GULLIVER TECNOBUS

OREOS 2X GRUAU-PVI

ONLY SMALL ELECTRIC BUSES

Lenght = 5,0 m.Passen. = 19Batty Zebra 40 kWhAutonom. = 130 km

Lenght = 7,2 m.Passen. = 22Batty Li-ion 85 kWhAutonom. = 120 km


ELECTRIC BUSELECTRIC BUSBUT : CHINESE MANUFACTURERS ARE

OFFERING 12 m. ELECTRIC BUSES

DELTA ELECTRONICSFOTONBUILD your DREAMSZONDABONLUCKHENGTONG

Lenght = 12,0 m.Passen. = 65 - 70

Rangekm.180

180500!!180

WHO IS LYING?


• Hybrid buses at current prices don’t justify the higher investment, in an scenario of fuel price stability.

• Nevertheless, they can approach the market if manufacturers achieve cost reductions, or fuel prices increase.

• In the current situation, some help from Public

Administrations will be needed to introduce the technology.

• In the case of introducing in the Economic Balance the environmental factors (evaluation of pollutants and CO2 cost), the results will change dramatically.

• Electric buses can only be possible in a scenario of new batteries development.

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS


THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

with acknowledgement to

FTSO (UITP Bus Committee)F. Gonzalez (tmb) and FTSO members


Documents

UITP Arno Kerkhof