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8/3/2019 Uhs2122 Perception and Logic
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2.0INTRODUCTI
ON
2.11 LOGICIN A GLANCE
2.7PERCEPTIONERROR
2.2PERCEPTIONSYNTHESIS
2.3 TYPES OFPERCEPTION
2.16INDUCTIVEANDDEDUCTIVELOGIC
2.17METHODS TOCHANGEPERCEPTION-
LOGIC
2.1DEFINITION
OFPERCEPTION
2.18CONCLUSION
2.4PERCEPTIONCHARACTERISTICS
2.5 FACTORSINFLUENCINGPERCEPTIONSSTIMULATION
2.12
CATEGORIESOF LOGIC
2.8PERCEPTIONORGANIZATION
2.9PERCEPTIONANDINTUITION
2.6STIMULATION FEATURE
TOWARDSPERCEPTION
2.10PERCEPTIONAND LOGIC
2.13SCIENTIFIC
WORK ABOUTLOGIC 2.14 AREA OFLOGIC2.15 LOGICIN DAILY LIFE
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Introduction
Perception the most importantelement in thinking process/cognitiveprocess
Creative and critical thinking involveperceptual ability to interrelate, toreceive and to supplement
Wide and flexible perception easyto be creative and critical thinker
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Gestalt perception is a conscious
process involving individual reactiontowards stimulus from environment.
According to Edward de Bono (1969),
thinking is a process that happenedin 2 phases:
1st phase: perception
2nd phase: logic
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Definition of perception
Perception is the first phase of thinking process.Second phase is logic. Perception influence whatseen by logic. In short, perception determine logic.(Edward de Bono, 1969)
Perception is the process in which sensoryexperiences are organized and made meaningful.(Newman, 1983)
Perception is a process where a human knowsabout objects and objective events throughsensation. (Chaplin, 1985)
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Perception is a process whereby a personinterpret stimulus sensation and gives meaningto it. It is also a conscious and reaction of anindividual towards stimulus, which is theirpersonal nature. Perception is also ameaningful pole. Actually it does not happenedautomatically, but it takes a long time, whichinclude interpretation and proper
understanding. (Mohd. Salleh, 1995)
Perception is interpretation of what is seen byeyes, or in other way perception is meaninggiven to what is seen by eyes. (Abdullah andAinon, 1996)
It is a process in which brain receivedinformation from senses, restructuring it back
and give meaning to it. (Boon and Ragbir, 1998)
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Perception synthesis
Perception process enable usunderstand our environment.
Observing process happened in twophases:
1st phase: eyes send information to thebrain
2nd phase: brain tells the eyes what isseen
(refer to next figure)
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How cognitive-perception processcreates mental polein our mind?
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Perception process
Phase
1 Phase2
Phase3
SeeTaste
FeelTouchSmell
Collect &informatio
n filing
Mentalset
preparedaccepting any
conception
File 4File 2File 1 File 3
Mental pola
Sub-sub file
Sub-subfile
Sub-subfile Sub-sub
file
Information
accepted
Sensory stimulation
Senses tell the
brain what is
seen
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Thinking involved two important
process (Ainon & Abdullah, 1995): Biology
Perception
Perception is a pole set about anyconcept and meaning that resemblesin our mind.
These set of poles we get fromsurveillance, observation and direct
participation of our surroundings.
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Cognitive process
Perception
Experiences and
contexts
Hypothesis
Analysisvia
synthesis
Stimulation input
Generatehypothesis and
associate withrelated schemefrom memory
There aresimilarities/rel
evancebetween new& old
information
Identifying
stimulati
Yes
No- Interpretation from
sensory data
(knowledge)- Perception is not
static
- e.g. Necker Cube
-Past experiences- e.g. old & young lady
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Perceptioncharacteristics
Perception is
personal
Perceptionhappen
continuously
Perceptionchanges
depending on
theenvironmentalchange
Perception isvery
selective
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Foregroundand
backgroundrelationship
Contrastfactor
Pastexperience
Selfmotivation
Mental
setTimerange
Object
order
Concentration
Personal
factor
Expectation
Factorsinfluencing
perceptionsstimulation
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STIMULATION
FEATURE
TOWARDSPERCEPTIO
N
Changingand moving
object
Oppositestimulus
Inner factorand interest
Extraordinar
y stimulus
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Perception error
Human is created with weaknesses spiritually, emotionally, intellectually,and physically.
Richard (1989) human weaknessesin translating perception happened
because of the total prediction powerwhile human is translating inputreceived through their environment.
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Commonmistakes of
perception(Ainon &Abdullah,
1996)
Narrow insightperception
Self valueperception
Black & whiteperception
BIG & smallperception
Macroperception
Personalperception
Negativeperception
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Perception organization
Perception enable us to look forcertain information only.
Then information was kept inmemory become experience
As a human, we have to be clever toorganize perception, to be suitablefor creative and critical thinking.
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It is important in a process of
problem solving and decisionmaking.
Creative thinking can generate manyideas and solving in differentperspectives.
Creative thinking techniques: need tobe learnt
Expand perception in viewing andsolving problems
Widen observation towards something
better
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Perception and intuition
Other than senses, divine revelationand intelligence, intuition is also away of thinking.
Intuition is experience gained withouta certain thinking process.
Intuition works subconsciously.
Perception of the possibilitiesinherent in a situation. (Carl Jung)
Intuition use subconscious mind forinformation to come and o.
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Intuition functioned in perception.
Perception translating; intuition widen the dimension of perception
Intuition helps to:
How perception can be translatedcorrectly?
How was it built?
What is the implication to othersituation?
How should we react?
What is the new idea that can we derive
in our mind?
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Differences between logic andintuition
Logic
Inductive anddeductive method
Objective, can be seenby others
Concrete, can be tell toothers, can be feel
together
Intuition
Direct experience,without thinking
process Only for that certain
individual
Subjective and can not
be feel by others
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Perception and logic
Perception and logic interdependenteach other.
Perception collecting pole; logic set of assumption for the poles
Logic is useful for:Looking into relationship of cause and
effect
Making conclusion for something
To defend argument for the purpose of
supporting or rejecting any ideas
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Inference Mind logic Nature
logic
Inductive Deductive
Daily life event- Communication;
watching- Shopping; observing
- Walking, studying,playing
SpecificGeneral
GeneralSpecific
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Logic in a glance
Logic has existed thousands ofyears ago.
Logic is derived from humanintelligence.
Three major ages of logic:Classical age
Islamic era
Modern age
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Traditionallogic
Pragmaticlogic
Sciencelogic
Multi-valueslogic
Epistemology logic
Symboliclogic
Categories
oflogic(Jujun
,1990)
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Scientific work about logic
Scientific work contributed to thetraditional logic
Scientific work of Greece have beentranslated by Islamic scholars: al-Farabi
Improve to suit with Islam, and notconfusing Islam practitioner
Western also translated Islamicbooks into English
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Some of the books are:
Organom; The prior Analytics (Aristotle)Novum Organom (Francis Bacon)
The Advancement of Learning (FrancisBacon)
Nouveaux essais sur (Pascal)
A System of Logic (John Stewart Mill)
A Discourse on the Method of Rightly
Conducting the Reason and SeekingTruth in the Science (Descrates)
Essays Concerning Human
Understanding (John Locke)
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Area of logic
Logic is a tool or basis for otherknowledge area (Bolton, 1976).
Logic is the head of knowledge,whoever did not learnt about logic,their knowledge could not bebelieved Imam al-Ghazali
Knowledge with strong logic basisare religion, philosophy, applied andnatural science, language,
mathematics, calculus, space,
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Classical age
Logic called as pure logic
Since 600 B.C., Heraclitus age
Aristotle create very useful logicbasis
Scholars in Classical age:
Heraclitus Socrates
Plato
Pythagoras
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Emphasize
on theoryformation
Closelyrelated
withtheology
Closelyrelated
withlanguage
and
rhetoric
Logic asargumentati
on
Closelyrelated
with
philosophy
Characterist
ics
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Islamic era
Logic in golden age of Islam isinfluenced by classical age
Translated by scholars al-Farabi, al-Kindi
Given new dimension in scientificresearch
Scholars:
Ibn Sina
Ibn Haitham
Imam al-Ghazali
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Characteristics
Al-Quranand divinity
Mathematicsverification
Historywriting Languagereview
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Modern age
Scholars trying to find alternative toimprove
Rene Descartes discover moredynamic logic system dialectic
Now logic is more scientific andempirical
Scholars:
Galileo
Newton
Pascal
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Characteristics
Based on
deductiveand
intellectinduction
Research(theory,
hypothesis,statistics)
Observationaland
experimental
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Logic in daily life
Logic as guideline while thinking anddecision making process.
Logic can determine what is wrong and
what is right. Weaknesses of logic: what is correct in
logic is not necessarily correct in the
real situation. But logic mistakes is small compared to
perception mistakes.
Creation of universe can not be
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Important to
understand Quranand Hadith
Educate peopleto speak the
truth
Delete deviantand ridiculous
thought
To defend
oppositesargument
The use of
logic ineveryday life
D d ti d i d ti
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Deductive and inductivelogic
Deductive logic: some set of generalassumptions that produce onespecific statement (syllogism one
conclusion built from minor andmajor premises)
Inductive logic: one specific
statement built from some set ofgeneral assumptions
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General assumptions
General assumptions
Specific statement
Specific statement
Deductive logic Inductive logic
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Deductive logic
General specific Syllogism consist of 2
premises and 1conclusion
Major premise: small(basis of argument) statement that supportor reject something thatis true or not
Conclusion deductionthat been created fromthe application majorand minor premises (ifboth of the premises istrue, the conclusion will
be true)
Inductive logic
Specific general Observe and analyze
existing data
Create hypothesis to
link the data Science and natural
science research
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Intellect logic: to solve mathematicproblems
Nature logic: to interact
Intellect logic will not be congenial
with nature logic Intellect logic emphasize concrete
perception, whereas nature logicemphasize reasoning perception
Another type of logic: dialectics logic uses argument in the form of Q & A
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Three phases of logic:
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Perfection and
extremity
Logicsweaknesses
One sidedPerceptionsrestrain
UnbalancedRepetition
Individual
experience
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Conclusion
Every human being has perception.
Perception enable human to know alot things, events, objects.
Good and positive perception isbeneficial for human. However, badperception can also bring goodness.
Perception MUST BE and HAVE TO BEcontrolled.
Controller intellect, lust and faith!