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Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
UHECRs energy spectrum
OBSERVATORY
Outline
• Pierre Auger Observatory
• Constant intensity method
• Energy calibration
• Energy spectra: vertical,horizontal and hybrid
• Combined spectrum
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Cosmic rays energy spectrum
Energy [eV]
1110 1210 1310 1410 1510 1610 1710 1810 1910 2010
]-1
sr
-1 s
ec-2
E J
(E)
[m
-1610
-1410
-1210
-1010
-810
-610
-410
-210
1
210
(GeV)ppsEquivalent c.m. energy
10 210 310 410 510 610
ATIC
PROTON
RUNJOB
KASCADE
Fly’s Eye Stereo
MSU
Akeno
HiRes I
HiRes II
AGASAAuger 2007
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Cosmic rays energy spectrum
Energy [eV]
1510 1610 1710 1810 1910 2010
]1.
5 e
V-1
sr
-1 s
ec-2
J(E
) [
m2.
5Sc
aled
flu
x E
1410
1510
1610
1710
(GeV)ppsEquivalent c.m. energy 310 410 510 610
Tevatron (p-p)
LHC (p-p)
PROTON
RUNJOB
KASCADEFly’s Eye Stereo
Akeno
HiRes I
HiRes II
AGASA
Auger 2007- combined
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Cosmic rays energy spectrum
Energy [eV]
1510 1610 1710 1810 1910 2010
]1.
5 e
V-1
sr
-1 s
ec-2
J(E
) [
m2.
5Sc
aled
flu
x E
1410
1510
1610
1710
(GeV)ppsEquivalent c.m. energy 310 410 510 610
Tevatron (p-p)
LHC (p-p)
PROTON
RUNJOB
KASCADEFly’s Eye Stereo
Akeno
HiRes I
HiRes II
AGASA
Auger 2007- combined
spectral features: change in composition
nature of the sources
galactic to extragalactic origin
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Cosmic rays energy spectrum
Energy [eV]
1510 1610 1710 1810 1910 2010
]1.
5 e
V-1
sr
-1 s
ec-2
J(E
) [
m2.
5Sc
aled
flu
x E
1410
1510
1610
1710
(GeV)ppsEquivalent c.m. energy 310 410 510 610
Tevatron (p-p)
LHC (p-p)
PROTON
RUNJOB
KASCADEFly’s Eye Stereo
Akeno
HiRes I
HiRes II
AGASA
Auger 2007- combined
Greisen Zatsepin Kuzmin effect
• p + γCMB → ∆+(1232)
→ p + π0 → pγγ→ n + π+ → pe+ν
15% energy loss / interaction ⇒
nearby universe visible
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Cosmic rays energy spectrum
Energy [eV]
1510 1610 1710 1810 1910 2010
]1.
5 e
V-1
sr
-1 s
ec-2
J(E
) [
m2.
5Sc
aled
flu
x E
1410
1510
1610
1710
(GeV)ppsEquivalent c.m. energy 310 410 510 610
Tevatron (p-p)
LHC (p-p)
PROTON
RUNJOB
KASCADEFly’s Eye Stereo
Akeno
HiRes I
HiRes II
AGASA
Auger 2007- combined
UHECRs challenges
• reduce uncertainties
• spectral features
• composition
• arrival directions
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Air Showers Measurement Techniques
Surface detector(SD)
• duty cycle ≈ 100%
• acceptance geometric
• energy scale from air showersimulations
Fluorescence detector(FD)
• energies from longitudinal energydeposit, nearly calorimetric
• acceptance from detector andatmosphere simulation
• duty cycle ≈ 10%
Pierre Auger Observatory: acceptance and energy from data !
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Pierre Auger Observatory
3000 km2, 1642 tanks deployed, 1619 with water, 1586 working
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Surface detector (SD)
3000 km2, 1642 tanks deployed, 1619 with water, 1586 working
three 9 inch PMTs
12 tons of water
electronics
battery
solar panel
GPS antenna
communications antenna
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Fluorescence detector (FD)
Atmosphere monitoring• radio soundings (h, T, P), LED for
end to end calibration, LASER shots,IR cloud cameras, star light monitor
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Event example
Golden hybrid events: SD and FDXX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Event example
Timing: direction, impact point
azimuth [deg]150 155 160 165 170 175 180
elev
atio
n [
deg]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
t [25 ns]150 200 250 300 350 400 450
S [V
EM
pea
k]
0
100
200
300
400
500
t [25 ns]150 200 250 300 350 400 450
S [V
EM
pea
k]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
t [25 ns]150 200 250 300 350 400 450
S [V
EM
pea
k]
0
2
4
6
8
10
t [25 ns]150 200 250 300 350 400 450
S [V
EM
pea
k]
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
t [25 ns]150 200 250 300 350 400 450
S [V
EM
pea
k]
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
t [25 ns]150 200 250 300 350 400 450
S [V
EM
pea
k]
0
1
2
3
4
5
t [25 ns]150 200 250 300 350 400 450
S [V
EM
pea
k]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
t [25 ns]150 200 250 300 350 400 450
S [V
EM
pea
k]
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
t [25 ns]150 200 250 300 350 400 450
S [V
EM
pea
k]
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
t [25 ns]150 200 250 300 350 400 450
S [V
EM
pea
k]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
x [km]63.5 63.6 63.7 63.8 63.9
y [k
m]
47.1
47.2
47.3
47.4
47.5
Signal (VEM) vs time
(Talk by Pierre Billoir)
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Event example
r [m]500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Sign
al [
VE
M]
1
10
210
310
410
/ NDoF: 6.833/ 72χ
S(1000 m)
] 2slant depth [g/cm
400600
800
)]2dE/dX [PeV/(g/cm
0 10 20 30 40 50/N
df= 167.37/217
2χ
Lateral distribution: S(1000 m)
Longitudinal profile: energy
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Event example
r [m]500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Sign
al [
VE
M]
1
10
210
310
410
/ NDoF: 6.833/ 72χ
S(1000 m)
] 2slant depth [g/cm
400600
800
)]2dE/dX [PeV/(g/cm
0 10 20 30 40 50/N
df= 167.37/217
2χ
Lateral distribution: S(1000 m)
Longitudinal profile: energy
FD energy ⇒ SD high statistics
(no simulations needed)
Xmax⇒ composition
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
S(1000 m) to Energy
From ’Golden Hybrids’ (FD+SD)
lateral particle distribution↓
S(1000m)↓
zenith angle correction (constant intensity cut method)↓
S38
↓
FD energy↓
ESD
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
S(1000 m)- Attenuation in the atmosphere
ground level
inclined showerverticalshower
inclined S(1000m) < vertical S(1000m)
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Method of Constant IntensityHypothesis:
cosmic ray flux is isotropic(at least in local coordinates)
Φ =dN
dΩdEdAeff dt
SD data:projection on flat array geometry
Aeff = A · cos θ
intensity: events above a certain energy
dId cos2 θ
= const
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Method of Constant Intensityaim: find S(θ) from I = const, ∆ cos2 θ = const
lg( S(1000 m) /VEM)0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
#
1
10
210
310
410
° < 0θ < °25° < 25θ < °37° < 37θ < °47° < 47θ < °59
/VEM)38
lg( S0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
#1
10
210
310
410
° < 0θ < °25° < 25θ < °37° < 37θ < °47° < 47θ < °59
• ’correct’ all shower sizes to same zenith angle 38
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Zenith angle correction: S(1000m) ⇒ S38
θ2cos0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
S(10
00 m
) [V
EM
]
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
polynomialexponential
S38
S38 = S(1000 m)/f (θ)f (θ) = 1 + a · x + b · x2 , x = cos2 θ − cos2 38
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Energy Calibration
Stat. uncertainties:S38 (≈ 16%)
• shower to showerfluctuations
• reconstruction
EFD (≈ 8%)
• reconstruction
• atmosphere
E = A · SB38
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Energy Calibration
Stat. uncertainties:S38 (≈ 16%)
• shower to showerfluctuations
• reconstruction
EFD (≈ 8%)
• reconstruction
• atmosphere
E = A · SB38
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Energy Scale Systematics
Absolute Fluorescence Yield 14%Pressure dependence of Fluorescence Yield 1%Humidity dependence of Fluorescence Yield 1%Temperature dependence of Fluorescence Yield 5%
FD absolute calibration 11%FD wavelength dependence response 3%Rayleigh scattering in atmosphere 1%Wavelength dependence of aerosol scattering 1%
FD reconstruction method 10%Invisible energy 5%
Total: 22%
experimental uncertainties to be improvedXX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Trigger efficiency
• cross-checked with hybrid events!
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Vertical Energy Spectrum
lg(E/eV)18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5
))-1
sr
-1 s
-2 J
/(m
lg(
E
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
E[eV]1810×3 1910 1910×2 2010 2010×2
4128
24501631
1185
761560
367284
178125
7954
25
14
5 5
1 1
Auger ICRC 2007, vertical
5165 km2 sr year until ICRC 20070.8 × one year complete observatory
Events (observed/expected) above 4 · 1019 eV: 51/(132 ± 9)above 1020 eV: 2/(30 ± 2.5)
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Horizontal and Hybrid Energy Spectra
lg(E/eV)18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5
))2 e
V-1
sr
-1 s
-2 J
/(m
3lg
( E
23.5
24
24.5
E[eV]1810×2 1910 1910×2 2010 2010×2
Auger ICRC 2007, horizontal
lg(E/eV)18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5
))2 e
V-1
sr
-1 s
-2 J
/(m
3lg
( E
23.5
24
24.5
E[eV]1810×2 1910 1910×2 2010 2010×2
Auger ICRC 2007, hybrid
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Auger Energy Spectrum
lg(E/eV)18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5
))2 e
V-1
sr
-1 s
-2 J
/(m
3lg
( E
23.5
24
24.5
E[eV]1810×2 1910 1910×2 2010 2010×2
verticalhybridhorizontalcombined
Very good agreement between the three spectra (< 3%)XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Auger Energy Spectrum: Spectral features
lg(E/eV)18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5
-1
2.62
E×J/
A
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
E[eV]1810 1810×2 1910 1910×2 2010 2010×2
Auger ICRC 2007, combined
γ1 = 3.30 ± 0.06
γ2 = 2.62 ± 0.03
γ3 = 4.14 ± 0.42
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Auger Energy Spectrum: Spectral features
lg(E/eV)18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5
-1
2.62
E×J/
A
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
E[eV]1810 1810×2 1910 1910×2 2010 2010×2
Auger ICRC 2007, combined
ankle: (4.46 ± 0.4) · 1018 eV
flux suppression: (56 ± 8) · 1018 eV
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Anisotropies- energy spectrum
lg(E/eV)18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5
-1
2.62
E×J/
A
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
E[eV]1810 1810×2 1910 1910×2 2010 2010×2
Auger ICRC 2007, combined
• the energy and redshift that maximise the signal are compatiblewith the GZK horizon
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Anisotropies- energy spectrum
lg(E/eV)18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5
-1
2.62
E×J/
A
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
E[eV]1810 1810×2 1910 1910×2 2010 2010×2
Auger ICRC 2007, combined
Talk by Antoine Letessier-Selvon
• the energy and redshift that maximise the signal are compatiblewith the GZK horizon
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Mass composition- energy spectrum
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Mass composition- energy spectrum
Next talk by Jose Bellido
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Conclusions
• vertical SD spectrum: 5165 km2 sr year (02.2007)
• good agreement between the three energy spectra
• 6σ evidence for flux suppression at high energies
• combined with the anisotropies studies ⇒ GZK effect
• fluorescence yield measurements → dominate the energyuncertainties
• (soon) updated energy spectrum: 8000 km2 sr year
• high statistics above 1019.8 eV needed to constrain models
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Extra slides
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Energy Spectrum: comparison with other experiments
Energy [eV]
1910 2010
]1.
7 e
V-1
sr
-1 s
ec-2
J(E
) [m
2.7
Sca
led
flux
E
3110
3210
HiRes IHiRes IIAGASAAuger 2007
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Horizontal Spectrum: energy calibration
(EeV))FD
(E10
log0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
)19
(N
10lo
g
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2 / ndf 2χ 38.05 / 36 α 0.06± -0.77 β 0.05± 0.96
/ ndf 2χ 38.05 / 36 α 0.06± -0.77 β 0.05± 0.96
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Hybrid Energy Spectrum: exposure
lg(E/eV)18 18.5 19 19.5 20
sr
yr]
2ex
posu
re [
km
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
lg(E/eV)18 18.5 19 19.5 20
Sys
tem
atic
Un
cert
ain
ty[%
]
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
τ
atm.⊕ τ
sel.⊕ atm. ⊕ τ
XX Rencontres de Blois 2008 Ioana C. Maris for the Pierre Auger Collaboration