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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction 20150206.2139
UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWNEEE4101F / EEE4103F
Basic Nuclear Physics00-00-00 Introduction
February - April 2015
Emeritus Professor David AschmanRoom 4T7, Physics DepartmentUniversity of Cape Townmailto:[email protected]
http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/eee4101f/current/ .*
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *
Reading and referencesEEE4101F Reading list: Reading list on course website
Bennet D and Thomson J, El. of Nuclear Power, Longman 3e
Lewis E, Fund. of Nuclear Reactor Physics, Academic Press
Martin B, Intro to Nuclear and Particle Physics, Wiley (2006)
Lilley J, Nuclear Physics, Wiley (1986). Chapter 10
Knight R, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Pearson 2e.Stewart J Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Brooks-Cole 4e
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *
What is nuclear power?Convert nuclear binding energy to electricity.
Q: Where does the energy come from?
A: Errr . . . uranium ?
Q: And where does the energy in the uranium come from?
A: Hmmmm . . . Ultimately . . . gravitational energy??
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction Lilley NP fig 01-05 *
Segre chart of nuclei
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction Lilley NP fig 01-01 *
Curve of binding energy
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *
EEE4101F Course Outline- Concepts needed to understand physics of nuclear reactors.
- Review of basic physics concepts:mathematics for physics; mechanics; thermal physics; electro-magnetism; modern physics (relativity and quantum mechan-ics); basic nuclear physics.
- Introduction to nuclear physics:properties of nuclei; ; liquid drop model; nuclear shell model;nuclear decay modes; nuclear reactions; nuclear fission.
- Nuclear radiation and its detection: . . .
- Simple view of physics of nuclear reactors:fission, moderators, neutron economy, neutron capture, neutronkinetics . . .20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 6
UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *
Are lectures useful?
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What must I do in physics module?1. Consult the course website daily.2. Do the in-course (pre-lecture) reading.3. Come to lectures4. Read the course material5. Discuss with the lecturer, the tutor, your friends, . . .6. Do the problem sets well7. Check course website often for news, readings, useful info,. . .8. Lectures are a guide to what you need to understand - fill inthe gaps yourself9. [Tutorials and practicals - info to follow later]
READ THINK LISTEN THINK ASK DISCUSS . . . repeat
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *
Thinking like a physicistUndergraduate to postgraduate
3-dimensions
Be quantitative: calculate using mathematics
Computer programming
Decide what is (not) relevant
Simple models
Interpret results (formulae, graphs . . . )
Keep note-book/log-book/journal
Verbal communication: clear, concise, correct, confident.
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *
What is physics?Physics (Greek φυσισ physis, nature) is . . .a description of the world in terms of a small number of abstractideas (principles and theories). These can be applied to a widerange (may be ALL) things, and allow description / explanation /prediction of natural phenomena.
Physics uses mathematics as the language of description.
Matter and radiation obey THE LAWS OF PHYSICS
A fundamental idea is that of symmetry and conservation laws.
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Domain of physics
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Physics view of the universe
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Symmetry and conservation lawsOne fundamental idea in physics: most things are conserved
In a closed system, energy, momentum, angular momentum,charge, . . . are conserved [with a bit of fine print to consider].
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Charge conservation in e+e− production
Conservation of charge, energy and . . .
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction New Scientist *
Background reading - see web page
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction cpep *
The four interactions
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction cpep *
The four interactions
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History of the Universe
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Universe after the big bang
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Bosons
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Fermions
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Mesons
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Baryons and antibaryons
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What is in the universe?
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Great engineering: plutonium for bomb
USA 1943-5: Plutonium produced in uranium fission reactors,separated. Critical mass determined.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 25
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Great engineering: cavity magnetron
Britain 1940: high power short wavelength (10 cm) oscillator forradar.
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Great engineering: Russian T-34 tank
WW2 really won with T34 tanks, Red Army and 20 million Rus-sian lives.
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Great engineering: Hoover dam
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Great engineering: BMW 3 Series
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Great engineering: Nokia cellphone
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Great engineering: Pentium processor chip
25 percent of US GDP based on physics discoveries (computersand electronics, transistor, solid-state, quantum mechanics)20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 31
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Great engineering: the human being
Brain, body, hand. Evolved to (optimum?) skill/strength mix.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 32
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Great engineering: the human being
Human beings: use gifts to make abetter life for all.
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World needs engineering, and more . . .
Africa and world need engineering, science, technology, eco-nomics, sociology, education, democracy, freedom, and respectfor human diversity and dignity.
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *
What is Physics?
Physics attempts to provide a description of the fundamentalprinciples of the universe.
Physics is based on experiment and measurement.
Experimental observation is unified by building up quantitativemodels and theories.
Physics provides transparent and reliable, yet still tentative,knowledge.
Physics provides a basis for other sciences to build on.
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Powers of ten
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10+0 m: One metre square
Bee on lily flower inpond
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10+1 m: Pond with lily pads
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10+2 m: Japanese tea garden
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10+3 m: Golden Gate Park
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10+4 m: San Francisco
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10+5 m: San Francisco Bay Area
Marin,San Francisco,Oakland,Stanford,Silicon Valley,San Jose
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10+6 m: California
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10+7 m: North and Central America
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10+8 m: Earth
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10+9 m: Earth and Moon
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10+10 m: Four days in July
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10+11 m: Venus, Earth and Mars
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10+12 m: The orbit of Jupiter
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10+13 m: The Solar system
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10+14 m: Sol
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10+15 m: Sol (2)
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10+16 m: Oort cloud
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10+17 m: Nearest stars
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10+18 m: Stars within 50 lightyears
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10+19 m: Stars within the arm of galaxy
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10+20 m: Spiral arm of our galaxy
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10+21 m: Milky Way
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10+22 m: Local Group
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10+23 m: Virgo cluster
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10+24 m: Clusters of galaxies
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10+25 m: Clusters of clusters
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10+0 m: One metre square
Bee on lily flower inpond
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10−1 m: Lily and a bee
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10−2 m: Head of a bee
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10−3 m: Eye of a bee
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10−4 m: Pollen
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10−5 m: Bacteria
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10−6 m: Virus on a bacterium
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10−7 m: Virus
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HIV and AIDS: Microbiology is knownThe structure and working of the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is known.
It is great engineering:
simple design
efficient operation
Seehttp://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/HIVAIDS.htm
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HIV: structure
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HIV: life cycle
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Animation of HIV life cyclefile://c:../images/retrolif.gif
file://c:../images/hivinfec.gif
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10−8 m: Structure of DNA
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10−9 m: DNA molecule
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10−10 m: Carbon atom
Central electrons ininner shell.4 outer electrons.
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10−11 m: Inner atomic electron shell
Almost isotropic.
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10−12 m: Within the electron cloud
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10−13 m: Nucleus of the atom
12C nucleus shown.
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10−14 m: Carbon nucleus
6 protonsand6 neutrons
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10−15 m: Proton
Abstract represen-tationof quark matter
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10−16 m: Quarks
No known internalstructure
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End of powers of ten
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Domain of Physics
Physics seeks toexplain everything
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Aims of EEE4101F course
Achieve an understanding of the laws of physics, at an intro-ductory level.
Appreciate the mathematical language used to express phys-ical ideas, which leads to the quantitative nature of physics.
Apply this knowledge to the solution of physical problems
Understand the physics of nuclear reactors
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PhysicsBasic areas of physics:
Classical mechanics
Thermodynamics
Electromagnetism
Relativity
Quantum mechanics
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Physics: four interactions
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Physics: structure of matter
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Physics: atomic structure
Structure of helium-4 atom20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 90
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Physics: quantum mirage
STM image of 37 cobalt atoms on copper substrate.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 91
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Physics: AFRODITE gamma ray detector
Gamma-ray detector at iThembLABS, Faure20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 92
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Physics: search for Higgs particle
Expected event in ALEPH detector at CERN. Discovered!20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 93
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Physics: Hubble space telescope
View into far space and early time.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 94
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Physics: Hubble space telescope
View into far space and early time.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 95
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Concepts needed for nuclear powerNuclei: neutrons and protons. Isotopes.Binding energy.Nuclear stability and radioactive decay.Fission. Fission cross-sections. Fast and slow neutrons.Neutron moderation. Neutron absorption.Nuclear chain reaction. Criticality and control. Control.Radioactive fission products. Fuel integrity. Safety and nuclearwaste.. . . and lots of engineering, management and (?)politics.
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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction Knight: Physics for Scientists and Engineers *
Nuclear Physics in a first year textbookWe look at a first year text book
Knight R, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Pearson 2e 2006
Knight Ch 43 Nuclear Physics
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Bits of physics that will be neededTo understand nuclear physics, we shall need
mathematics
mechanics
thermal physics
electromagnetism
modern physics (relativity and quantum mechanics)
nuclear physics at NQF level 7 and 8
*
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-
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End EEE4101F 00-00-00 Introduction
********
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