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UCL Institute of Archaeology
ARCL 0137: Aztec Archaeology: Codices and Ethno-history
Academic Year 2019-2020 15 credits
Monday 9-11 in Room 412
Co-ordinator: Dr. Elizabeth Baquedano [email protected]
Telephone: 020 7679 7532
Offering at Templo Mayor
First Essay due 9 December 2019 Second Essay due 13 January 2020
Codex Mendoza
mailto:[email protected]
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1. OVERVIEW
A brief summary of the course contents
This course examines the critical boundaries between
the historical records, the painted books (codices) and
the material culture of archaeology. It focuses on the
Spanish Chroniclers of Sixteenth Century Mexico who
saw and recorded the dazzling brilliance of Aztec life
and culture. The evidence from these two distinctive
literary sources will be set against the insight gained by
archaeological investigations over the last thirty years –
in particular the excavations of the Great Temple of the
Aztecs that has done so much to revolutionize our
knowledge of that civilization. Moving back and forth
between the indigenous painted books and the
chronicles of Sixteenth century Mexico and
archaeology, the student will be able to synthesize the
information in order to understand Aztec culture, where
religion, politics and economic concerns overlap in
complex ways.
The course begins with an overview of the Aztecs from
their humble beginnings to Empire builders looking at
the Aztec Annals and the archaeological evidence. We
then turn to the Spanish Conquest examining the
documentary evidence especially the writings of the
Conquistadors Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del
Castillo as well as the writings of the Catholic friars
Bernardino de Sahagún and Diego Durán.
Summary of the method of delivery
Classes will meet for two-hours a week. Responsibilities for leading discussion of the readings will be rotated among class participants. Students will select a topic of interest from the course content and write an assessed essay on this subject.
Aims of the module
1) This course will provide students with different
interpretive frameworks to develop their skills in
critical evaluation of the archaeological,
historical and ethno-historical sources resulting
in a deeper understanding of Aztec civilization.
Students will be able to learn new skills from the
rare combination of three sources of knowledge
to interpret the past. Intended learning outcomes
1) Critical analysis of the historical records 2) Have learned how to integrate ideas from a
variety of sources.
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3) A familiarity with case studies which illustrate current issues in Aztec archaeology using ethno-historical sources
4) Knowledge of Sixteenth century Aztec codices 5) Knowledge of codices produced in the Colonial period
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Module Workload Distribution of learning hours
WORK
HOURS
Lectures Private reading Seminars/ problem classes / tutorials Laboratory / Studio Field work Independent project work Language work Required written work (e.g. essays/reports) Revision E-learning/tutor led contact E-learning student led contact Other – please specify
10 120 10 48
TOTAL 188
Assessment:
2 Essays (4000 Words), First essay 2000 words (50%) due on 7 December 2018 Second essay 2,000 words (50%) on 14 January 2019
Essay topics will be open, subject to agreement between the student and the Lecturer. The students will have agreed a topic by week four of the class. 2) For each session (3-10) submit a one-paragraph abstract from one of the readings, to be submitted at each session.
TEACHING METHODS The course is taught through lectures and seminars. Responsibilities for leading discussion of the readings will be rotated among class participants. Students will be expected to have read the weekly -recommended readings, and to actively contribute to discussion.
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1.2. LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this degree are: The UCL Science Library (Anthropology, sections). There may also be relevant sources in the Centre for Anthropology at the British Museum. Senate House has a good collection of codices. 1.3 Week-by-week summary Week Date Subject 1 30th September Introduction 2 7 October Tenochtitlan: The Rise of Aztec Civilization 3 14 October The Triple Alliance; Nezahualcoyotl King of Texcoco: intellectual, architect and builder. 4 21 October The Great Temple of the Aztecs: The sacred precinct of Tenochtitlan 5 28 October Case study: the recent find of Ahuitzotl’s Tomb, Eighth Aztec ruler READING WEEK (NO TEACHING) 4 Nov-10 Nov 6. 11 November The Two Moctezumas 7 18 November Codex Mendoza and Tribute 8 25 November The New Fire Ceremony: The Hill of the Star, Citlaltepec (10-11 am: visit to the Mexican Gallery, British Museum) 9 3 December Case study: Recent discoveries at Zultepec, Cortés and the Spanish Contingent 10 9 December The Conquest of Mexico 2. Tenochtilan: The Rise of Aztec Civilization WEEK 2 : TENOCHTITLAN: THE RISE OF AZTEC CIVILIZATION In this session we will first look at the native histories to understand the early Aztec history and the nature of the interaction among city-states. We will aim to discuss War, Trade and Marriage Alliances during the Early Aztec Period.
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Readings:
Barlow, Robert H., and Michel Graulich, eds.
1995 Codex Azcatitlan, 2 vols. Facsimile, with commentary by Barlow revised by
Graulich. Spanish translation by Leonardo López Luján, French translation by
Dominique Michelet. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France and Société des
Américanistes.
Boone Hill, Elizabeth
1991 Migration Histories as Ritual Performance. In: Carrasco, D. ed. To Change
Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes. pp.121-151 Niwot, University Press of
Colorado.
Códice Boturini o Tira de la Peregrinación. In Antiguedades de México basadas en la
recoplilación de Lord Kingsborough 2:8-29. Commentary by José Corona Nuñez.
SHCP, Mexico
Cortés, Hernán
1986 Letters from Mexico. Translated an edited by Anthony Pagden.
New Haven: Yale University Press. Second Letter.
Johansson, Patrick , 2016. La imagen de Aztlan en el Códice Boturini. Estudios de
Cultura Nahuatl 51: 111-172.
Mundy, Barbara E.
2015 The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan, The Life of Mexico City
Austin: University of Texas Press. Chapter 2
Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de
Codex Boturini – Tira de la Peregrinación
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1950-82. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. 12 books.
Edited and translated by Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. The School of
American Research, Santa Fe, and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Book 12.
Smith, Michael
2012 The Aztecs
Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Chapter 2
3. The Triple Alliance. Nezahualcoyotl King of
Texcoco: intellectual architect and builder
WEEK 3
In this session we will see the formation of The Triple Alliance (Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan), this alliance was decisive in forging the Aztec Empire. These polities formed a strong military-economic unity. We will review how the Aztecs (Mexica) rose to power and transformed from a tribe into an Empire.
Readings (select two as required reading)
Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, Fernando de
1985.Obras Históricas. 2 vols. Ed. Edmundo
O'Gorman. UNAM, IIH, Mexico
Lee, Jongsoo. 2008. The Allure of Nezahuialcoyotl: Pre-Hispanic History,Religion,
and Nahua Poetics.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Chapter 4: ‘Re-examining Nezahualcoyotl’s Texcoco: Politics, Government and
Legal System’, pp. 96-130. Lee, Jongsoo, 2014. The Aztec Triple Alliance: A Colonial Transformation of the Prehispanic Political and Tributary System. In Texcoco: Prehispanic and Colonial Perspectives. Ed. By Jongsoo Lee and Galen Brokaw Boulder: University Press of Colorado
Hassig, Ross, 2016. Polygamy and the Rise and Demise of the Aztec Empire
The University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque
Quiñones Keber, Eloise (ed.)
1995. Codex Telleriano-Remensis. Austin: University of Texas Press
Barlow, Robert H., and Michel Graulich (editors)
1995 Codex Azcatitlan. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France.Société des
Américanistes.
Nezahualcoyotl, C Ixtlilxochitl
CodeIIxtIxtlilxochitl
9
Dibble, Charles E.
1980 Codex Xolotl. Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. UNAM,:Mexico
Parsons, Jeffrey.
An Archeological Evalution of the Códice Xolotl in American Antiquity, vol. 35,
1970, pp.431-440
Prehistoric settlement patterns in the Texcoco region, Mexico, University of
Michigan, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, no.3, Ann Arbour 1971
Mapa Quinatzin, 1920. “Mapa Quinatzin,” in Sources and Authenticity of the History
of the Ancient Mexicans. Berkeley: University of California Publications in American
Archaeology and Ethnology 17, no.1: 1-150.
Mohar Betancourt, Luz María
2004 Códice Mapa Quinatzin: Justicia y derechos humanos en el México antiguo
México: Miguel Angel Porrúa
Pomar, Juan Bautista 1975 Relación de Tezcoco. Joaquín Garcia Icazbalceta (ed.)
Biblioteca Enciclopédica del Estado de México, Mexico. 4. The Great Temple of the Aztecs: the sacred precinct of Tenochtitlan WEEK 4
This session studies the most important religious and Political centre of the Aztecs. The Great Temple with its twin temples dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, tribal god of the Aztecs and Tlaloc, god of rain. The Great Temple has been thoroughly excavated revealing over 150 offerings that are closely linked to either warfare or agriculture.
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We will approach the subject reading both the ethno-historical sources as well as the finds from archaeology. Readings:
López Luján, Leonardo
2005 The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. Revised ed. Translated by
Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Albuquerque:
University of New Mexico Press.
2006 . La Casa de las Águilas: un ejemplo de la arquitectura religiosa de
Tenochtitlan. 2 vols. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia
2011
López Austin, Alfredo and Leonardo López Luján
El sacrificio humano entre los mexicas
http//www.mesoweb.com/aboutarticles/AM103pdf
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (compiler)
1981 El Templo Mayor de Mexico: Crónicas del siglo XVI Asociación Nacional de
Libreros, A.C., México
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo
1988 The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan.
London: Thames and Hudson
Sahagún, Bernardino de
1983 Primeros Memoriales: Facsimile Edition. Photographed by Ferdinand Anders.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Umberger, Emily
2014 Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli: Political Dimensions of Aztec Deities. In
Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity, ed. Elizabeth Baquedano, Boulder:
University Press of Colorado, p p.83-112
López Luján, L. and De Anda, M.R. 2019. ‘Teotihuacan in Mexico-Tenochtitlan:
Recent Discoveries, New Insights’, Thee PARI Journal 21(3):1-26.
WEEK 5 Case study: The recent find of Ahuitzotl’s Tomb, Eighth Aztec ruler
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The systematic excavations of the Great Temple of the Aztecs have provided us with
detailed information on many aspects of Aztec life, particularly Aztec ritual. Recently
the tomb of the Aztec ruler Ahuitzotl was uncovered. This session will aim at
comparing and contrasting the information provided by the Chroniclers of Sixteenth
century Mexico as well as the information gathered during the excavation which is
on-going. Readings:
Alvarado Tezozomoc, Fernando de
1975 Crónica Mexicana (ed.), Manuel Orozco y Berra. México: Porrúa.
Baquedano, Elizabeth
2011 ‘Concepts of Death and the Afterlife in Central Mexico’, Fitzsimmons, J.L. and
Shimada, I. (eds.), Living with the Dead Mortuary Ritual in Mesoamerica, Tucson:
University of Arizona Press, pp. 203-230.
Baquedano, Elizabeth and Ross Hassig. History and the Ahuitzotl Box.
Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl 52: 151-168
Barajas Rocha, María, Leonardo López Luján, Giacomo Chiari y Jaime Torres Trejo
“La materialidad del arte: Lapiedra y los colores de la Tlaltecuhtli’, Arqueología
Mexicana, Ciudad de México, INAH?Editorial Raíces, v. XXIV, n. 141, pp.18-27.
Durán, Fray Diego
1994 The History of the Indies of New Spain. Translated and edited by Doris Heyden.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Chapters 50-51
Durán, Diego
1984 Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e Islas de la Tierra Firme, Angel M.
Garibay (ed.) Porrúa: Mexico
Tlatecuthli Monolith (Reconstruction on the right) – Templo Mayor
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López Luján, Leonardo and Chávez Balderas, Ximena, 2009. In search of Mexica
kings: current excavations in Tenochtitlan. In Moctezuma Aztec Ruler eds. Colin
McEwan and Leonardo López Luján, pp. 294-297.
London: The British Museum Press
López Luján, L., Chávez Balderas, X., Zúñiga-Arellano, B., Aguirre Molina, A. and
Valentín Maldonado, N. (2014). Entering the Underworld: Animal Offerings at the
Foot of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan. In B. Arbuckle and S. McCarty, eds.,
Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World. Boulder : University Press of Colorado,
pp. 33-62.
López Luján, Leonardo
2010 Tlaltecuhtli
México: CONACULTA/INAH
Milbrath, Susan
2013 Heaven and Earth in Ancient Mexico. Astronomy and Seasonal Cycles in the
Codex Borgia
Austin: University of Texas Press. Chapter 2, 18-36
Peñafiel, Antonio
1902 Códice Aubin. Manuscrito Azteca de la Biblioteca Real de Berlin. Reprinted in
1980 by Editorial Innovación, México.
Quiñones Keber, Eloise (ed.)
1995 Codex Telleriano-Remensis. Austin: University of Texas Press
Sanders, William T.
2006 The Templo Mayor: History and Archaeology. In Arqueología e historia del
Centro de México. L. López Luján, D. Carrasco, L. Cué, (eds.) Mexico: Instituto
Nacional de Antropología e Historia, pp. 291-304
López Austin, A. and López Luján, L 2009 Monte Sagrado: Templo Mayor México: INAH-UNAM
6 The Two Moctezumas
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WEEK 6 A session devoted to contrast the two Moctezumas. Moctezuma II commissioned
several monuments that will be studied in detail.
Readings: Díaz del Castillo, Bernal
1927 The True History of the Conquest of Mexico. 2 vols. Translated by Maurice
Keatinge. New York: Robert M. McBride & Company
Durán, Diego
1971 Book of the Gods and Rites and The Ancient Calendar. Translated and edited by
Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Graulich, Michel
1994 Montezuma ou l’apogée et la chute de l’empire aztèque
Lille: Librairie Arthème Fayard
Chapter VII, pp. 189-215.
Hajovsky, Patrick
2015 On the Lips of Others: Moteuczoma’s Fame in Aztec Monuments and Rituals
Austin: University of Texas Press
Gillespie, Susan
1989 The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulership in Mexica History.
Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Chapter 5, pp. 123-172.
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7. Codex Mendoza and Tribute
WEEK 7
The richest information of Mesoamerican tribute comes from the Aztec empire. The
second part of Codex Mendoza deals with tribute listing the provinces, the tribute
goods and the quantities to be paid to Tenochtitlan. In this session we will look at the
wide range of commodities delivered from conquered provinces both in Codex
Mendoza and in the archaeological record. We will pay special attention to Gold and
Metals.
Readings:
Baquedano, Elizabeth
2014 Tezcatlipoca as a Warrior: Wealth and Bells. In Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and
Supreme Deity. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 113-133
Berdan, Frances F., and Patricia Rieff Anawalt (editors)
1992 The Codex Mendoza. 4 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press
Nichols, D, Frances Berdan and Michael Smith. 2017. Rethinking the Aztec
Economy, Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
Chapter 5: 130-155 Required Reading
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo
1988. The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan.
London: Thames and Hudson
López Luján, Leonardo
2005. The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. Revised ed. Translated by
Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Albuquerque:
University of New Mexico Press.
15
Codex Borbonicus, New Fire Ceremony
López Luján, Leonardo y José Luis Ruvalcaba Sil, “El oro de Tenochtitlan: la
colección arqueológica del Proyecto Templo Mayor”, Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl,
México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, UNAM, v. 49, enero-junio de 2015,
pp. 7-57
8. The New Fire Ceremony. The Hill of the Star: Citlaltepec WEEK 8
This session aims to understand the importance of ritual life in Aztec Mexico. At the
end of the cycle of 52 years, the New Fire Ceremony took place to celebrate the
renewal of time once the sun began to rise on the first day of a new calendar round.
This event took place at the Hill of the Star (Citlaltepec). We will use the Codex
Borbonicus to explain the importance of this ceremony and the archaeological finds
from the New Fire ceremony.
Readings:
1974 Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée Nationale Française, commentary by Karl Anton
Nowotny. Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
Couch, Christopher
1984 Images of the Common Man in the Codex Borbonicus. In Estudios de Cultura
Nahuatl. Mexico: UNAM, vol. 17, pp. 89-100
Elson, Christina M., and Michael Smith
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Skulls found at Zultepec (photograph
Arqueología Mexicana)
2001 Archaeological Deposits from the New Fire ceremony. Ancient Mesoamerica
12: 157-174
Quiñones Keber, Eloise (ed.)
1995 Codex Telleriano Remensis. Austin: University of Texas Press
Sahagún, Bernardino de
1950-78 Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated
by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles Dibble. 12 books, Santa Fe. Book 7
9. Case study: Recent discoveries at Zultepec, Cortés and the Spanish
Contingent.
WEEK 9
The excavations at Zultepec
(Tlaxcala) have provided us with a
new insight into the Conquest of
Mexico. During the excavations
several skeletal remains were
found, among them, fourteen skulls
of Spaniards. The skulls have
perforations at the parietals
suggesting that they were placed in
skull racks. In this session we will
read the writings of Cortés
comparing and contrasting them
with the archaeological finds. The
variety of artifacts both European
and Aztec throw new light on the
Conquest Period.
Readings:
Códice Chimalpopoca: Anales de Cuauhtitlan y Leyenda de los Soles.1975 [1945].
2nd ed. Translated and edited by Primo Feliciano Velázquez. UNAM: Mexico
Martínez Vargas, Enrique
2003. Zultépec-Tecoaque: Sacrificios de Españoles u sus Aliados Durante la
Conquista. In Arqueología Mexicana Vol. XI – num. 63. Sept – Oct 2003
Cortés, Hernán
1986 Letters from Mexico. Translated an Edited by Anthony Pagden.
New Haven: Yale University Press. Third Letter
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Díaz del Castillo, Bernal
1956 The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico. Translated by A. P. Maudslay. Farrar,
Straus, and Cudahy, New York
10. The Conquest of Mexico
WEEK 10
This session will make use of the documents of both Mexican and European witnesses
of the Conquest. The Lienzo de Tlaxcala is an important book that describes the
Conquest as the Tlaxcaltecas lived it. On the other hand, we have several Spanish
accounts of the Conquest. This session will aim to use the accounts of both Mexicans
and Spanish followed by a discussion by class participants.
Readings:
Barlow, Robert H., and Michel Graulich, eds.
1995 Codex Azcatitlan, 2 vols. Facsimile, with commentary by Barlow revised by
Graulich. Spanish translation by Leonardo López Luján, French translation by
Dominique Michelet. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France and Société des
Américanistes.
Castañeda de la Paz María and Michel Oudijk 2012 La Conquista y la Colonia en el
Códice Azcatitlan, Journal de la Société des Americanistes, pp. 59-95
El Lienzo de Tlaxcala
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Clendinnen, Inga. “Fierce and Unnatural Cruelty”: Cortés and the Conquest of
Mexico. Representations 33: 65-100, Winter, 1991.
Cortés, Hernán
1986 Letters from Mexico. Translated and edited by Anthony Pagden. Yale University
Press, New Haven
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal
1956 The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico. Translated by A. P. Maudslay. Farrar,
Straus, and Cudahy, New York
De la Torre, Mario (ed)
1983 Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Mexico: Cartón y Papel de México, S.A. de C.V.
Hassig, Ross, 2016. Timing and the Conquest of Mexico. In Estudios de Cultura
Nahuatl, vol. 51, pp.173-196
Elliot, John H., 2009. The overthrow of Moctezuma and his empire. In Moctezuma
Aztec Ruler, ed. by Colin McEwan and Leonardo López Luján, pp. 218-237.
Maffie, James
2014 Aztec Philosophy: Understanding a World in Motion
Boulder: University Press of Colorado
Sahagún, Bernardino de
1950-78 Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated
by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, 12 books, Santa Fe, Book 12
Tezozomoc, Hernando Alvarado
1944 Crónica Mexicana. Reprinted by Editorial Leyenda, Mexico
Townsend, Camilla
2006 Malintzin’s Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press
Magaloni, Diana
2007 Painting a New Era: Conquest, Prophecy and the World to Come. In Invasion
and Transformation ed. by P. Brienen and M. Jackson, Boulder: University Press of
Colorado pp. 125-152,
19
Additional Readings
Aimi, Antonio
2009 La Verdadera Visión de los Vencidos: La conquista de México en las fuentes
aztecas
Alicante: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante
Bierhorst, John
1985 Cantares `mexicanos: Songs of the Aztecs
Stanford: Stanford University Press
Bierhorst, John
1998 History and Mythology of the Aztecs: Codex Chimalpopoca
Tucson: University of Arizona Press
Boxt, Matthew and Brian Dervin Dillon (eds.)
2012 Fanning the Sacred Flame
Boulder: University Press of Colorado
Boone, Elizabeth
2007 Cycles of Time and Meaning in the Mexican Books of Fate
Austin: University of Texas Press
Brotherston, Gordon
1995 Painted Books from Mexico
London: Trustees of the British Museum
2005 Feather Crown: The Eighteen Feasts of the Mexica Year
London: The Trustees of the British Museum
Castañeda de la Paz, Maria
2017 La Tira de la Peregrinacion y la ascendencia chichimeca de los Tenochca
México: UNAM (check on academia.edu)
Dehouve, Daniéle
2016 La realeza sagrada en México (siglos XVI-XXI)
México: DEAS-INAH
Dodds Pennock, Caroline
2008 Bonds of Blood
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador
1999 Ofrendas a Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl en México-Tlatelolco: Proyecto Tlatelolco,
1987-1996. Serie Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador
1991 Discovery of a Painted Mural at Tlatelolco. In: Carrasco, D. ed. To Change
Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes. Niwot, University Press of Colorado, pp. 20-
23. Teaching Collection INST ARCH 3591
20
Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador
2007 La caja de agua del Imperial Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco. In Estudios
de Cultura Nahuatl, México: UNAM, Vol. 38, pp.15-32
Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador. 2010 Los contextos sacrificiales de Mexico-Tlatelolco. In
El sacrificio humano en la tradición religiosa mesoamericana eds. L. López Luján and
G. Olivier pp. 275-300. Mexico: INAH/UNAM
Klor de Alva, J. Nicholson, H. B. and Quiñones Keber, Eloise (eds)
1988, The Work of Bernardino de Sahagún, Pioneer Ethnographer of Sixteenth-
Century Aztec Mexico Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, The State University of
New York, Albany. University of Texas Press, pp. 53-62.
León- Portilla, M
1966 The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston:
Beacon Press.
León- Portilla, M
1990 Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind
trans. J.E. Davies. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
López Austin, Alfredo and López Luján, Leonardo
2010 Monte Sagrado – Templo Mayor
México: UNAM-INAH
López Luján, Leonardo and Olivier, Guilhelm (eds.)
2010 El Sacrificio HUmano en la Tradición Religiosa Mesoamericana
México: INAH-UNAM
Magaloni, Diana
2003 Imágenes de la conquista de México en los códices del siglo XVI. Una lectura
de su contenido simbólico. In Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas,
UNAM: vol. 82: 5-45.
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo and Leonardo López Luján
2009 Escultura Monumental Mexica
Mexico: Fundación Conmemoraciones
Olko, Justyna
2005 Turquoise Diadems and Staffs of Office: Elite Costume and Insignia of Power in
Aztec and Early Colonial Mexico
Polish Society for Latin American Studies and Centre for Studies on the Classical
Tradition, University of Warsaw
Smith, Michael
2016 At Home with the Aztecs: An Archaeologist Uncovers Their Daily Life
London: Routledge
Solís, Felipe and David Dávalos
1990 Tlatelolco. El Período Indígena de Tlatelolco: Arqueología e Historia.
21
Mexico: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, pp.13-36
Thomas, Hugh
1993 The Conquest of Mexico.
London: Hutchinson
Villela, K and Mary Ellen Miller
2010 The Aztec Calendar Stone
Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute
Wake, Eleanor
2002 Codex Tlaxcala: New Insights and New Questions. In Estudios de Cultura
Nahuatl, Mexico: UNAM, vol. 33, pp.91-140
Web sites www.mesoweb.com www.famsi.org
APPENDIX
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES
General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework,
including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources,
are available in your Degree Handbook and on the following website:
http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin. It is essential that you read and
comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be
different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught,
affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt,
please consult your course co-ordinator.
GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS:
New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for
coursework have been introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session. Full
details will be circulated to all students and will be made available on the
http://www.mesoweb.com/http://www.famsi.org/
22
IoA intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant
extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL
form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office
and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the
grounds that are now acceptable are limited. Those with long-term
difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special
arrangements.