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UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

ARCL0008: INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN PREHISTORY

2019-20

Year 1 Option module, 15 credits

Room 410, Term II, Mondays 11:00 – 13:00

Deadline Essay 1: Friday 21st February 2020

Target return date Essay 1: Friday 20th March 2020

Deadline Essay 2: Wednesday 1st April 2020

Target return date Essay 2: Wednesday 29th April 2020

Co-ordinator: Prof Stephen Shennan

s.shennan@ucl.ac.uk

Room 407

Telephone number: 020 7679 4739 (internal 24739)

Additional teachers: Mark Roberts, Borja Legarra, Ulrike Sommer, Andrew Gardner

Coordinator’s Office Hours (for regular consultation): Tuesdays from 1 pm to 3 pm. Or email for an

appointment

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1 OVERVIEW Short description

Europe is the smallest of the five continents, only a peninsula of Eurasia in geographical terms. It is

not a clearly defined area and open to influences from all directions. There are several different macro-

regions, but their boundaries shift with changing climates and modes of production. An unequal

distribution of mineral resources, diverse and flexible ecologies, major topographic barriers, and

distinct topographic axes of communication add to the diversity and unique aspects of past and

present Europe, which is the area with the longest tradition of prehistoric research and the densest

network of known sites.

This module assesses prehistoric Europe from the first peopling of the continent about 1.2 million

years ago until the first century AD when the expanding empire of Rome absorbed parts of the

continent into its boundaries.

Major topics of the module will be:

- the earliest occupation of Europe;

- European Neanderthals;

- the arrival of modern humans in Europe;

- late Pleistocene and early Holocene hunter-gatherers of Europe;

- the origins of farming and its spread across Europe;

- early European metallurgy

- the emergence and development of social hierarchies and long-distance connections;

- the growth of states and urban centres in the Mediterranean and Europe north of the Alps;

- the impact of Rome on European societies.

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Week-by-week summary

Date Topic lecturer

Part 1: Hunters and Gatherers

1 13/01/2020 The peopling of Europe: the early evidence Mark Roberts (MR)

2 The European Neanderthals MR

3 20/01/2020 Introduction: module organisation and objectives. Prehistoric Europe and its time-scales

Stephen Shennan (SS)

4 The arrival of modern humans MR

5 27/01/2020 Late Pleistocene hunters and post-glacial developments MR

6 Practical - handling session MR

7 03/02/2020 Mesolithic hunters, gatherers and fishers SS

Part 2: early farming communities

8 The origins of farming and the spread of agriculture across Europe

SS

9 10/02/2020 The Neolithisation of North-Western Europe SS

10 Early metals and rising inequality SS

17-21/2/2020 READING WEEK (NO TEACHING)

11 24/02/2020 The creation of supra-regional networks: Corded Ware, Bell Beakers (and Indo-Europeans?)

SS

Part 3: complex agrarian societies

12 The beginnings of the Bronze Age SS

13 02/03/2020 Farmers and chieftains of Bronze Age Europe SS

14 The rise of states in the Mediterranean Borja Legarra Herrero (BLH)

15 09/03/2020 The Iron Age north of the Alps Mike Parker Pearson

16 The Iron Age in the British Isles MPP

17 16/03/2020 Nomads of the Steppe Zone from the early Bronze Age to the Scythians

Ulrike Sommer (US)

18 Greeks, Phoenicians and others across the Mediterranean

BLH

19 23/03/2020 Practical handling session SS

20 The impact of Rome on European societies Andrew Gardner

Basic texts

Cunliffe, B. (ed.), 1994. The Oxford Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

INST ARCH DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK)

Cunliffe, B. 2008. Europe between the oceans: themes and variations: 9000 BC-AD 1000. New

Haven: Yale University Press. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN

Bradley, R. 2019. The prehistory of Britain and Ireland, 2nd edition

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Methods of assessment

This module is assessed by means of two pieces of coursework, which each contribute 50%

to the final grade for the module.

Teaching methods

This handbook contains the basic information about the content and administration of the

module. Additional subject-specific reading lists may be found in the Powerpoint

presentations uploaded to Moodle. The Module Moodle is the best source of up-to date

information and should be consulted if in doubt. If students have queries about the

objectives, structure, content, assessment or organisation of the module, they should consult

the Module Co-ordinator (Stephen Shennan).

This module will be taught by lectures and two practicals (material handling sessions). The

lectures will introduce the main issues and themes of the module, and will be concluded

with brief discussions. The material handling sessions will provide students with the

opportunity of studying typical artefacts from each of the main periods covered by the

module. These artefacts will come from a broad range of European contexts and allow

students to develop skills of comparative analysis of stylistic types, various technologies,

and different raw materials.

Workload

There will be 18 hours of lectures and 2 hours of practical sessions for this module. Students

will be expected to undertake around 48 hours of reading for the module, plus 120 hours

preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some

188 hours for the module.

2 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT Aims

This module aims at introducing students to the main chronological divisions of prehistoric

Europe, and related questions. Particular attention will be paid to the changing nature of the

evidence, and how this shapes our interpretations of the past.

Objectives

On successful completion of this module a student should:

Be familiar with the main chronological divisions of European prehistory, and

corresponding social and economic developments.

Recognise the main artefact types, settlement and funerary practices relating to each

makor periods and regions studied

Have a basic understanding of the major interpretative themes relating to prehistoric

Europe

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of the module, students should be able to demonstrate/have

developed:

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application of acquired knowledge, and critical assessment of existing methods and

interpretations

writing skills, including structuring and articulating arguments based on

archaeological evidence

Coursework Assessment tasks

All students must submit

two standard essays (2,375 – 2,625 words each), one for section 1, one for section 2

- section 1 submission deadline: Friday 21st February 2020)

- section 2 submission deadline: Wednesday 1st April 2020)

All coursework must be submitted to Turnitin via Moodle (see instructions below)

SECTION 1 Essay 1

Evaluate the evidence for big-game hunting (as opposed to scavenging) in the Lower and

Middle Palaeolithic of Europe.

Suggested reading

Binford, L. R. 1981. Bones: ancient men and modern myths. Orlando, Academic Press. INST

ARCH BB 3 BIN

(The book that started the discussion)

Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy: an archaeological perspective from Western Europe.

Princeton, Princeton University. Chapter 7. INST ARCH. DA 120 MEL

Roberts, M. B. 1997/98. Boxgrove: Palaeolithic hunters by the seashore. Archaeology

International 1, 8-13. INST ARCH. PERS

Scott, K. 1980. Two hunting episodes of Middle Palaeolithic age at La Cotte de Saint Brelade,

Jersey (Channel Islands). World Archaeology 12, 137-52. NET

Stiner, M. C. N., Munro, D., Surovell, T. A. 2000. The tortoise and the hare. Small-Game use,

the broad-spectrum revolution and Palaeolithic demography. Current Anthropology

41, 39-73. Net

Thieme, H. 1997. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385, 807-810.

NET

Villa, P. 1990. Torralba and Aridos: elephant exploitation in Middle Pleistocene Spain.

Journal of Human Evolution 19, 299-310. NET

see also

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Richards, M. B. et al. 2000. Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The

evidence from stable isotopes. Proceedings National Academy Science USA 97/13, 7663–

7666.

Thieme, H. (ed.), 2007. Die Schöninger Speere: Mensch und Jagd vor 400 000 Jahren. Stuttgart,

Theiss. INST ARCH DAD 12 Qto THI

excellent illustrations and up-to date information

Villa, P., Lenoir, M. 2009. Hunting and hunting Weapons of the Lower and Middle

Palaeolithic of Europe. In: Hublin, J.-J., Richards, M. P. (eds.), The Evolution of hominin

Diets: Integrating Approaches to the Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence. Vertebrate

Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. New York, Springer, 59-85. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-

4020-9699.

Essay 2

Outline the process of colonization of Europe by the anatomically modern humans and the

extinction of Neanderthals.

Suggested reading

d'Errico, F. 2003. The invisible frontier. A multiple species model for the origin of

behavioural modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 188-202. ONLINE

Hoffecker, J. F. 1999. Neanderthals and modern humans in Eastern Europe. Evolutionary

Anthropology 7/4, 129-141. ONLINE

*Mellars, P. 1994. The Upper Palaeolithic revolution. In: Cunliffe, B. (ed.) The Oxford

Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 42-78. INST ARCH

DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK)

Mellars, P. 2004. Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Nature 432,

461-465. ONLINE

Mellars, P. et al. 1999. The Neanderthal problem continued. Current Anthropology 40/3, 341-

364. ONLINE

Zilhão, J., d'Errico F.1999. The chronology and taphonomy of the earliest Aurignacian and its

implications for the understanding of Neandertal extinction. Journal of World

Prehistory 13/1, 1-68. INST ARCH Pers

Essay 3

Outline the arguments for the existence of social complexity during the European Mesolithic

Suggested reading

See reading lists for lecture 7

Also:

Bailey, G., Spikins, P. (eds) 2008. Mesolithic Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

INST ARCH DA 130 BAI (edited volume, with several contributions directly

discussing the issue of 'complex hunter-gatherers')

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Conneller, C., Milner, N., Taylor, B & Taylor, M. 2012. Substantial settlement in the

European Early Mesolithic: new research at Star Carr. Antiquity 86: 1004-1020.

Conneller, J., Warren, G. (eds) 2006. Mesolithic Britain and Ireland: New Approaches. Stroud,

Tempus. INST ARCH DAA 130 CON, ISSUE DESK IOA CON 7

Kozłowski, St. K. 2009. Thinking Mesolithic. Oxford, Oxbow. INST ARCH DA Qto KOZ

SECTION 2

Essay 4

Outline the arguments for or against the role of local foragers in the introduction of farming

practices in Europe. Pick one or more specific areas, like south-eastern, central,

Mediterranean or north-western Europe.

See reading lists for lectures 8 and 9

Essay 5

What are the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker complexes? How have archaeologists explained

their origin and distribution?

See reading list for lecture 11

Essay 6

Evaluate the evidence for hierarchies and social inequality in Bronze Age Europe.

See reading list for lectures 12 and 13

Essay 7

How convincing is the evidence for prehistoric urbanism in Iron Age Europe?

See reading list for lectures 15 and 16

If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the

Module Co-ordinator.

Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve

their marks. However, the Module Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the

student's approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the

submission date.

Word limits

The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of

figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references,

captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices.

Word-counts for each essay will be between 2,375-2,625 words

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Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no

penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is

simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.

In the 2019-20 session penalties for overlength work will be as follows:

For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will

be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced

below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will

be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced

below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

Coursework submission procedures

All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically

unless otherwise instructed.

You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA

library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the

red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1 undergraduate

work)

All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the

deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your

work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked.

Instructions are given below

1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc.,

docx. or PDF document, Please include the module code and your candidate number on

every page as a header.

2.. Go into the Moodle page for the module to which you wish to submit your work.

3. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1),

4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first

word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay 1), Note that

this changes each year.

5. Click “Upload”.

6 Click on “Submit”

7 You should receive a receipt – please save this.

8 If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa-

turnitin@ucl.ac.uk, explaining the nature of the problem and the exact module and

assignment involved.

One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during

term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from

uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an

immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Module

Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline

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3 SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS Teaching schedule

Lectures and practicals will be held 11:00-13:00 on Mondays, in room 410.

Syllabus HUNTERS AND GATHERERS 1. Mark Roberts: The peopling of Europe: the early evidence

The first areas of Europe to be colonised, outside of Dmanisi in the Caucasus at the

boundary of Europe and Asia, are located in western Europe, with sites such as Orce and

Atapuerca in Spain dating back to over 1ma (million years ago). The earliest widespread

settlement in the more temperate latitudes of central and north-western Europe dates to post

0.8 ma. The rare hominin fossils from Lower Palaeolithic sites have been attributed to Homo

erectus, H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis. Who were these people? How did they survive?

We will consider the evidence, which may provide answers to these questions.

Essential reading

Foley, R. Lahr, M. M. 2003. On stony ground: lithic technology, human evolution, and the

emergence of culture. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 109-122. ONLINE.

Roebroeks, W. 2006. The human colonisation of Europe: where are we? Journal of Quaternary

Science 21, 425-435. ONLINE

Additional reading

Abate, E. and Sagri, M. 2012. Early to Middle Pleistocene homo dispersals from Africa to

Eurasia: geological, climatic and environmental constraints. Quaternary International

267, 3-19.

Ashton, N.M. and Lewis, S.G. 2012. The environmental contexts of the earliest occupation of

north-west Europe: the British Palaeolithic record. Quaternary International 271, 50-

64.

Azarello, M. et al., 2009. The lithic industry of the Early Pleistocene site of Pirro Nord

(Apricena South Italy): the evidence of human occupation between 1.3 and 1.7 Ma.

L’Anthropologie 113, 47-58.

Balter, M. 2014. The killing ground. Science 344 (6188), 1080-1083.

DOI:10.1126/science.344.6188.1080

Carbonell, E. Ramos, R.S., Rodríguez, P.X., Mosquera, M., Ollé, A., Vergès, J.M., Martínez-

Navarro, B. and Bermúdez de Castro, J.M. 2010. Early hominid dispersals: A

technological hypothesis for “out of Africa”. Quaternary International 223-224, 36-44.

Carbonell, E., Rodríguez, X. P. 2006. The first human settlement of Mediterranean Europe.

Comptes Rendus Palevolution 5, 291-298. Online

Crochet, J-Y. et al. 2009. Une nouvelle faune de vertebras contintaux, associée à des artefacts

dans le Pléistocène inférieur de l’ Hérault (Sud de la France), vers 1.57 Ma. Comptes

Rendus Palevol 8, 725-736.

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Dennell, R., Martinón-Torres, M. and Bermúdez de Castro, J.M. 2010. Out of Asia: the initial

colonisation of Europe in the Early and Middle Pleistocene. Quaternary International

223-224, 439.

Dennell, R.W. and Roebroeks, W.M. 2005. Out of Africa: An Asian perspective on early

human dispersal from Africa. Nature 438: 1099-1104.

Despriée, J. et al., 2006. Une occupation humaine au Pléistocène inférieur sur la bordure du

Massif Central. Comptes Rendus Palevol 5, 821-828.

Gamble, C. 1999. The Palaeolithic societies of Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Chapters 4 and 5. INST ARCH DA120 GAM (ISSUE DESK)

Leroy, S.A.G., Arpe, K. and Mikolajewicz, U. 2010. Vegetation context and climatic limits of

the Early Pleistocene hominin dispersal in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 29: 1-16.

Lycett, S.J. 2009. Understanding ancient hominin dispersals using artefactual data: a

phylogeographic analysis of Acheulean handaxes. PLoS ONE 4 (10)/e7404: 1–6.

Lycett, S.J. and von Cramon-Taubadel, N. 2008. Acheulean variability and hominin

dispersals: a model-bound approach. Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (3), 553–562.

Mancini, M. 2012. The genus Homo from Africa to Europe: evolution of terrestrial ecosystems

and dispersal routes. Quaternary International 267, 1-2.

Messager et al., 2011. Palaeoenvironments of early hominins in temperate and

Mediterranean Eurasia: new palaeobotanical data from Palaeolithic key sites and

synchronous natural sequences. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1439-1447.

Moncel, M-H., 2010. Oldest human expansions in Eurasia: favouring and limiting factors.

Quaternary International 223-224, 1-9.

Mounier, A., Marchal, F. and Condemi, S. 2009. Is Homo heidelbergensis a distinct species?

New insight on the Mauer mandible. Journal of Human Evolution 56, 219–246.

Palumbo, M.R. 2013. What about causal mechanisms promoting early hominin dispersal in

Eurasia? A research agenda for answering a hotly debated question. Quaternary

International 295, 13-27

Parés, J.M. et al., 2012. New views on an old move: hominin migration into Eurasia.

Quaternary International. Available to download not yet published.

Parfitt, S.A., et al. 2010. Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in

northwest Europe. Nature 466, 229-233.

Preece, R.C. and Parfitt, S.A. 2012. The Early and early Middle Pleistocene context of human

occupation and lowland glaciation in Britain and northern Europe. Quaternary

International 271, 6-28.

Rodríguez, J. et al. 2013. Mammalian palaeobiogeography and the distribution of Homo in

Early Pleistocene Europe. Quaternary International 295, 48-58.

Rolland, N. 1998. The Lower Palaeolithic settlement of Eurasia, with special reference to

Europe. In: Petraglia, M., Korisettar, D. (eds.), Early human behavior in global context.

London, Routledge, 187-220. INST ARCH BC 120 PET

van der Made, J. and Mateos, A., 2010. Longstanding biogeographic patterns and the

dispersal of early Homo out of Africa and into Europe. Quaternary International 223-

224, 195-200.

van der Made, J., 2011. Biogeography and climatic change as a context to human dispersal

out of Africa and within Eurasia. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1353-1367.

See also

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Bosinski, G., Lordkipanidze, D., Weidemann, K. 1995. Der altpaläolithische Fundplatz

Dmanisi (Georgien, Kaukasus). Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 42,

1995, 21–203. INST ARCH PERS

Carbonell et al. 2010. Cannibalism as a palaeoeconomic system. Current Anthropology, 51 (4).

Carbonelll, E. 2008. The first hominin of Europe. Nature 452, 465-469.

http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080326/full/news.2008.691.html. Video of

Atapuerca discoveries: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7313005.stm

Eren, M.I., Roos, C.I., Story, B., von Cramon-Taubadel., N. and Lycett, S.J. 2014. The role of

raw material differences in stone tool shape variation: an experimental assessment.

Journal of Archaeological Science. 49, 472–487.

Gabunia, L. K. et al. 2000. A. Earliest Pleistocene Hominid Cranial Remains from Dmanisi,

Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy, Geological Setting, and Age. Science 288, 1019–1025.

Gaudzinski S, Turner E, Anzidei AP, Alvarez-Fernández E, Arroyo-Cabrales J, et al. 2005 The

use of proboscidean remains in every-day Palaeolithic life. Quaternary International

126–128, 179–194.

Hewitt, G. 1996. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 58: 247-76.

Richards, M.P. 2002. A brief review of the archaeological for Palaeolithic and Neolithic

subsistence. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56, 1-12.

Spikins, P. A., Rutherford, H.A. and Needham, A.P., 2010. From hominity to humanity:

compassion from the earliest archaics to modern humans. Time and Mind: The Journal

of Human Consciousness and Compassion 3(3), 303-326.

Stewart, J.R and Stringer, C.B., 2012. Human evolution out of Africa: the role of refugia and

climate change. Science 335, 1317-1321.

Stewart, J.R. et al. 2009. Refugia revisited: individualistic responses of species in space and

time. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277 (1682), 661-671.

Stringer, C.B., 2014. Britain: one million years of the Human Story. London: The Natural

History Museum.

Villa, P, & Lenoir M. 2009. Hunting and hunting weapons of the Lower and Middle

Palaeolithic of Europe. In J-J Hublin & M.P. Richards (eds.) The evolution of hominin

diets. Dordrecht: Springer. 59-85.

Villa, P., and Roebroeks, W. 2014. Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the

Modern Human Superiority Complex. PLoS ONE 9(4): e96424.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096424

Wadley, L. et al. 2009. Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with

compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa. PNAS 106 (24), 9590-

9594.

Wilkins, J. et al. 2012. Evidence for early hafted hunting technology. Science 338, 942-946.

2. Mark Roberts: The European Neanderthals

Neanderthals were a species restricted to Eurasia and the Near East. They evolved from

more archaic European populations and it is postulated, were anatomically adapted to the

cold conditions of the European Pleistocene from c. 400ka to 30ka. The Neanderthals are

associated with the later handaxe and Levallois lithic industries, and at the latter end of their

occupation - the various Mousterian lithic traditions. The lecture will also examine the

phenomenon of the Châtelperronian with its H. sapiens-like stone tools and worked teeth

and bone. The study concludes by looking at the emergence of modern humans in Africa,

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co-existence with Neanderthals in the Levant and introduces the expansion of our species

out of Africa.

Essential reading

Hayden, B. 1993. The cultural capacities of Neanderthals: a review and re-evaluation. Journal

of Human Evolution 24, 113-146. ONLINE

Stringer, C. Gamble, C. 1993. In Search of Neanderthals, solving the puzzle of human origins.

London, Thames and Hudson. Especially chapters 4, 7. INST ARCH BB1 STR (ISSUE

DESK)

Additional reading

Adler, D.S. et al. 2014. Early Levallois technology and Lower to Middle Palaeolithic

transition in the Southern Caucasus. Science 345 (6204), 1609-1613.

Barshay-Szmidt, C.C., Eizenberg, L. and Deschamps, M. 2012. Radiocarbon (AMS) dating

the Classic Aurignacian, Proto-Aurignacian and Vasconian Mousterian at Gatzarria

Cave (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France), PALEO [En ligne], paleo.revues.org/2250.

Caron, F. et al. 2011. The reality of Neanderthal symbolic behaviour at the Grotte du Renne,

Arcy-sur -Cure, France. PLoS One 6(6): e21545. doi10.1371/journal.pone.0021545.

Dediu, D. and Levinson, S.C. 2013. On the Antiquity of language: the reinterpretation of

Neanderthal linguistic capacities and its consequences. Frontiers in Psychology 4, 1-17.

Endicott, P., Ho, S.Y. W. and Stringer, C.B. 2010. Using genetic evidence to evaluate four

anthropological hypotheses for the timing of Neanderthal and modern human origins.

Journal of Human Evolution 59, 87-95.

Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S. and Kindler, L. 2012. Research perspectives for the study of

Neanderthal subsistence strategies based on the analysis of archaeozoological

assemblages. Quaternary International. 247, 59-68.

Hardy, B.L. 2010. Climatic variability and plant food distribution in Pleistocene Europe:

implications for Neanderthal diet and subsistence. Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (5-6),

662-679.

Henry, A.G., Brooks, A.S. and Piperno, D.R. 2010. Microfossils in calculus demonstrate the

consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I

& II, Belgium). PNAS

Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy: an archaeological perspective from Western Europe.

Princeton: Princeton University Press. INST ARCH DA120 MEL (ISSUE DESK)

Pettitt, P. B. 2000. Neanderthal lifecycles: developmental cycles and social phases in the lives

of the last archaics. World Archaeology 31/3, 351-66. ONLINE

Pettitt, P. B. 2002. The Neanderthal dead: exploring mortuary variability in Middle

Palaeolithic Eurasia. Before Farming 4, 1-26. ONLINE

Rae, T.C., Koppe, T. and Stringer, C.B., 2011. The Neanderthal face is not cold adapted.

Journal of Human Evolution 60, 234-239.

Richter, J. et al. 2012. Contextual areas of early Homo sapiens and their significance for human

dispersal from Africa into Eurasia between 200ka and 70ka. Quaternary International

274, 5-24.

INTRODUCING EUROPE

3. Stephen Shennan: Introducing prehistoric Europe

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What is Europe, how has it been defined, and why? There are numerous different definitions

of the boundaries of Europe, and even the concept of ‘Europe’ itself is relatively recent. The

lecture will begin by highlighting some of these different views by looking at the climatic and

geographic variation which exists within ‘Europe’, followed by a short appraisal of the

cultural, linguistic and political evolution of the concept. Implications for the study of

prehistoric Europe will be considered.

Reading:

Cunliffe, B. (ed.), 1994. The Oxford Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press,

p. 1- 3 (introduction) and table 14. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK)

Gramsch, A. 2000. 'Reflexiveness' in archaeology, nationalism, and Europeanism.

Archaeological Dialogues 7/1. INST ARCH Pers and NET

Kristiansen, K. 2008. Do we need the ‘archaeology of Europe’? Archaeological Dialogues

15/1, 5-25. ONLINE

Renfrew, C. 1994. The identity of Europe in prehistoric archaeology. Journal of European

Archaeology 2/2, 153-173. INST ARCH Pers

Schnapp, A. 1996. The discovery of the past: the origins of archaeology. London, British

Museum Press. INST ARCH AG SCH

Additional reading:

Ascherson, N. 1995. Black Sea. Chapter 2 (but the whole book is worth reading). SSEES.

Misc.IX.a ASC. On order for IoA Library.

Biehl, P., Gramsch, A., Marciniak, A. 2002. Archaeologies of Europe: Histories and

identities, an introduction. In: Biehl, P. Gramsch, A., Marciniak, A. (eds), Archaeologies

of Europe. Münster, Waxmann, 25-34. INST ARCH AF BIE

Graves-Brown, P., Jones, S., Gamble C. (eds) 1995. Cultural Identity and Archaeology: The

Construction of European Communities. New York, Routledge. INST ARCH BD GRA

(ISSUE DESK)

Pluciennik, M. 1998. Archaeology, archaeologists and 'Europe'. Antiquity 72, 816-824. INST

ARCH PERS and NET

Pounds, N. J. G. 1990. A Historical Geography of Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University

Press. GEOGRAPHY K 60 POU

Rowlands, M. 1987. Europe in Prehistory. Culture and History 1, 63-78. Stores

4. Mark Roberts: The arrival of modern humans

The Upper Palaeolithic from c. 45,000-12,000 years ago spans the last great Ice Age. At the

beginning of this period the Neanderthals and newly discovered species such as the

Denisovans, were replaced by modern humans in Europe. The genetic evidence for cross

species breeding and its legacy in present day human populations is examined This

biological change is accompanied by recognisable and significant changes in human

behaviour affecting the social, economic, ritual and artistic activities of these groups, who

were able to colonise all of the Eurasian continent and beyond.

Essential reading

Hublin, J.J., 2015. The modern human colonization of western Eurasia: when and where?

Quaternary Science Reviews 118, 194-210

14

Mellars, P. 1994. The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution. In: Cunliffe, B. (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated

Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 42-78. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN

(ISSUE DESK)

Mellars, P. 2004: Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Nature 432,

461-465. ONLINE

Additional reading

d'Errico, F. 2003. The invisible frontier. A multiple species model for the origin of behavioural

modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 188-202. ONLINE

Mellars, P. et al. 1999. The Neanderthal problem continued. Current Anthropology 40/3, 341-

364. ONLINE

Zilhão, J. 2006. Neandertals and Moderns mixed, and it matters. Evolutionary Anthropology 15,

183-195. ONLINE

5. Mark Roberts: Late Pleistocene hunters and post-glacial developments

During the Upper Palaeolithic period several cultures were appearing, usually associated

with symbolic representations considered as the earliest obvious artistic manifestations. This

lecture will explore the relationships between the Upper Palaeolithic art and Late

Pleistocene human adaptations and, finally, the cultural answers to the beginning of the

current warm inter-glacial (the Holocene) and the appearance of the Mesolithic.

Essential reading

Bahn, P. Vertut, J. 1997. Journey through the Ice Age. London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson.

INST ARCH BC300 BAR (ISSUE DESK)

Lawson, A. J. 2012. Painted caves: Palaeolithic rock art in Western Europe. Oxford, Oxford

University Press. INST ARCH DA 120 LAW

Additional reading

Anikovich, M.V., et al. 2007. Early Upper Palaeolithic in Eastern Europe and Implications for

the Dispersal of Modern Humans. Science 315, 223-226.

Banks, W.E., d’Errico, F. and Zilhāo, J. 2013. Human-climate interaction during the early

Upper Palaeolithic: testing the hypothesis of an adaptive shift between the proto-

Aurignacian and the early Aurignacian. Journal of Human Evolution 64. 39-55.

Bar-Yosef, O. and Bordes, J-G., 2010. Who were the makers of the Châtelperronian culture?

Journal of Human Evolution 59, 586-593.

Bar-Yosef, O., 2002. The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 31,

363-393.

Clottes, J. 1996. Thematic changes in Upper Palaeolithic art: a view from Grotte Chauvet.

Antiquity 70, 276-88. Online

Cuenca-Bescós, G. et al. 2012. Relationship between Magdalenian subsistence and

environmental change: the mammalian evidence from El Mirón (Spain). Quaternary

International 272-273, 125-137.

Dayet, L., d’Errico, F. and Garcia-Morena, R. 2014. Searching for consistencies in

Châtelperronian pigment use. Journal of Archaeological Science 44, 180-193.

Dinnis, R., 2012. The archaeology of Britain’s first modern Humans. Antiquity 86 (333), 627-

641.

15

Eren, M.I., Greenspan, A. and Sampson, G.C. 2008. Are Upper Paleolithic blade cores more

productive than Middle Paleolithic discoidal cores? A replication experiment. Journal

of Human Evolution. 55, 952-961.

Gamble, C. 1991. The social context of European Palaeolithic art. Proceedings of the Prehistoric

Society 57, 3-15. INST ARCH Pers

Krause, J., et al. 2010. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin

from southern Siberia. Nature 464, 894-897.

Miller, R. 2012. Mapping the expansion of the Northwestern Magdalenian. Quaternary

International 272-273, 209-230.

Niven, L. 2007. From carcass to cave: large mammal exploitation during the Aurignacian at

Vogelherd, Germany. Journal of Human Evolution 53, 362-382.

Otte, M. 2012. Appearance, expansion and dilution of the Magdalenian civilisation.

Quaternary International 272-273, 354-361.

Pettitt, P. and White, M.J., 2013. The British Palaeolithic: human societies at the edge of the

Pleistocene world. Routledge.

Pitulko, V.V., et al. 2012. The oldest art of the Eurasian Arctic: personal ornaments and

symbolic objects from Yana RHS, Arctic Siberia. Antiquity 86 (333), 642-659.

Schwendler, R.H. 2012. Diversity in social organisation across Magdalenian Western Europe

ca. 17-12,000 BP. Quaternary International 272-273, 333-353.

Straus, L., Leesch, D. and Terberger, T. 2012. The Magdalenian settlement of Europe: an

introduction. Quaternary International 272-273, 1-5.

Tolksdorf, J.F., et al. 2009. The Early Mesolithic Haverbeck site, Northwest Germany:

evidence for Preboreal settlement in the Western and Central European Plain. Journal

of Archaeological Science 36, 1466-1476.

White, R. 2003. Prehistoric art: the symbolic journey of humankind. New York, Harry N. Abrams.

INST ARCH BC 300 WHI

See also:

Anikovich, M. 1992. Early Upper Palaeolithic Industries of Eastern Europe. Journal of World

Prehistory 672, 205-245.

Beresford, M. 2012. Beyond the ice: Creswell Crags and its place in a wider European context.

Oxford, Archaeopress. On order

Desdemaines-Hugon, Chr. 2010. Stepping-stones: a journey through the Ice Age caves of the

Dordogne. New Haven, Yale University Press. INST ARCH DAC 22 DES

6. Mark Roberts: practical, handling session

You will be divided into small groups in order to study and handle a range of artefacts from

the collection of the Institute of Archaeology relating to the Palaeolithic.

7. Stephen Shennan: Mesolithic hunters, gatherers and fishers

The Mesolithic is a term used by European archaeologists to describe the Hunter Fisher

Forager (HFF) societies persisting in Europe after the Upper Paleolithic, during a time of

major climatic and ecological changes. It is a period of increasingly standardized microlithic

16

industries with small stone projectile points, bone harpoons, fish-traps, and wooden tools,

embedded within complex fishing and bow-hunting subsistence economies. Early

Mesolithic peoples had to adapt to various environmental shocks, as Europe emerged from

the last Ice Age, with dramatically rising sea levels and the spread of forests.

Esssential reading

Mithen, S. J. 1994. The Mesolithic Age. In: Cunliffe, B. (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of

Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 79-135. INST ARCH D A 100 CUN (ISSUE

DESK)

Additional reading

Bailey, G. and Spikins, P. (eds) 2008. Mesolithic Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University

Press. INST ARCH DA 130 BAI

(Chapters on individual countries and areas)

Conneller, J., Warren, G. (eds) 2006. Mesolithic Britain and Ireland: New Approaches. Stroud,

Tempus. INST ARCH DAA 130 CON, ISSUE DESK IOA CON 7

Bicho, N., Umbelino, C., Detry. C, Telmo, Pereira, T. 2010. The Emergence of Muge

Mesolithic Shell Middens in Central Portugal and the 8200 cal yr BP Cold Event, The

Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 5:1, 86-104, DOI:

10.1080/15564891003638184 To link to this article:

https://doi.org/10.1080/15564891003638184

Edinborough, K. 2009. Population history, abrupt climate change and evolution of

arrowhead technology in Mesolithic south Scandinavia. In, Pattern and Process in

Cultural Evolution, ed. S. J. Shennan, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 191-

202.

https://www.academia.edu/21767985/Population_history_and_the_evolution_of_mesolithic_

arrowhead_tecnology_in_south_Scandinavia

Kozłowski, St. K. 2009. Thinking Mesolithic. Oxford, Oxbow. INST ARCH DA Qto KOZ

Fredrik Molin, Linus Hagberg, Ann Westermark, 2017. Living by the shore: Mesolithic

dwellings and household in Motala, eastern central Sweden, 5600-5000 cal BC,

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2017, ISSN 2352-409X,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.022.

Riede, F., Edinborough, K. Bayesian Radiocarbon models for the cultural transition during

the Allerød in southern Scandinavia, 2012. Journal of Archaeological Science, 3: 744–

756.

Weninger, B., Schulting, R., Bradtmöller, M., Clare, L., Collard, M., Edinborough, K., Hilpert,

J., Jöris, O., Niekus, M., Rohling, E., Wagner, B. 2008. The catastrophic final flooding

of Doggerland by the Storegga Slide tsunami. In, Documenta Praehistorica XXXV: 1-24.

https://www.academia.edu/437214/The_Catastrophic_Final_Flooding_of_Doggerlan

d_by_the_Storegga_Slide_Tsunami

17

See also:

Bell, M. 2007. Prehistoric coastal communities: the Mesolithic in western Britain. CBA Research

Report 149. York: Council for British Archaeology. INST ARCH DAA Qto Series

COU 149

Conneller, J. 2005. Moving beyond sites: Mesolithic technology in the landscape. In: Milner,

N. J., Woodman, P. (eds.), Mesolithic Studies at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century.

Oxford, Oxbow, 42-55. INST ARCH DA 130 MIL

Finlay, N. et al. (eds) 2009. From Bann Flakes to Bushmills: papers in honour of Professor Peter

Woodman. Oxford, Oxbow. INST ARCH DAA 100 FIN

Gaffney, V., Fitch, S. Smith, D. 2009. Europe's lost world: the rediscovery of Doggerland. York:

Council for British Archeology. INST ARCH DAA Qto Series COU 160

Jordan, P., Weber, A., 2016. Persistent foragers: New insights into Holocene hunter-gatherer

archaeology in northern Eurasia, In Quaternary International, Volume 419, 2016,

Pages 1-4, ISSN 1040-6182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.046.

Larsson, L. et al. (eds) 2003. Mesolithic on the move: papers presented at the Sixth International

Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxford, Oxbow, 2003. INST

ARCH DA Qto LAR

McCartan, S. et al. (eds) 2009. Mesolithic horizons: papers presented at the Seventh

International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Belfast 2005. Oxford, Oxbow

Books. INST ARCH DA Qto CAR

Online journal Mesolithic miscellany https://sites.google.com/site/mesolithicmiscellany/

(Provides reports and up-to-date assessments of regional evidence and thematic

issues)

For a remarkable Mesolithic soundtrack using British Mesolithic archaeological evidence,

https://soundcloud.com/jonhughes409/star-carr-sonic-horizons-rough

Elliott B, Hughes J. Sonic Horizons of the Mesolithic: using sound to engage wider audiences

with Early Holocene research. World Archaeol. 2014 May 27;46(3):305–18.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00438243.2014.909097

EARLY FARMING COMMUNITIES 8. Stephen Shennan: The origins of farming and the initial spread of agriculture across Europe

Archaeologists have paid extensive attention to the transition from an economy based on

foraging to one based on farming, what Gordon Childe labelled the ‘Neolithic Revolution’.

The diffusion of farming practices across Europe, from southeast to northwest, took some

three thousand years from c. 7000 to c. 4000 BC. The lecture will consider the nature and

characteristics of the earliest farming societies in Mediterranean, Southeast, and Central

Europe.

18

Essential reading

Shennan, S.J. 2018. The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chapters 2–5.

Cambridge University Press.

Zeder, M. A. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean basin: origins,

diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 11597–11604.

ONLINE

Additional reading

Bentley, A., M. O’Brien, K. Manning, S. Shennan 2015. On the relevance of the European

Neolithic. Antiquity 89: 1203–1210

Bernabeu Auban, J., O. García Puchol, M. Barton, S. McClure and S. Pardo Gordo 2015.

Radiocarbon dates, climatic events, and social dynamics during the Early Neolithic

in Mediterranean Iberia. Quaternary International in press. ONLINE

Bogaard, A. 2004. Neolithic farming in central Europe. London, Routledge. INST ARCH DA

140 BOG

Bollongino, R. et al. 2013. 2000 Years of Parallel Societies in Stone Age Central Europe.

Science 342, 479-481. ONLINE

Colledge, S., Conolly, J. (eds.) 2007. The origins and spread of domestic plants in southwest Asia

and Europe. Walnut Creek, Left Coast Press. INST ARCH HA COL (individual

chapters on various countries/areas)

Colledge, S., J. Conolly, K. Dobney, K. Manning and S. Shennan (eds.) 2013. The Origins and

Spread of Domestic Animals in Southwest Asia and Europe. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast

Press. (individual chapters on various countries/areas)

Hadjikoumis, A., Robinson E., Viner, S. (eds.) 2011. Dynamics of neolithisation: studies in

honour of Andrew Sherratt. Oxford, Oxbow. INST ARCH DA 140 GAD (individual

chapters on various countries/areas)

Harris, D. R. 1996. The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia: an

overview. In: Harris, D. R. (ed.), The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism

in Eurasia, 552-573. ISSUE DESK IOA HAR 8

Lazaridis, I., Nadel, D., Rollefson, G. et al. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the

ancient Near East. Nature 536, 419–424 (2016) doi:10.1038/nature19310

Mathieson, I., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S., Posth, C. et al. The genomic history of southeastern

Europe. Nature 555, 197–203 (2018) doi:10.1038/nature25778

Robb, J. 2007. The early Mediterranean village: agency, material culture, and social change in

Neolithic Italy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH DAF 100 ROB

Skoglund, P. et al. 2012. Origins and Genetic Legacy of Neolithic Farmers and Hunter-

Gatherers in Europe. Science 336, 466-469. ONLINE

Whittle, A. 1996. Europe in the Neolithic: the Creation of New Worlds. Cambridge, Cambridge

University Press, Chapters 3, 4 and 6 INST ARCH DA 140 WHI (ISSUE DESK)

19

9. Stephen Shennan: The Neolithisation of North-Western Europe

Whilst farming practices were introduced in south-eastern, Mediterranean and central

Europe during the 7th and 6th mill. cal. BC, it was to be another millennium until the new

economy reached the plains of northern Europe and the British Isles, with their different

soils and environmental conditions. This lecture looks at this 'secondary' episode of

neolithisation, across the North European Plain (Funnel-Necked Beakers culture), Britain

and Ireland, including the appearance of various categories of monumental architecture

such as megalithic tombs.

Essential reading

Brace, S., Diekmann, Y., Booth, T.J. et al. Ancient genomes indicate population replacement

in Early Neolithic Britain. Nat Ecol Evol 3, 765–771 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41559-019-

0871-9

Bradley, R. 2019. The prehistory of Britain and Ireland, 2nd edition. Cambridge, Cambridge

University Press. Chapter 2.

Shennan, S.J. 2018. The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chapters 6–8.

Cambridge University Press

Whitehouse, N.J. et al. 2014. Neolithic agriculture on the European western frontier: the

boom and bust of early farming in Ireland. Journal of Archaeological Science 51: 181–

205. ONLINE

Additional reading

Collard, M., K. Edinborough, S.J. Shennan and M.G. Thomas 2010. Radiocarbon evidence

indicates that migrants introduced farming to Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science

37, 866-870. ONLINE

Fairbairn, A. S. 2000. On the spread of crops across Neolithic Britain, with special reference

to Southern England. In A. S. Fairbairn (ed.), Plants in Neolithic Britain and beyond.

Oxford, Oxbow, 107-121.

Mittnik, A., Wang, C., Pfrengle, S. et al. The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region. Nat

Commun 9, 442 (2018) doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9

Price, T.D. 2015. Ancient Scandinavia. Chapter 4: The first farmers. Oxford University Press.

INST ARCH DAM 100 PRI

Rowley-Conwy, P. 2011. Westward Ho! The Spread of Agriculturalism from Central Europe

to the Atlantic. Current Anthropology, Vol. 52, No. S4, S431-S451. ONLINE

Stevens, C.J. and D.Q. Fuller 2012. Did Neolithic farming fail? The case for a Bronze Age

agricultural revolution in the British Isles. Antiquity 86: 707–722. ONLINE

Whittle, A., Cummings, V. (eds.) 2007. Going over: the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in north-

west Europe. London, British Academy. INST ARCH DA 140 WHI, ISSUE DESK IOA

WHI 6 (individual chapters on various countries/areas)

20

Whittle, A., Healey, F. and Bayliss, A. 2011. Gathering time: dating the Early Neolithic enclosures

of southern Britain and Ireland. Chapter 15 (in volume 2). Oxford: Oxbow books. INST

ARCH DAA 140 Qto WHI and ISSUE DESK IOA WHI 18

10. Stephen Shennan: Early metals and rising inequality

Recent evidence demonstrates that copper metallurgy was practised in south-eastern Europe

(e.g. Serbia) from the end of the 6th mill. cal. BC onwards. Throughout the succeeding 5th

millennium cal. BC, numerous finds of copper tools, as well as gold ornaments, attest to a

massive demand for the new material and, probably, increasing social inequality. There is

also evidence of social inequality in Brittany at the same time. These developments

are accompanied by evidence for widespread exchange networks for precious goods. We

will look at the evidence for the growth of metallurgy and increased inequality and the

factors cited to explain this development.

Essential reading

Anthony, D.W. et al. 2010. The Lost World of Old Europe. Princeton UP. INST ARCH DA 150

ANT

Roberts, B., Thornton, C. & Pigott, V. 2009. Development of metallurgy in Eurasia. Antiquity

83: 1012-22. ONLINE

Scarre, C. 2011. Landscapes of Neolithic Brittany. Chapters 4 and 5. Oxford UP. Available ONLINE

Whittle, A. 1996. Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds. Cambridge, Cambridge

University Press. Chapter 5. INST ARCH DA 140 WHI (ISSUE DESK)

Additional reading

Bailey, D. W. 2000. Balkan Prehistory. London, Routledge, Chapters 5 and 6. lNST ARCH

DAR BAl. lNST ARCH ISSUE DESK BAl2

Chapman, J. 1991. The creation of social arenas in the Neolithic and copper age of South-East

Europe: the case of Varna. In: Garwood, P., Jennings, P. Skeates, R. Toms, J. (eds), Sacred

and profane. Oxford Committee for archaeology Monograph 32. Oxford, Oxbow, 152-171.

DA Qto GAR

Chapman, J., Higham, T., Slavchev, V., Gaydarska, B. Honch, N. 2006. The Social Context of

the Emergence, Development and Abandonment of the Varna Cemetery, Bulgaria.

European Journal of Archaeology 9/2-3, 159–183. ONLINE

Ciuk, K. et al. (eds.) 2008. Mysteries of ancient Ukraine: the remarkable Trypilian culture 5400-

2700 BC. Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum. INST ARCH DAK Qto CIU

Hansen, S., 2013. Innovative Metals: Copper, Gold and Silver in the Black Sea Region and

the Carpathian Basin during the 5th and 4th Millennium BC. In Burmeister, Stefan /

Hansen, Svend / Kunst, Michael / Müller-Scheeßel, Nils (Eds.): Metal Matters;

Innovative Technologies and Social Change in Prehistory and Antiquity. Rahden/Westf.:

Leidorf

21

Kienlin, T. 2010. Transitions and transformations: Approaches to Eneolithic (Copper Age) and

Bronze Age Metalworking and Society in Eastern Central Europe and the Carpathian Basin.

BAR Int. Series 2184. Oxford, Archaeopress, Chapter 5. DA Qto KIE

Pétrequin, P., Sheridan, A., et al., 2015.-Projet JADE 2. ‘Object-signs’ and social

interpretations of Alpine jade axeheadsin the European Neolithic: theory and

methodology, in : T. Kerig et S. Shennan (ed.), Connecting networks . Oxford,

Archaeopress : 83-102. Available on the internet.

Porčić, M., 2019. Evaluating Social Complexity and Inequality in the Balkans between 6500

and 4200 BC. Journal of Archaeological Research 27:335–390.

Radivojevic, M. et al. 2010. On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from

Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 2775-2787. ONLINE

11. Stephen Shennan: The creation of supra-regional networks: Corded Ware, Bell Beakers (and Indo-Europeans?)

Towards the end of the Neolithic, we observe extremely widespread distributions of sets of

drinking equipment, the Globular Amphorae complex of Eastern Europe, slightly later the

Corded Ware Beakers of eastern and central Europe and the Bell Beakers to the west. The

very distinctive beakers were accompanied by dress accessories and weapons. Burial tended

to be in single graves, often under burial mounds, with a gender-specific ritual. While the

spread of these ‘complexes’ was formerly interpreted in the context of the creation of supra-

regional networks, characterised by shared material culture, new social values and norms,

recent genetic studies have reintroduced the possibility of migrations.

Essential reading

Allentoft, M. et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522: 167-172.

ONLINE

Cunliffe, B. (ed.) 1994. The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University

Press. Chapter 7. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK)

Cunliffe, B. 2015. By Steppe, Desert and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia. Chapter 3: Horses and

copper. INST ARCH DAK 15.

Haak, W. et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European

languages in Europe. Nature 522: 207–211. ONLINE

Vander Linden, M., 2013. A little bit of history repeating. Theories of the Bell Beaker

Phenomenon. In Harding A. & FokkensH. (eds). Oxford Handbook of European Bronze

Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 64-77. ONLINE

Additional reading

Anthony, D. 2007. The Horse, The Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian

Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton Univ. Press. ISSUE DESK IOA ANT and

online as an ebook.

Benz, M., van Willingen, S. 1998. Some new approaches to the Bell Beaker "phenomenon": lost

paradise? Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the "Association Archéologie et

22

gobelets," Feldberg (Germany), 18th-20th April 1997. BAR international series 690.

Oxford, BAR. INST ARCH DA Qto BEN

Czebreszuk, J. 2004. Bell Beakers: an outline of present stage of research. In: Czebreszuk, J.

(ed.), Similar but different. Bell beakers in Europe. Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz

University, 223-224. INST ARCH DA 150 CZE

Fokkens, H., Nicolis, F. (eds) 2012. Background to beakers. Inquiries into regional cultural

backgrounds of the Bell Beaker Complex. Leiden, Sidestone Press. INST ARCH DA 150

FOK

Meyer, C. et al. 2009. The Eulau eulogy : bioarchaeological interpretation of lethal violence in

Corded Ware multiple burials from Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Journal of

anthropological archaeology 28 : 412-23.

Milisauskas, S. (ed.) 2002. European prehistory, a survey. New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum

Publishers. Chapter 8, 247-276. INST ARCH DA 100 MIL

Renfrew, A. C. 1987. Archaeology and Language. The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Penguin. INST

ARCH BD REN

Schroeder, H., et al. 2019. Unraveling ancestry, kinship, and violence in a Late Neolithic

mass grave. PNAS | May 28, 2019 | vol. 116 | no. 22 | 10705–10710.

Sherratt, A. 1991. Sacred and profane substances: The ritual use of Narcotics in later

Neolithic Europe: 403-430. In: Sherratt, A. Economy and society in prehistoric Europe.

Changing Perspectives. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. INST ARCH DA 100

SHE

Vander Linden, M. 2007. For equalities are plural: reassessing the social in Europe during

the third millennium bc. World Archaeology 39, 177-193.

Vandkilde, H. 2007. Culture and change in central European prehistory: 6th to 1st millennium BC.

Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, Chapter 5, 65-90. INST ARCH DA 100 VAN

COMPLEX AGRARIAN SOCIETIES 12. Stephen Shennan: The beginnings of the Bronze Age

The archaeological record of the Bronze Age has historically been dominated by metal. Its

increasing use required extensive trade networks, especially as alloying of copper with tin

became common in the later part of the early Bronze Age. As tin is found only in a few

restricted areas like Cornwall and the Ore Mountains on the Czech/German border, an

interregional trade developed that entailed intense contacts. The use of the new metal was

related to various economic and technical changes, and metal goods also provided another

means of expressing identity, alongside ceramics and stone. Bronze artefacts are thus

commonly found in burials, and hoards, and more rarely in settlements. Thanks to intensive

fieldwork carried out across much of Europe over the past two decades, it is now possible to

contextualise the wide range of practices linked to metal production and consumption, and

to paint a more nuanced picture of the societies of the beginnings of the Bronze Age.

23

Essential reading

Harding, A. and Fokkens, H. (eds). 2013. The Oxford Handbook of European Bronze Age.

Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapters by Roberts and Brück and Fontijn. ONLINE

Mittnik, A. et al. 2019. Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe. Science 366,

731–734.

Sherratt, A. 1994. The emergence of elites: Earlier Bronze Age Europe, 2500-1300 BC. In: B.

Cunliffe (ed.), The Oxford illustrated prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University

Press, 244-276. ISSUE DESK IOA CUN 6 or INST ARCH DA 100 CUN or

TEACHING COLL. INST ARCH 398

Vandkilde, H. 2007. Culture and change in Central European prehistory, 6th to 1st millenium BC.

Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. Esp. Chapter 7 on Early Bronze Age. INST ARCH

DA 100 VAN

Additional reading

Bradley, R. 2019. The prehistory of Britain and Ireland, 2nd edition. Cambridge, Cambridge

University Press. Chapter 4.

Harding, A. 2000. European societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge, Cambridge University

Press. ISSUE DESK IOA HAR, IoA DA 150

Kristiansen, K,. 2012. Bronze Age Dialectics: Ritual Economies and the Consolidation of

Social Divisions. In T. Kienlin and A. Zimmermann (eds), Beyond Elites. Pp.381-392.

Online.

Kristiansen, K., Larsson, Th. 2005. The rise of Bronze Age society: travels, transmissions and

transformations. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Chapter 4 on Early Bronze

Age. INST ARCH DA 150 KRI

Prescott, Chr., Glørstad, H. (eds.) 2012. Becoming European? The transformation of third

millennium Europe and the trajectory of second millennium BC. Oxford, Oxbow. INST

ARCH DA 100 PRE

Roberts, B. W. 2008. The Bronze Age. In: Atkins, L., Atkins R., Leitch, V. (eds.), The Handbook

of British Archaeology (revised edition). London: Constable and Robinson, 60-91. INST

ARCH DAA 100 ADK

Shennan, S. J. 1993. Commodities, transactions and growth in the central European Early

Bronze Age. European Journal of Archaeology 1/2, 59-72. INST ARCH PERS

13. Stephen Shennan: Farmers and chieftains of Bronze Age Europe

The archaeological record of the Bronze Age has traditionally been dominated by metals,

and a concomitant discourse based on typology, the identification of similar stylistic features

and eventually of putative large-scale networks. Thanks to new research projects and the

development of commercial archaeology, a more detailed perception of the Bronze Age is

now emerging. In this lecture, we will review changes in settlement pattern, funerary

practices across the second and early first millennium cal. BC, as well as the intensification

of social interaction.

24

Essential reading

Harding, A. and Fokkens, H. (eds). 2013. The Oxford Handbook of European Bronze Age.

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sherratt, A. 1994. The emergence of elites: Earlier Bronze Age Europe, 2500-1300 BC. In: B.

Cunliffe (ed.) The Oxford illustrated prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University

Press, 244-276. ISSUE DESK IOA CUN 6 or INST ARCH DA 100 CUN or

TEACHING COLL. INST ARCH 398

Sherratt, A. 1994. Reform in Barbarian Europe, 1.300-600 BC. In: B. Cunliffe (ed.) The Oxford

illustrated prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 304-335. ISSUE DESK

IOA CUN 6 or INST ARCH DA 100 CUN or TEACHING COLL. INST ARCH 398

Vandkilde, H. 2007. Culture and change in Central European prehistory, 6th to 1st Millenium BC.

Aarhus, Aarhus University Press. Esp. Chapter 8 on Middle and Late Bronze Age.

INST ARCH DA 100 VAN

Additional reading

Bradley, R. 1990. The passage of arms: an archaeological analysis of prehistoric hoards and votive

deposits. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH BC 100 BRA

Bradley, R. 2019. The prehistory of Britain and Ireland, 2nd edition. Cambridge, Cambridge

University Press. Chapter 5.

Fontijn, D. 2005. Giving up weapons. In: Parker Pearson, M., Thorpe, I. J. N. (eds), Warfare,

violence and slavery in prehistory. Proceedings of a Prehistoric Society conference at

Sheffield University. BAR international series 1374. Oxford, Archaeopress, 145-154.

HJ Qto PAR

Fontijn, D. 2008. Everything in its right place? On selective deposition, landscape and the

construction of identity in later prehistory. In: Jones, A. (ed.), Prehistoric Europe.

Oxford, Blackwell, 86-106. INST ARCH DA 100 JON

Gilman, A. 1981. The development of social stratification in Bronze Age Europe. Current

Anthropology 22, 1-22. INST. ARCH PERS and Net

Harding, A. 2000. European societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge, Cambridge University

Press. ISSUE DESK IOA HAR, IoA DA 150

Holst, M. et al. 2013. Bronze Age 'Herostrats': ritual, political, and domestic economies in

Early Bronze Age Denmark. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79:1-32. ONLINE

Kristiansen, K and P. Suchowska-Ducke 2015. Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze

Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 bc. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81, 361

– 392. ONLINE

Molloy, B. 2017. Hunting Warriors: The Transformation of Weapons, Combat Practices and

Society during the Bronze Age in Ireland. European Journal of Archaeology 20, 280-

316.

Pare, Ch. (ed.), Metals make the world go round: the supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age

Europe. Oxford: Oxbow. INST ARCH DA Qto PAR

25

14. Borja Legarra Herrero: The rise of states in the Mediterranean

The rise in the Aegean of complex palatial structures surrounded by extensive towns and

territories, and accompanied by the development of a limited literacy, has normally marked

the origins of the first states in Europe. Recent research in the Iberian Peninsula has

challenged this view, bringing new views on the rise of complex societies in the

Mediterranean during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. The lecture will present the fundamental

information to place and understand these processes in Iberia (3000 BC in the Guadalquivir

Valley, and 2000 BC in SE Spain) and the Aegean (2000 BC on the island of Crete, and ca.

1400 BC on the Greek mainland). The lecture will explain how current debates balance

‘world-systemic’ and internal developmental approaches to explain these major changes and

why they occurred across the Mediterranean significantly earlier than in temperate Europe.

The collapse of the last of these palace societies around 1200 BC is a precursor to the very

different Iron Age city-states of the Mediterranean world.

Essential reading

Broodbank, C. 2009. The Mediterranean and its hinterland. In: Cunliffe, B., Gosden, C.,

Joyce, R. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology. Oxford, Oxford University

Press, 677-722. INST ARCH AH CUN

Gilman, A. (2013). Were There States during the Later Prehistory of Southern Iberia? In M.

C. Berrocal, L. García Sanjuán & A. Gilman (Eds.), The Prehistory of Iberia. Debating

Early Social Stratification and the State (pp. 10-28). New York: Routledge. INST

ARCH TC 3769. INST ARCH DAP CRU.

Legarra Herrero. 2016. Primary state processes on Bronze Age Crete: A social approach to

change in early complex societies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26(2). Available

in Moodle.

Additional reading

Aranda Jiménez, G., Montón Subías, S., & Sánchez Romero, M. (2015). The Archaeology of

Bronze Age Iberia. Argaric Societies. London: Routledge. INST ARCH DAP 100 ARA

Bintliff, J.L. 2012. The Complete Archaeology of Greece. From hunter-gatherers to the 20th century

A.D. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. DAE 100 BIN.

Chapman, R. 2003. Archaeologies of Complexity. London: Routledge. INST ARCH AH CHA

Cherry, J. F. 1984. The emergence of the state in the prehistoric Aegean. Proceedings of the

Cambridge Philological Society 30, 18-48. Main LINGUISTICS Periodicals

Cline, E. (ed.) 2010. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean. IOA CLI 2.

Díaz-del-Río, P. 2010. Scaling the social context of Copper Age aggregations in Iberia.

Proceedings of the XV World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006). Oxford:

Archaeopress. AH Qto INT

Halstead, P. 1992. The Mycenaean palatial economy: making the most of the gaps in the

evidence. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 38, 57-86. Main,

LINGUISTICS Periodicals

Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete-Herrada, C., & Risch, R. (2014). The La Bastida fortification: new

light and new questions on Early Bronze Age societies in the western

Mediterranean. Antiquity, 88(340), 395-410. Inst Arch Pers

26

Manning, S. (2018) 'The Development of Complex Society on Crete: The Balance between

Wider Context and Local Agency', in Knodell, A.R. and Leppard, T.P. (eds), Regional

approaches to society and complexity. Studies in honor of John F. Cherry (Sheffield) 29–58

Nocete, F., Lizcano, R., Peramo, A., & Gómez, E. (2010). Emergence, collapse and continuity

of the first political system in the Guadalquivir Basin from the fourth to the

second millennium BC: The long-term sequence of Úbeda (Spain). Journal of

Anthropological Archaeology, 29(2), 219-237. Inst Arch Pers.

Shelmerdine, C. (ed.) 2008. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge,

Cambridge University Press. IoA Issue desk SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE

Sherratt, A. G. 1993. What would a Bronze Age world-system look like? Relations between

temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in late prehistory. Journal of European

Archaeology 1/2, 1-57. Inst Arch Pers

Sherratt, A. G., Sherratt, E. S. 1991. From luxuries to commodities: the nature of

Mediterranean Bronze Age trading systems. In: N. Gale (ed.) Bronze Age Trade in

the Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90. Åstrom, Jonsered,

351-386. Issue Desk DAG Qto STU 90

Whitelaw, T. 2001. From sites to communities: defining the human dimensions of Minoan

urbanism. In: Branigan, K. (ed.) Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age. Sheffield

Studies in Aegean Archaeology 4, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 15-37. Issue

Desk BRA; DAE 100 BRA

15. Mike Parker Pearson: The Iron Age north of the Alps

The Iron Age is characterised, in continental Europe, by increased movement of goods,

techniques and ideas, manifested by the development of supra-regional trends. As part of

this session, we will review changes in funerary practices, which remain a privileged source

of information on social structure, and especially the evidence for settlement. During the

Early Iron Age, fortified settlements are linked to rich cart and chariot burials, often

associated with imports from the Mediterranean world. The settlement pattern changes

dramatically during the Later Iron Age, with the development of dedicated sanctuaries, a

dense network of farmsteads and, during the last two centuries BC, the creation of extensive

settlement, the so-called oppida (Latin for towns).

Essential reading

Collis, J. 1992 (reprinted from 1984). The European Iron Age. London, Batsford. Chapters 3 and

4. INST ARCH DA 160 COL (ISSUE DESK)

Cunliffe, B. 1994. Iron Age Societies in Western Europe and beyond, 800-140 BC. In: Cunliffe,

B. (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press,

336-372. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK)

Cunliffe, B. 2008. Europe between the oceans: themes and variations, 9000 BC-AD 1000. New

Haven, Yale University Press. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN Chapters 8+9.

Additional reading

Collis, J. 2003. The Celts: origins, myths & inventions. Stroud, Tempus. INST ARCH DA 161

COL

Dietler, M. 1990. Driven by drink: the role of drinking in the political economy and the case

of Early Iron Age France. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9: 352-406. ONLINE

27

Fernández-Götz, M. (2018): Urbanization in Iron Age Europe: Trajectories, Patterns and

Social Dynamics. Journal of Archaeological Research 26: 117-162.

Fernández-Götz, M. & Krausse, D. 2012. Heuneburg, first city north of the Alps. Current

Archaeology 55, 28-34. ONLINE

Fernández-Götz, M. and Ralston, I. (2017): The Complexity and Fragility of Early Iron Age

Urbanism in West-Central Temperate Europe. Journal of World Prehistory 30 (3): 259-

279.

Kern, A. 2009. Kingdom of salt: 7000 years of Hallstatt. Veröffentlichung der Prähistorischen

Abteilung 3. Vienna, Natural History Museum. INST ARCH DABB KER

Moscati, S. (ed.) 1991. The Celts. London, Thames and Hudson. INST ARCH CELTIC

QUARTOS AI0 MOS (ISSUE DESK)

Thurston, T. 2009. Unity and diversity in the European Iron Age: out of the mists, some

clarity? Journal of Archaeological Research 17 (4): 347-423.

Wells, P. 2001. Beyond Celts, Germans and Scythians: archaeology and identity in Iron Age Europe.

London, Duckworth. INST ARCH DA 160 WEL

16. Mike Parker Pearson: The Iron Age in the British Isles

After a drop in the circulation and deposition of bronze artefacts at the beginning of the 1st

millennium cal. BC, iron became gradually more important. This new technological

preference was accompanied by changes in funerary practices and settlement patterns, with

the multiplication of roundhouses, enclosed settlements, hillforts (during the period

between 600 and 400 cal. BC), and, towards the end of the sequence, the construction and

use of 'oppida' although not on the scale of Continental sites. Links with the Continent and

the Roman world during the last century BC and first century AD were particularly

significant in southeast England.

Essential reading

Bradley, R. 2007. The prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge, Cambridge University

Press. Chapter 5. ISSUE DESK IoA BRA 11 and INST ARCH DAA 100 BRA.

Additional reading

Haselgrove, C. & Moore, T. (eds). The later Iron Age in Britain and beyond. Oxford: Oxbow

Books. INST ARCH DAA 160 Qto HAS

Haselgrove, C. & Pope, R. (eds) 2007. The earlier Iron Age in Britain and the near continent.

Oxford: Oxbow Books. INST ARCH DAA 160 Qto HAS

Parker Pearson, M. 1999. Food, sex and death: cosmologies in the British Iron Age with

particular reference to East Yorkshire. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 9, 43-69.

ONLINE

Sharples, N. 2010. Social Relations in Later Prehistory: Wessex in the first millennium BC. Oxford:

Oxford University Press. INST ARCH DAA 100 SHA

Thomas, R.M. 1997. Land, kinship relations and the rise of enclosed settlement in first

millennium BC Britain. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16: 211-18. ONLINE

17. Ulrike Sommer: Nomads of the Steppe Zone from the early Bronze Age to the Scythians

28

During the early Bronze Age, true nomadism developed in the steppe zone of Eastern

Europe and Asia. Horse-drawn wagons were used as mobile homes, und sumptious burials

in large barrows (urgans) marked the land. The steppe-zone provided a large contact zone

throughout history, connecting China, Persia and the cultures around the Black Sea, at times

extending as far west as the Carpathian Basin.

We will look at the development of this nomadic way of life and the interaction with settled

communities. In the Iron Age, the Scythians came into contact with Greek settlers around

the Black Sea, which left a deep mark on their material culture.

Essential reading

Dolukhanov, P. M. 2002. Alternative Revolutions: hunter-gatherers, farmers and stock-

breeders in the Northwestern Pontic area. In: Boyle, K. Renfrew, C. Levine, M. Ancient

interactions: East and West in Eurasia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 13-24.

INST ARCH DBK BOY

Frachetti, M. D. 2008. Pastoralist landscapes and social interaction in Bronze Age Eurasia.

Berkeley, University of California Press. Chapter 2, An Archaeology of Bronze Age

Eurasia, 31-72. INST ARCH DBK FRA

Rolle, R. 1989. The Scythians. London, Batsford. INST ARCH DAK 160 ROL

Very traditional, but still a good English-language overview.

Additional reading

Alekseev, A. 2000. The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian treasures from the Russian

steppes-The Hermitage, Saint Petersburg and the Archaeological Museum Ufa. New Haven:

Yale University Press. INST ARCH DAK 15 Qto ARU

Chernych, E. N. 2008. Formation of The Eurasian “Steppe Belt” of stockbreeding Cultures:

Viewed through the Prism of Archaeometallurgy and Radiocarbon Dating.

Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 35/3, 36–53. INST ARCH PERS

*Dolukhanov, P. M. 1996. The early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the initial settlement to the Kievan

Rus. London, Longman. Chapters 5 and 6. INST ARCH DA 100 DOL

Kohl, Ph. 2007. Making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. INST

ARCH DBK KOH and Online

excellent as a reference work

Piotrovsky, B. 1987. Scythian Art. Oxford, Phaidon.

Reeder, E. D. 1999. Scythian Gold: Treasures from Ancient Ukraine. New York, Harry N.

Abrams. SSEES U.XX.3 SCY

Shishlina, N. I. 2008. Reconstruction of the Bronze Age of the Caspian Steppes: life styles and life

ways of pastoral nomads. BAR International Series 1876. Oxford, Archaeopress. INST

ARCH DBK Qto SHI Simpson, St. J.; Pankova, S. 2017. Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia. London, Thames and

Hudson. INST ARCH DAK SIM

For browsing

See also

Aruz, J. Farkas, A. Fino, E. V. (eds) 2007.The golden deer of Eurasia: perspectives on the Steppe

Nomads of the ancient world. New Haven, Yale University Press. INST ARCH DAK 15

ARU

29

Braund, D. (ed.), 2005. Scythians and Greeks: cultural interaction in Scythia, Athens and the early

Roman Empire (sixth century BC to first century AD). Exeter, University of Exeter Press.

INST ARCH DAK 15 BRA

Kadrow, Sl. et al. (eds) 1994. Nomadism and pastoralism in the circle of Baltic-Pontic early

agrarian cultures, 5000-1650 BC. Baltic-Pontic studies 2. Poznań: Institute of

Prehistory, Adam Mickiewicz University. INST ARCH DAK 15 KAD

18. Borja Legarra Herrero: Greeks, Phoenicians and others across the Mediterranean

During the first millennium BC mobility increased throughout the Mediterranean

and urban life developed. By the 6th century BC at latest Greeks, Phoenicians,

Etruscans and others had established cities around the Mediterranean coast and in

the hinterland. These states were very different from the Minoan-Mycenaean palace

states. They developed new urban settlements and a type of political organisation

that was new in Europe, if well known in the Near East, the city state. By the mid-

first millennium BC, many of them developed formal legal systems, adopted

alphabetical writing and coinage and engaged in state-organised military operations

and construction projects. A class system emerged, with aristocrats at the top and

slaves at the bottom.

The lecture will also look at the new cultural contacts that the Iron Age brought and

at approaches to the study of such interactions beyond the Europecentrist

approaches to Ancient History.

Essential reading

Cunliffe, B. W., Osborne, R. (eds) 2005. Mediterranean Urbanization 800-600 BC. Oxford,

Oxford University Press. IoA: DAG 100 OSB & Issue Desk; Main: HUMANITIES Pers

(the whole book is relevant, but see, in particular, chapter by Osborne, van Dommelen,

Rasmussen, de Polignac).

Hodos, T. 2009. Colonial Engagements in the Global Mediterranean Iron Age. Cambridge

Archaeological Journal 19.2: 221-41.

Morris, I. 2013. ‘Greek multi-city states’, in P. Bang and W. Scheidel (eds.), The Oxford

Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, 279–303. Main:

ANCIENT HISTORY A 60 BAN Bradley G. 2000. ‘Tribes, states and cities in central Italy’, in E. Herring and K. Lomas (eds.)

The Emergence of State identities in Italy, 109-129.

Additional reading

Dietler M. 1997 The Iron Age in Mediterranean France. Colonial Encounters, Entanglements,

and Transformations in Journal of World Prehistory 11, 269-358

Morgan, C. 2003 Early Greek states beyond the polis. London, Routledge (Main: ANCIENT

HISTORY P 55 MOR) on Greek non-polis states

Ian Morris 1987 Burial and Ancient Society: The Rise of the Greek City-State. Cambridge, CUP

(ISSUE DESK IOA MOR 5)

Moscati, S. (ed), 2001. The Phoenicians. London, I. B. Taurus. INST ARCH DAG 100 MOS

30

Murray, O., and S. Price, (eds.) 1990. The Greek City From Homer to Alexander Main:

ANCIENT HISTORY P 61 MUR (the article by Runciman is a provocative classic).

Niemeyer, H. G. 2000. The early Phoenician city-states on the Mediterranean. Archaeological

elements for their description. In: Hansen, M. (ed.), A comparative study of thirty city-

state cultures. An investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre.

Kobenhavn: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 89-115. INST ARCH BC

100 Qto HAN and ANCIENT HISTORY (Main) QUARTOS A 72 HAN

Nijboer A.J. 2004. ‘Characteristics of emerging towns in Central Italy, 900/800 to 400 BC’, in

P. Attema (ed.) Centralization, early Urbanization and Colonization in first millennium BC

Italy and Greece, Part 1, 137-156 [IoA: Issue Desk]

Osborne, R. 1987. Classical Landscape With Figures: The Ancient Greek City and Its Countryside,

Chapter 1 ‘The paradox of the Greek city’.

Russell, A., & Knapp, A. (2017). Sardinia and Cyprus: an alternative view on Cypriotes in

the central Mediterranean. Papers of the British School at Rome, 85, 1-35

Tsetskhladze, G. 2006. Greek colonisation: an account of Greek colonies and other settlements

overseas. Leiden, Brill. ANCIENT HISTORY P 61 TSE

van Dommelen P. 2012. ‘Colonialism and migration in the ancient Mediterranean’, Annual

Review of Anthropology 41, 393-409.

19. Stephen Shennan: Practical, handling session

Arrangements: You will be divided into small groups in order to study and handle a range

of artefacts relating to later European prehistory.

20. Andrew Gardner: The impact of Rome on European societies

From the early 2nd century BC Rome, having established control over most of Italy and the

Mediterranean, turned its attention to lands north of the Alps. Over the next two centuries it

extended its empire over much of Europe, stopping at major frontiers along the Rhine and

Danube, and in northern Britain. Within the frontiers Roman structures and institutions

were established: military camps and fortifications were followed by towns of

Mediterranean type; Latin became the official language; Roman law prevailed; and material

culture came under a wide range of imperial influences. Beyond the frontiers too, the impact

of contact with Rome was considerable, fed by Rome's need for supplies of raw materials

and labour. In return for these, the local elites obtained Mediterranean manufactured goods,

some of which, especially those connected with wine consumption, became significant status

symbols, used to enhance and reinforce increasing social stratification. However, these

processes did not simply involve the imposition of cultural templates derived from Rome on

European societies, but rather a wide range of local interactions that produced multiple

different kinds of Roman identities.

Essential reading

Champion, T. 2016. Britain before the Romans. In M. Millett, L. Revell and A. Moore (eds)

The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain. Oxford: OUP, 150-178. <Oxford Handbooks

Online>.

Gardner, A. 2013. Thinking about Roman imperialism: post-colonialism, globalization and

beyond? Britannia, 44, 1-25. INST ARCH Pers; <www>.

31

Woolf, G. D. 2002. Generations of aristocracy: continuities and discontinuities in the societies

of Interior Gaul. Archaeological Dialogues 9(1), 2-15. INST ARCH Pers; <www>.

Additional reading

Creighton, J. 2006. Britannia: the creation of a Roman province. London: Routledge. INST

ARCH DAA 170 CRE.

Cunliffe, B. 1994. The impact of Rome on barbarian society. In: Cunliffe, B. (ed.), The Oxford

illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 411-446 (Chapter 2).

INST ARCH DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK).

Dietler, M. 2010. Archaeologies of Colonialism: consumption, entanglement, and violence in ancient

Mediterranean France. Berkeley: University of California Press. INST ARCH DAC 100

DIE; <JSTOR Books>.

Fernández Götz, M.A. 2014. Identity and Power: the transformation of Iron Age societies in

Northeast Gaul. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. INST ARCH DAC Qto FER.

Ferris, I. M. 2000. Enemies of Rome: Barbarians through Roman eyes. Stroud: Sutton. A HIST R

72 FER.

Haselgrove, C. and Moore, T. 2007. New narratives of the later Iron Age. In C. Haselgrove

and T. Moore (eds) The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, 1-15. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

INST ARCH DAA 160 Qto HAS.

Hingley, R. 2005. Globalizing Roman culture: unity, diversity and empire. London, Routledge. A

HIST R 72 HIN.

James, S. 2001. ‘Romanization’ and the peoples of Britain. In: S. Keay, Terrenato, N. (eds.)

Italy and the West: comparative issues in Romanization. Oxford, Oxbow Books, 77-89. DA

170 KEA.

Moore, T. 2011. Detribalizing the Later Prehistoric Past: Concepts of Tribes in Iron Age and

Roman Studies. Journal of Social Archaeology 11(3): 334-60. INST ARCH Pers; <www>.

Versluys, M.J. 2014. Understanding objects in motion. An archaeological dialogue on

Romanization (with comments and reply). Archaeological Dialogues 21(1), 1-64. INST

ARCH Pers; <www>.

Wells, P. 1999. The barbarians speak: how the conquered peoples shaped Roman Europe. Princeton,

Princeton University Press. A HIST R 20 WEL.

Wells, P. 2001. Beyond Celts, Germans and Scythians: archaeology and identity in Iron Age Europe.

London, Duckworth. INST ARCH DA 160 WEL.

Woolf, G. 1998. Becoming Roman: the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul. Cambridge,

Cambridge University Press. A HIST R 28 WOO.

4 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Libraries and other resources In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this degree are: British Museum, British Library Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students

32

Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington (email j.medrington@ucl.ac.uk), which will also be available on the IoA website. INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES General policies and procedures concerning modules and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available on the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/ It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your module co-ordinator. GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. Note that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/ for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/

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