U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

October 2017

Upper Colorado Region

UC Region Big Picture Issues from the Front Office

The Cat and the Fox

How Fight or Flight Affects Critical Thinking Patterns From Allegheny Anesthetists

Aesop’s fables are not as well-known as they once were, so some of you may not have heard this story before. A cat and a fox were chatting in the forest. The fox was boasting of all the clever ways he learned to evade pursuing dogs, while the cat sighed that he had but one defense. Suddenly the hunting dogs appeared; the cat jumped up the tree, but while the fox was trying to figure out which of his many ways to escape the dogs, the dogs caught him and…no more fox. It turns out that Aesop instinctively knew that people do not think clearly when placed under stressful situations. He did not know that physiology has a role to play in this degradation of thinking. This concept is particularly germane when it comes to teaching anesthesia students. Things that the seasoned practitioner takes for granted seem unrecognizable and unknowable to the novice student. This is an amazing phenomenon, and one which we, as teachers of students, sometimes fail to take into account. Indeed, as practitioners we may experience the same failing when speaking to our patients, particularly those explaining how they were traumatized in some accident or incident. When we ask them why they did not get out of the way of the car, they say, “I just couldn’t move; I was paralyzed by fear.” Let’s look at an interesting example from the professional literature (Nater, et al., 2005) that has nothing to do with so high-stakes an endeavor as anesthesia just to show how much stress can occur in every day decisions. In this study, healthy young adults were asked to prepare a brief speech, engage in a simulated job interview, and solve a mathematics problem in front of a small audience. That’s it: no life-saving decisions, no high-stakes questions. What happened? Their salivary alpha amylase levels, a marker of physiological stress responses, DOUBLED in 10 minutes. So did their salivary cortisol levels. Their heart rates went from the high 80s to the 120s. They had profound physiologic stress responses. What do these stress responses do to one’s ability to think through a problem? According to Schmader and colleagues (Schmader, Johns, & Forbes, 2008) one’s ability to think (frequently called “executive function”) degrades both rapidly and profoundly. The release of physiologic neurotransmitters can activate glucocorticoid receptors in the brain. Activation of these receptors degrades working memory and executive function (Luethi, Meier, & Sandi, 2009). So, what happens to our students and our patients? Interestingly, the same neurotransmitters which degrade executive function (resulting in “Now what do I do?”) enhance long-term memory formation (resulting in “I am never gonna do that again” two days later. I like to call this the “Costanza Effect”, named after George Costanza in the 90’s sitcom “Seinfeld”. In the

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episode “The Jerk Store” George manages to come up with a snappy response to a co-worker’s insult, but only in the car on the way home when it is too late to use it! How does this affect us? We bring a student to the operating room, they are unfamiliar with the case, or the surgeon, or the staff, or the facility, or, in the case of the new student, everything! The student thinks every eye is upon them (and sometimes they are) and then, in the midst of everything we ask them a seemingly simple question (“How many lungs are there?”) and we are astonished by their answer (“6!?”). This is stress speaking. As students become more used to the stressors in the environment, as we educate them and train them to screen out distracting stimuli, their answers get better. Not because they are smarter (though we hope they are), but because they are getting stress under control. If, therefore, we really want to assess the strengths and weaknesses of our students, we need to take their surrounding stressors into account and measure their achievement against the cacophony of stressors surrounding them at any point in time. We also can apply this theory to how our patients sometimes respond to us during times of intense psychological or physiological stress. Their answers to our questions and understanding of their situation is viewed through their “stress filter”. This may help us understand why we need to go a bit slower, ask questions that are more direct, and help allay confusion when we are preparing patients for surgery. Stress is more than just changes in bodily functions, it degrades our ability to think clearly. Confronting and mastering stress, our own and that of our colleagues, makes us better practitioners. Have a stress-free day!” For more leadership knowledge, visit Allegheny Anesthetists website at http://www.aanesthetists.com/the-cat-and-the-fox-how-fight-or-flight-affects-critical-thinking-patterns/.

Reeling in the Fun at the 2017 C.A.S.T. for Kids Event at Strawberry Reservoir

By Emily Quinn, Denver Public Affairs Office

The 2017 C.A.S.T. for Kids event at Strawberry Reservoir, held on August 12, was a wonderful success. In total, 36 children, 32 boat captains, 15 Reclamation employee volunteers, and about 50 non-Reclamation volunteers participated in the event.

With such a great turnout, it was impossible not to enjoy the day. The children caught fish, many for the first time, while learning tricks of the trade from expert fishermen. The children were provided with fishing gear, which included a rod and reel, and their very own tackle box. Young Fisherman meets Otto the Otter and Smokey the Bear at C.A.S.T event

U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

C.A.S.T. for Kids events provide disabled and disadvantaged children the opportunity to enjoy a quality outdoor recreational experience through the sport of fishing. At the Strawberry Reservoir event, the children enjoyed a morning of fishing on boats operated by some of the best captains and fishermen in the State of Utah.

The C.A.S.T. for Kids Foundation is a public 501(c)3 Charitable Organization. It was formed in 1991 to connect volunteers who love fishing and the outdoors with disabled and disadvantaged children for a day of fun and fishing.

We would like to thank all of the volunteers who took time to make this event such a special experience for the children who participated this year. Your efforts help make a difference in the lives of children with disadvantages and disabilities, and we appreciate all that you do to make this event possible every year.

Morrow Point Powerplant – Out with the Old, In with the New

By Larry Lingerfelt, Curecanti Field Division Manager

Morrow Point Powerplant has gone through some major changes. The station service switchgear, generator breakers and segregated electrical bus at Morrow Point had been in service since 1970 and periodic testing showed it was nearing the end of its service life. In addition to the age and performance of the existing equipment it had proven to be a challenge to meet today’s safety protocols with equipment that was designed and built in the late 1960’s.

The Curecanti Field Division started planning the replacement project in 2008. The Denver Technical Service Center and Upper Colorado Region’s Power Office Engineering collaborated closely with Curecanti personnel to develop the replacement specification. The design team capitalized on this opportunity and incorporated features into the design that meet current safety protocols and reduce risk to operations and maintenance personnel when working on or around high voltage equipment.

New station service switch gear installed and waiting commissioning.

New remote Human machine interface (HMI), now the Plant operator can safely stand clear of high voltage equipment as he operates.

U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

In order to meet current Occupational Safety and Health Administration and National Fire Protection Association 70E safety protocols the design team incorporated safety features that were unheard of in the 1960’s. These features include capability to remotely open and close circuit breakers, motor operated racking devices that allow maintenance personnel to be up to 25 feet away when removing or installing circuit breakers, maintenance switches to temporarily override circuit breaker settings and reduce incident energy, integrated grounding points that allow personal protective grounds to be applied easily, and infrared scanning ports that allow thermographic survey of connections without exposing personnel to energized equipment. By incorporating these safety features, the design team significantly reduced risk to operations and maintenance personnel. While there are still many risks involved with working in a power plant, the design team did an outstanding job of reducing those risks at Morrow Point. CE Power was awarded a $2.3 million dollar contract in 2016. Construction began in July 2017 and will be completed by the end of August 2017.

Reclamation's Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility

Celebrates 10th Anniversary By Mary Carlson, Albuquerque Area Office

The Bureau of Reclamation celebrated the 10th Anniversary of the Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility in Alamogordo, New Mexico, on September 12 and 13, 2017. The BGNDRF opened on August 16, 2007, and serves as a focal point for developing technologies for the desalination of brackish and impaired groundwater. The celebration was on September 12 at 4:30 p.m. Local and regional governmental officials

joined Reclamation in celebrating 10 years of desalination research at the facility. In addition, former and current research clients, as well as the public reflected on significant accomplishments made over the past decade at BGNDRF. A series of lectures by experts from NASA, Department of Agriculture and the University of New

New low maintenance SF6 Unit breaker.

U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

Mexico took place on September 13 from 9:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Topics included water reuse in space, issues associated with emerging contaminants in wastewater effluent and a national perspective on brackish groundwater desalination. On September 13 from 4:30 to 7:30 p.m., the facility hosted FIRST Lego League and FIRST Robotics members from the region. They participated in an educational event related to this year's water-focused competition theme. Reclamation, U.S. Air Force, NASA and U.S. Department of Agriculture staff gave presentations regarding water and its importance to each agency. The BGNDRF sits on 43-acres in Alamogordo, New Mexico. The research facility brings together researchers from federal government agencies, universities, the private sector, research organizations, and state and local agencies to work collaboratively and in partnership on cost-effective advancements of desalination technologies. To learn more about the facility or the event, please visit its webpage at https://www.usbr.gov/research/bgndrf/.

Fun, Fishing, and Happy Memories at the Annual C.A.S.T. for Kids Event Held at

Elephant Butte, New Mexico By Emily Quinn, Denver Public Affairs Office

Even the fish were feeling the love at this year's C.A.S.T. for Kids event at Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico. When you combine happy kids, the beautiful outdoors and the joys of fishing, it must be a C.A.S.T. for Kids event. This past weekend, the annual C.A.S.T. for Kids event was held at Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico, and everyone who participated left wearing a smile that extended from cheek to cheek. The event received a great turnout with 43 participants, and 7 volunteers. Kids enjoyed the opportunity to learn the tricks of the trade from fishing experts, and were able to put their new knowledge to the test while out on the water. The Elephant Butte community holds this event in high regard. Not only does it provide children with disadvantages and/or disabilities with a unique recreation opportunity they may not otherwise experience, but it is also a special day for their parents. We would like to take this opportunity to thank the local businesses that donated lunch items to the event’s barbecue picnic. We’d also like to recognize the volunteers who made this event possible, and who turned it into such an enjoyable experience for the children and their families. C.A.S.T. for Kids Foundation is a public charity that was formed in 1991 to join volunteers who love to fish with disabled and disadvantaged children for a day of fishing in the outdoors.

Even the fish were feeling the love at this year's C.A.S.T. for Kids event at Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico.

U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

United States and Mexico Conclude Colorado River Agreement

From the International Boundary and Water Commission 1

Officials with the Internationa l Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico, today announced the conclusion of a new Colorado River agreement, Minute 323, "Extension of Cooperative Measures and Adoption of a Binational Water Scarcity Contingency Plan in the Colorado River Basin." Commission officials signed the Minute on September 21 in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua and both governments approved it

on September 27. The Minute’s entry into force was announced during a ceremony held at the Water Education Foundation’s Colorado River Symposium in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The Minute follows more than two years of negotiations among federal and state authorities from both countries, taking into consideration recommendations from the works groups, which included water users, scientists, academics, and nongovernmental organizations. The agreement, which will remain in effect through 2026, extends or replaces key elements of Minute 319, a previous agreement that expires at the end of 2017. Minute 323 contains the following provisions:

• Allows Mexico to defer delivery of a portion of its Colorado River allotment in the event of

potential emergencies, such as earthquakes, or as a result of water conservation projects in Mexico. This water, known as Mexico’s Water Reserve, will be available for subsequent delivery to Mexico as determined through its planning processes. This gives Mexico greater flexibility in how it manages its Colorado River allotment while also boosting Lake Mead elevation to the benefit of all users.

• Provides additional quantities of Colorado River water to Mexico during certain high elevation reservoir conditions at Lake Mead when additional water is available to users in the United States, providing benefits to both countries.

• Establishes proactive basin operations during certain low elevation reservoir conditions at Lake Mead by applying water delivery reductions in order to deter more severe reductions in the future, giving certainty in both countries’ operations when these conditions occur.

• Establishes a Binational Water Scarcity Contingency Plan so that, should a Lower Basin Drought Contingency Plan be put into effect in the United States, then Mexico will also undertake water savings in parity with U.S. savings. These savings will be recoverable when reservoir conditions improve.

• Implements measures to address salinity impacts stemming from the joint cooperative actions, in conformance with the provisions of Minute 242, entitled, “Permanent and Definitive Solution to

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the International Problem of the Salinity of the Colorado River,” dated August 30, 1973. • Identifies measures to address daily flow variability in Colorado River water deliveries to Mexico. • Through a cooperative effort among the Governments of the United State and Mexico and

nongovernmental organizations, provides water for the environment and funding for environmenta l monitoring and habitat restoration.

• Provides greater U.S. investment in water infrastructure and environmental projects in Mexico than Minute 319 in order to modernize and improve Irrigation District 014 in the Mexicali Valley in areas that wish to participate. This will generate additional volumes of water that will be shared between both countries and the environment, in accordance with the Minute’s provisions.

• Notes the ongoing efforts of the binational All-American Canal Turnout Project Work Group to examine resources associated with a potential binational connection between the All-American Canal in the United States and Mexico’s Colorado River Tijuana Aqueduct Pump Station PB 0. "Minute 323 is the result of many rounds of technical discussions involving a broad group of stakeholders from both countries. This agreement puts us on a path of cooperation rather than conflict as we work with Mexico to address the Colorado River Basin’s many challenges,” said U.S. Commissioner Edward Drusina of the International Boundary and Water Commission.

Mexican Commissioner Roberto Salmon said, “This agreement provides certainty for water operations in both countries and mainly establishes a planning tool that allows Mexico to define the most suitable actions for managing its Colorado River waters allotted by the 1944 Water Treaty.” Joining the Commissioners at the ceremony were David Bernhardt, United States Deputy Secretary of the Interior; Thomas Buschatzke, Director of the Arizona Department of Water Resources; Hillary Quam, Border Affairs Coordinator, U.S. Department of State Office of Mexican Affairs; and, from Mexico, Director General for North America Mauricio Ibarra of the Ministry of Foreign Relations. The International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico, is responsible for applying the boundary and water treaties between the two countries. Under the 1944 Water Treaty, Mexico is allotted 1.5 million acre-feet (1850 million cubic meters) per year of water from the Colorado River.

National Disability Employment Awareness Month

Celebrating Disability Inclusion for More than 70 Years In October, Americans observe National Disability Employment Awareness Month by paying tribute to the accomplishments of the men and women with disabilities whose work helps keep the nation’s economy strong and by reaffirming their commitment to ensure equal opportunity for all citizens. This effort to educate the public about the issues related to disability and employment began in 1945, when Congress enacted Public Law 176, declaring the first week of October each year as National Employ the Physically Handicapped Week. In 1962, the word “physically” was removed to acknowledge the employment needs and contributions of individuals with all types of disabilities. Some 25 years later, Congress expanded the week to a month and changed the name to National Disability Employment Awareness Month.

U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

About This Year's Theme Reflecting the important role that different perspectives play in workforce success, this year's National Disability Employment Awareness Month (NDEAM) theme is "Inclusion Drives Innovation." Reflecting the important role that different perspectives play in workforce success, this year’s National Disability Employment Awareness Month (NDEAM) theme is “Inclusion Drives Innovation.” Observed each October, NDEAM celebrates the contributions of workers with disabilities and educates about the value of a workforce inclusive of their skills and talents. For additional details visit the Office of Disability Employment Policy website at https://www.dol.gov/odep/topics/ndeam/.

Healthy Lung Month Safety, Front and Center

It's incredibly important to take care of your lungs, whether you have healthy lungs, or a disease such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, you need to keep your lungs working as well as possible. Your whole body depends on your lungs to keep breathing and distributing oxygen-rich blood throughout your body, and to get rid of the body's gaseous waste, carbon dioxide. Your whole body depends on your lungs working properly, but your brain and heart are two of the major organs that require more oxygen than any other part. Now that summer is over, many people are going into the colder months of the year, which is when they are more likely to experience trouble breathing. The seasons affect everyone differently, and for many people, October is the beginning of the tougher time of the year. This is an appropriate time to think about taking extra care of your health, and your lungs in particular. Besides following your doctor's orders on medication and follow ups, there are many things you can do to help keep your lungs as healthy as possible. Stop Smoking and Never Start Again Once you quit smoking, your lungs begin to bounce back a little, even if you've been smoking for many years. Even if the damage has already been done and you've been diagnosed with COPD, quitting will still make a difference in how the disease progresses or not. It could make a huge difference in how bad your exacerbations are, and whether or not you have them at all. Pay Close Attention to Your Breathing Call your doctor at the first sign of a flare up. He or she will have you treated before the exacerbation puts you in danger. You should also be mindful of how you are breathing, in the sense that you should be breathing in deeply through your nose and out through your mouth. We often get into the habit of

U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

breathing too shallow, or breathing in through our mouths. Breathing through your nose filters the air better and allows for a deeper breath. Use a peak flow meter to keep an eye on your lung function at home. Drink Plenty of Water If you have COPD you likely have an overabundance of thick phlegm in your airways. Drinking at least 64 ounces of water a day will help thin the mucous and make it much easier for you to get rid of. Staying well hydrated will also help keep your immune system working as well as possible to keep out any illnesses that can flare up your COPD or asthma. Avoid Air Pollutants This goes for the air inside, as well as outside. You shouldn't be using any strong chemicals to clean your home, and wood burning stoves can also be harmful. If you must use bleach to clean with, use only a little bleach mixed with water. A little bleach or ammonia goes a long way. Avoid using chemical air fresheners and stick to things that are more natural, but pay attention to make sure even the natural scents aren't bothering you. For more information, check out the Oxygen Concentrator Store’s webpage at https://www.oxygenconcentratorstore.com/blog/october- is-healthy- lung-month/.

Celebrate National Energy Awareness Month

From Alliance to Save Energy October means football season, pumpkin lattes, Halloween costumes and many other fun seasonal changes. While we’re excited for all things autumn, here at the Alliance we're welcoming this new month for another reason. On September 1991, President George Bush declared October as National Energy Awareness Month, encouraging government and organizations to raise awareness of the importance of sustainably managing the nation’s energy resources. Recognizing the significance of the energy-water nexus, the Department of Energy has chosen to dedicate this year’s campaign to promoting both energy and water conservation. As we recently discussed on our blog, energy and water are highly connected and there is ample opportunity to reduce waste of both resources. This month, the Alliance will promote public understanding of our energy needs and simple ways to reduce the amount of energy we consume. We will post daily facts and tips on our Twitter, Instagram and Facebook to inspire consumers to take proactive steps to save energy. Energy Efficiency Tips for Fall An energy audit is a great first step to increasing energy efficiency at home. An audit can help explain energy consumption, identify losses and evaluate possible improvements. Professional auditors perform thorough audits using a variety of techniques and equipment, and many include a detailed assessment with careful examination of the residence and past utility bills. It's also possible to perform a simple energy audit at home without hiring a professional. By taking the time to analyze energy consumption and implementing efficiency upgrades, consumers can save up to 30 percent on utility bills.

U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

During the fall, cold temperatures cause electricity bills to increase due to continuous use of heating systems, which account for 42 percent of residential energy use. It can be tempting to turn up the heat as temperatures drop, but consumption can be minimized by ensuring HVAC systems are properly maintained. Dirty filters can slow air flow, making the system work harder, wasting more energy. Air leaks and improper insulation can be another major source of heat loss. Consumers can reduce heating bills 20 percent by checking air leaks around walls, ceilings, windows, doors, fixtures, switches and electrical outlets. Even better, install a programmable thermostat to prevent unnecessary energy use and improve those savings by an extra 10 percent. For more information, check out Alliance to Save Energy’s website at http://www.ase.org/blog/welcome-october-celebrating-national-energy-awareness-month.

Who’s New

Autumn Anderson – Acquisitions Management Division Secretary

Before Reclamation I was at Blue Chip Group as the purchaser’s assistant. Then I abruptly left to get my nursing degree (not really but I should have one by now). My baby was diagnosed at 6 weeks old with cancer and needed my full-time care. She is now 2 years old and cancer free. I am new to the federal government and very excited to be a part of this division. Some things about me are I’m married with two beautiful girls, Jade is 2 years old and Lita is 4. I love being outdoors camping, fishing or riding our side-by-side. My hobbies are rock hounding and yoga. I am a Game of Throne’s junkie. I love going to family Opal Mine in Nevada for a summer getaway. Halloween has always been my favorite holiday.

Favorite moto is, “tough times don’t last, tough people do.”

### Bill Fellman – Four Corners Construction Office – Civil Engineer

Bill Fellman joined the Four Corners Construction Office on July 24, 2017, to work on the Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project as a Civil Engineer in the Office Engineering Design Group. Bill has been civil engineering ever since he was a tyke playing in the sandbox with the garden hose and Tonka trucks making impoundments and channels and roads. Bill begun working at 13-years old roofing houses….before the law technically allowed. Bill’s boss told him if he ever fell off the roof, he was fired 2-feet before he hit the ground--on account of the labor law’s - lol. Bill learned to weld when he was 12-years

old and rebuilt his first engine when he was 13-years old. Bill has extensive experience in creating residential subdivisions, from the acquisition of the land to the civil engineering of the site and even designing and engineering several of the homes.

U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

Bill has a 13-year old daughter who he shares equal custody of with his ex-wife. Bill lives with his girlfriend, who also has two daughters that lives with them part-time. Bill and his girlfriend have a little blue Chihuahua who is the man of the house when Bill’s not home, and sometimes he's in charge even when Bill is home. Bill’s hobbies are astronomy, cycling and motorcycling, fishing, building things, electronics, welding and machining.

### John Weddle – Four Corners Construction Office – Construction Inspector

John Weddle transferred to the Construction Office on July 10, 2017, to work on the Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project as a Construction Inspector in the Field Engineering Inspection Group 2 Division

John worked at Leadville Mine Drainage Tunnel as a Water Treatment Water Operator for Reclamation prior to transferring to Farmington. John’s hobbies are Ultrarunning, Mountain biking, and Mountaineering. The weekend before John came to Farmington he completed his first 50 mile trail run. TrailRailRun in St

Regis Montana. John and his wife Christina have two boys, Kaleb is 8-years old and Johnny is 11-years old and two dogs; Ace and Ty.

U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

In Transition

Dan L. Stitt (1931-2017)

Dan Stitt, 86, of Montrose, died peacefully at home on Sept. 10, 2017. Dan was born Jan. 6, 1931, to John and Della (Wriston) Stitt in Liberal, Kansas. For many years, Dan worked as a surveyor for the Bureau of Reclamation in Montrose. He married Lois J. Long on Jan. 6, 1953, in Paonia, Colorado, and she preceded him in death. Dan was a member of the Blue Lodge, Past Grand, York Rite, Scottish Rite and Eastern Star, Past Grand. He also was a U.S. Army veteran who served during the Korean War. He enjoyed the outdoors with his love for hunting, fishing and his ATV. Surviving family members include his son, Donald and wife, Penny Stitt

of Montrose, Colorado; three brothers, Richard Stitt of Seymour, Missouri, Joe Stitt of Parkvale, Colorado, Lloyd Stitt of Salina, Utah; sisters, Ruth Sandoval of Spokane, Washington, Mary Ellen Gallo of Hazleton, Pennsylvania, and Helen Taylor of Weatt, California; two grandchildren; and five great-grandchildren.

Upper Colorado Region’s Employee Photo Contest

September/October 2017 Photos!

John Martinson – Grand Teton, Moose Near Mormon Row John Martinson – Mesa Verde National Park Pictograph

John Martinson – Huge Tree at Redwood John Martinson - Balcony House at Mesa Verde National Park

U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

National Par

k John Martinson – Formation, Mesa Verde National Park John Martinson – Drive through tree, Redwood National Park

Reclamation Trivia

Here's this week's set of questions:

1. CE Power was awarded a contract in 2016. Construction began in July 2017 and will be completed by the end of .

2. The Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility serves as a focal point for for the desalination of brackish and impaired groundwater.

3. Americans observe National Disability Employment Awareness Month by paying tribute to the of the men and women with disabilities whose work helps keep the nation’s economy strong and by reaffirming their to ensure for all citizens.

Last week, We asked,

1. The $8.86 million reservoir was built for the District on behalf of the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program and is the latest feature of the District’s Canal System Improvement Project.

2. In Japanese, Taiko means “great drum.”

3. An increase in precipitation is an expected outcome of climate change, and other scientists have recently reported that a warming atmosphere will hold more water and produce much heavier rains over the course of the century.

Last winner was – N/A

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Please use this link to send your answers. To be fair we will draw names from the winners and one person will receive a prize. We will reach into the prize bin for something suitable for the winner...as long as supplies last.

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