Ubuntu 2

TI LI U H NG D N S D NG UBUNTU LINUX

Bin s an v tham kh o trn Internet TS Nguy n Thi Sn GV L Minh Tri t GV u B u Long ( i h c S Ph m TP HCM)

Ti li u ph c v cho cc l p h c s d ng Ubuntu Linux i h c S Ph m TP HCM 2009

A Ti li u ny c s p ch b ng L TEX ch y trn Ubuntu Linux

B THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG S: 07/2008/CT-BTTTT

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM c lp - T do - Hnh phc H Ni, ngy 30 thng 12 nm 2008

CH TH V y mnh s dng phn mm m ngun m trong hot ng ca c quan, t chc nh nc Thc hin Quyt nh s 235/2004/Q-TTg ngy 02 thng 3 nm 2004 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt D n tng th v ng dng v pht trin phn mm ngun m Vit Nam giai on 2004-2008, B Thng tin v Truyn thng ban hnh Danh mc cc sn phm phn mm m ngun m p ng c yu cu s dng trong cc c quan, t chc nh nc (gm cc phn mm: vn phng OpenOffice, th in t trn my trm Mozilla ThunderBird, trnh duyt web Mozilla FireFox v b g ting Vit Unikey); B Khoa hc v Cng ngh xy dng ti liu hng dn s dng v t chc tp hun cc phn mm ny cho nhiu c quan, t chc nh nc trn ton quc. Nhm y mnh s dng cc phn mm t do ngun m (hay cn gi l phn mm m ngun m- vit tt l PMNM), gp phn hn ch vi phm bn quyn phn mm, B trng B Thng tin v Truyn thng ch th: 1. Cc n v chuyn trch v cng ngh thng tin (CNTT) ca cc B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph (sau y gi l B, ngnh) v cc S Thng tin v Truyn thng (S TT&TT) ca cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng (sau y gi l tnh, thnh ph): a) Trin khai ci t v t chc tp hun, hng dn s dng cc phn mm nu trn cho cn b, nhn vin trong c quan, n v: Chm nht n ngy 30/6/2009, m bo 100% my trm ca n v chuyn trch v CNTT v S TT&TT c ci t, 100% cn b, nhn vin c tp hun, hng dn s dng, trong ti thiu 50% cn b, nhn vin c th s dng thnh tho trong cng vic v c kh nng hng dn tr gip cc c quan, n v khc thuc B, ngnh, tnh, thnh ph. Chm nht n ngy 31/12/2009, m bo 70% my trm trong cc c quan, n v thuc B, ngnh, tnh, thnh ph c ci t, 70% cn b, nhn vin c tp hun, hng dn s dng, trong ti thiu 40% cn b, nhn vin s dng cc phn mm nu trn trong cng vic. C k hoch tng bc nng dn s vn bn, ti liu, thng tin trao i trong cc c quan, n v thuc B, ngnh, tnh, thnh ph c son tho, x l bng cc phn mm nu trn; m bo n ngy 31/12/2010 hu ht cn b, nhn vin trong cc c quan, n v thuc B, ngnh, tnh, thnh ph s dng

cc phn mm nu trn trong cng vic. b) Tham mu, xut vi Th trng c quan B, ngnh, Ch tch y ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph: cc gii php, bin php m bo thc hin c cc nhim v nu trn; lng ghp, a cc ni dung ca Ch th ny vo k hoch ng dng CNTT ca cc c quan, n v; tuyn truyn, vn ng, khuyn khch phong tro thi ua gia cc c quan, n v, c nhn trong B, ngnh, tnh, thnh ph v vic s dng PMNM; a vic ng dng CNTT ni chung v s dng PMNM ni ring vo ni dung bnh xt thi ua, khen thng hng nm ca cc c nhn, n v. c) nh k (t nht 6 thng mt ln) t chc nh gi, s kt, rt kinh nghim t chc thc hin cc nhim v trn, bo co B, ngnh, y ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph v B Thng tin v Truyn thng. 2. Cc hip hi v doanh nghip CNTT: a) Cc hip hi CNTT t chc cc hot ng thit thc, to iu kin cho cc thnh vin trao i thng tin, kinh nghim khng ngng nng cao nng lc khai thc, cung cp sn phm, dch v PMNM; phi hp, h tr cc n v chuyn trch v CNTT, cc S TT&TT thc hin nhim v nu trn; h tr pht trin cc cng ng PMNM ca Vit Nam; thc y hp tc quc t v PMNM v cc hot ng lin kt gia cng ng PMNM Vit Nam vi cc t chc, cng ng PMNM th gii. b) Cc doanh nghip cung cp my tnh: Ci t cc phn mm nu trn vo cc my tnh khi cung cp cho cc c quan, t chc nh nc; Khng c cung cp ra th trng cc my tnh vi nhng phn mm khng c bn quyn hp php. c) Cc c s, doanh nghip cung cp dch v o to CNTT: Tch cc, ch ng xy dng cc chng trnh, gio trnh v t chc cc kho o to v PMNM; a ni dung o to s dng cc sn phm PMNM vo cc chng trnh o to v tin hc c bn, tin hc vn phng, tin hc nng cao. d) Cc doanh nghip phn mm, cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v CNTT: Nng cao nng lc cung cp dch v phn mm ni chung v PMNM ni ring cho cc c quan nh nc theo hng coi phn mm nh l dch v (SaaS); khuyn khch pht trin cc tng, sn phm, dch v da trn PMNM. 3. Cc c quan n v thuc B Thng tin v Truyn thng: a) V Cng ngh thng tin: - Ch tr, phi hp vi Vn phng CNTT thuc B Khoa hc v Cng ngh v cc n v lin quan cp nht danh mc cc PMNM p ng yu cu s dng trong cc c quan, t chc nh nc; Hon thin cc ti liu hng dn s dng; T chc, h tr cng ng thc hin Vit ho cc sn phm PMNM; - iu tra, kho st, tng hp v cung cp ln mng: danh sch, a ch cc

doanh nghip cung cp dch v PMNM, cc c s, doanh nghip cung cp dch v o to v PMNM; cc phin bn ci t, ti liu k thut, hng dn s dng cc PMNM thng dng; - Hng dn, kim tra, n c vic thc hin Ch th; tip nhn, tng hp phi hp vi cc c quan, n v c lin quan gii quyt theo thm quyn, hoc bo co B trng gii quyt cc kin ngh, xut ca cc B, ngnh, a phng v ng dng v pht trin PMNM, cng nh nhng vng mc pht sinh trong qu trnh trin khai Ch th; tng hp bo co B trng kt qu vic thc hin. b) Cc ng dng Cng ngh thng tin: Ch ng lng ghp, a cc ni dung ca Ch th ny, cng nh cc ni dung, nhim v thc y ng dng PMNM ni chung, vo trong cc vn bn quy nh, hng dn v ng dng CNTT, cc vn bn hng dn xy dng k hoch, chng trnh, d n ng dng CNTT trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc. c) Trung tm Thng tin: - Thc hin cc ni dung, nhim v c giao cho n v chuyn trch v CNTT ti Ch th ny. m bo cc c quan, n v ca B i u trong vic s dng cc phn mm nu trn; - Ch tr, phi hp vi cc c quan bo ch, truyn thng tuyn truyn, qung b, nng cao nhn thc v li ch ca PMNM; Vn ng ng dng PMNM trong hot ng ca cc c quan, t chc, doanh nghip v ngi dn.d) Vin Cng nghip phn mm v ni dung s Vit Nam, Trung tm ng

cu khn cp my tnh Vit Nam (VNCERT): Chun b lc lng sn sng h tr cc B, ngnh, a phng trin khai s dng cc PMNM nu trn; Phi hp vi V CNTT xem xt, cp nht Danh mc cc PMNM p ng c yu cu s dng trong cc c quan, t chc nh nc. 4. T chc thc hin: a) Th trng cc c quan, n v thuc B, Th trng cc n v chuyn trch v CNTT ca cc B, ngnh, Gim c S TT&TT cc tnh, thnh ph, cc Hip hi, doanh nghip CNTT c trch nhim qun trit tinh thn Ch th, nghim chnh thc hin cc ni dung, nhim v nu trn, nhanh chng t chc trin khai v nh k bo co kt qu thc hin. b) Cc n v chuyn trch v CNTT, S TTT&TT: Giao trch nhim cho mt Lnh o n v trc tip ph trch vic thc y ng dng PMNM, chu trch nhim t chc trin khai, c thc, kim tra, nh gi vic ng dng PMNM trong n v cng nh cc c quan, n v khc trong B, ngnh, tnh, thnh ph mnh. c) Ch tch y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng: Ch o S TT&TT v cc S, ban, ngnh lin quan thc hin nghim chnh Ch th ny; ch ng b tr v dnh mt phn trong tng kinh ph v ng dng v pht

trin CNTT ca c quan mnh cho vic trin khai s dng cc PMNM nu trn; c cc c ch, chnh sch, b tr ngun lc, to iu kin thun li cc n v trin khai thc hin./.B TRNG( k)

L Don Hp

Ph n I CI T V S D NG UBUNTU

7

1. CI

T H

I U HNH

UBUNTU LINUX

Tham kh o http://forum.megasharesvn.com/showthread.php?p=212384

1.1

L a ch n phin b n ci t Ubuntu no l h p l nh t?

ci t cc phin b n m i nh t c a Ubuntu, b n c hai s l a ch n, phin b n "Stable - n nh" v phin b n "LTS - Long Term Support - H tr di h n". Hai phin b n cng t n t i song hnh nh m p ng nh ng nhu c u khc nhau c a ng i s d ng b i chng c s khc bi t: Phin b n Stable: bao g m cc phin b n ph n m m v nh ng c i ti n m i nh t dnh cho distribution ny. Cc phin b n n nh c a Ubuntu c h tr ch c 18 thng cho vi c c p nh t, kh c ph c l i v cc mi ng v b o m t,. . . Cho n th i i m hi n nay ang pht hnh Ubuntu 8.10, vo ngy 23 thng 4 nm 2009 s pht hnh b n Ubuntu 9.04 Phin b n LTS: l nh ng phin b n Ubuntu dnh cho cc i t ng ng i dng c nhn v doanh nghi p c h tr t i 3 nm (ring phin b n server c h tr 5 nm). Xt n cc i t ng ng i dng ny th h khng c n cc phin b n ph n m m m i nh t v cng khng mu n update Ubuntu m i 6 thng (m t th i gian, c th c cc nguy c v b o m t...). Khi ci t m t b n update, h i u hnh c th s xu t hi n nguy c khng n nh ho c c nh ng l h ng b o m t m i. Phin b n LTS m i nh t c a Ubuntu l: Ubuntu 8.04 LTS Hardy Heron.

1.2

L a ch n lo i a v c u hnh t i thi u ci t Ubuntu

i v i cc my tnh s h u t 256MB RAM tr ln th b n nn dng a Desktop v lo i a ny ngoi tnh nng c th dng CD Live, cn c th ci t ngay trong giao di n h i u hnh nn r t ti n d ng khi b n mu n th Ubuntu tr c khi quy t nh ci t vo c ng. hi u nng lm vi c c a Ubuntu m nh thm b n c n ch thm l a ch n phn vng Swap c c p ph n ti p theo. 9

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CHNG 1. CI T H I U HNH UBUNTU LINUX

1.31.3.1

Phn vng

c ng v l a ch n ki u ci t Ubuntua

Ci t Ubuntu song song v i Windows m khng c n chia

V i s tr gip c a ti n ch mi n ph Wubi, b n c th ci t v remove Ubuntu d dng nh m t ph n m m ng d ng thng th ng ngay trong Windows m khng s b t c m t r i ro no i v i my tnh, i u kh c bi t l vi c ci t Ubuntu thng qua Wibi ch tr i qua c 3 b c: a a Ubuntu vo my ang ch y Windows, chng trnh autorun s ch y Wubi, b n ch y chng trnh ny b ng cch l a ch n thch h p trong b ng. Qu trnh ci t s t ng di n ra. Sau khi ci t xong, cc b n ch n Reboot Now Finish kh i ng l i v b t u s d ng Windows v Ubuntu song song thng qua menu dual boot trong lc kh i ng r t ti n b n l a ch n. Hi n t i, phin b n Ubuntu 8.10 c tch h p ti n ch Wubi ngay trong a ci t nn r t ti n b n ci offline khi khng c m ng internet.

1.3.2

Ci m i hon ton Ubuntu trn m t phn vng ring

T o Partition Linux b ng Partition Magic Vi c ci t Ubuntu trn m t phn vng ring ch y n nh hn so v i ci ngay trong Windows. Sau y l nh ng thao tc c th c a vi c phn vng cho vi c ci t HH Ubuntu b ng Norton PartitionMagic trong Hiren Boot CD. i m kh hay c a Ubuntu l HH ny nhn Linux nn vi c b sung thm phn vng Swap s lm cho HH ch y m t hn trong i u ki n my tnh b nh RAM y u. Tr c h t, b n kh i ng my tnh trong ch u tin boot b ng a CD-ROM. T i menu b n ch n Start BootCD Disk Partition Tools PartitionMagic Pro 8.05 b t u qu trnh phn vng c ng. B n tr i qua 2 b c nh sau: B c 1: T o phn vng Swap. B n t o m i m t phn vng ch n lm Logical Partition, lo i Linux Swap kch c t 512 tr ln ty dung l ng c ng cn tr ng t hi u nng cao nh t. Ti p theo b m OK. B c 2: T o phn vng ci t (ROOT) Phn vng ny b n c th ch n l Primary hay Logical u c, nhng partition type ph i l nh d ng Linux Ext2 hay Linux Ext3, b n t Label l ROOT ti n nh n d ng trong lc ci t, dung l ng phn vng t 3GB tr ln ty b n l a ch n v b m OK hon t t. lu l i qu trnh ny, b n ch n Apply Yes v kh i ng l i my b t u ci t Ubuntu.

1.3. PHN VNG

C NG V L A CH N KI U CI T UBUNTU

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Ti p theo, b n b a ci t Ubuntu vo CD v ch n Install Ubuntu b t u ci t, t i b c ch n Prepare Disk Space b n ch n Manual v ch n vo phn vng ROOT thi t l p v ti n hnh cc b c ci t theo h ng d n. Lu 1: M t v n n y sinh trong qu trnh s d ng song song gi a Windows v Ubuntu l khi b n ci l i hay xa Windows lm cho menu Ubuntu Grub Bootloader b m t lm b n khng th vo HH Ubuntu c th b n c th p d ng th thu t sau khi ph c l i. Thao tc nh sau: Sau kh i ng l i my tnh, menu dual boot s hi n ra sau . Kh i ng vo Ubuntu b ng Ubuntu Live CD. M Terminal v g dng l nh sau: sudo grub > root (hd0,0) > setup (hd0) > exit Lu 2: N u b n ci Ubuntu tr c Windows th HH ny s khng nh n c b t c thng tin g v Windows ci sau , do v y cho hi n ra menu boot dual, b n dng cch m file menu.lst v i l nh: sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst Sau , b n g l i nh sau: title Windows XP Professional / Vista root (hd0,0) makeactive chainloader +1 V i hd(0,0) l ni c ng v phn vng ci t c a Windows. N u b n ci Windows trn phn vng th 4 c a a th g l (hd0,3). Dng chng trnh Gpart c a Ubuntu t o partition Linux http://book.opensourceproject.org.cn/distrib/ubuntu/movingtoubuntu/ Kh i ng LiveCD Ubuntu, cc b n ch n Install Ubuntu . Khi vo mn hnh ci t, cc b n ch n ngn ng , a i m, keyboard, khai bo user name v password Ti p theo cc b n s ph i h t s c th n tr ng ch n ph n cn l i c a a c ng ang ch a Windows, t o thnh m t partition ring, tuy t i khng c ch n Erase Entire Disk n s xa tan b a c ng thnh m t a tr ng tinh! Sau ng i ch Ubuntu t ng ci t n thnh cng

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When the installation completes, a final dialog appears. Click "Reboot the computer" to finish the process. The system shuts down and the CD is ejected. Make sure you remove the CD, then press Enter to reboot your system.

1.41.4.1

Lm g sau khi ci t thnh cng Ubuntu ln my tnhNng c p h th ng

T khi pht hnh CD Ubuntu n khi b n ci t n, nh phn ph i Canonical c nhi u nng c p. V d , khi pht hnh Ubuntu 8.10 ch c Open Office 2.4. Tuy nhin sau Open Office 3 ra i, do ph i nng c p h i u hnh ch y c b n Open Office 3 ny. (Tuy nhin v i b n phn ph i Ubuntu 9.04 pht hnh ngy 23 thng 4 nm 2009 th ch c ch n c Open Office 3 r i!). M t v n quan tr ng n a l ci t b g ti ng Vi t xunikey c a tc gi Ph m Kim Long, ci t cc font ch True type font mi n ph c a Windows vo my tnh hi n th ng cc vn b n ho c website v n dng cc font ch ny v.v. . . C hai cch nng c p. Cch 1, dng a apt on CD (do m t s c quan pht hnh: HSP TP HCM, HanoiLUG v.v. . . ). Cch 2, k t n i vo cc Server chuyn ph c v cho nng c p, t i Vi t Nam, ta k t n i vo FPT-Telecom ( t t i TP HCM) Dng a apt on CD Sau khi ci t Ubuntu thnh cng, b n a a aptoncd vo a CD, s xu t hi n m t m u i tho i trn desktop, khi ta ch n Start package manager Sau khi nh p password kh ng nh quy n root, b n c d n t i mn hnh Synaptic Package Manager, , b m vo Mark All Upgrades v sau b m ti p vo Apply . Ubuntu s ch y chng trnh nng c p, s ci t vo my t t c cc chng trnh m Canonical pht hnh nng c p h th ng. Vi c nng c p l th ng xuyn cung c p cc b n v, fix cc l i c a chng trnh do c ng ng pht hi n. Cc b n c th lin h v i HSP TP HCM nh n cc da aptoncd ny (n a thng m t l n) ho c h c t p t th c hi n m t a aptoncd ny (Ubuntu cung c p cng c th c hi n).

1.4. LM G SAU KHI CI T THNH CNG UBUNTU LN MY TNH K t n i v i FPT-Telecom

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Trn mn hnh Desktop, cc b n ch n System, Administration, Software Sources, nh p password kh ng nh quy n root. Th Software Sources xu t hi n, cc b n ch n Third-Party Software, b m vo Add sau copy v dn dng APT linedeb http://mirror-fpt-telecom.fpt.net/ubuntu/intrepid main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirror-fpt-telecom.fpt.net/ubuntu/intrepid-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirror-fpt-telecom.fpt.net/ubuntu/intrepid-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirror-fpt-telecom.fpt.net/ubuntu/intrepid-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirror-fpt-telecom.fpt.net/ubuntu/intrepid-backports main restricted universe multiverse

Lu : vo ngy 23 thng 4 nm 2009 s pht hnh Ubuntu 9.04, cc b n theo di cc di n n, v d http://mathforums.hcmup.edu.vn/ubuntu bi t a ch m i c a mirror-fpt-telecom, r t c kh nng s thay i t intrepid thnh jaunty. Ch n Close sau ch n Reload Ubuntu c p nh t cc a ch http m i. Sau khi update xong, cc b n ch n System, Administration, Update Manager Theo cc i tho i trn mn hnh, cc b n s c p nh t c h th ng c a mnh. Chc cc b n th c hi n t t vi c th c hnh c a mnh.

1.4.2

Ci t b g unikey

Unikey l b g ti ng Vi t mi n ph c a Ph m Kim Long. Phin b n s d ng trong Linux c tn l xunikey. C hai cch ci t xunikey. i v i ng i m i s d ng Ubuntu th nn ci t gi deb. Download file deb t trang ch c a Unikey ho c theo a ch sau y trn Server c a chng ti http://fit.hcmup.edu.vn/~nthaison/ubuntu/x-unikey_1.0.4-1_i386.deb Sau khi download file deb v Desktop ch ng h n, nh n p vo file ny, chng trnh ci t c a Ubuntu s h at ng, t t nhin b n ph i nh p password v ci t han ch nh xunikey ln my tnh c a b n. c th g c ti ng Vi t trong Open Office, cc b n m file c u hnh sudo gedit /.unikey/options v i CommitMethod = Forward

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Lu l i file ny. Th l Xong. s d ng xunikey, cc b n b m ALT F2 v g unikey trn dng l nh. Nh p tri chu t vo chng trnh ch n cch g Telex, VNI,. . . t t Unikey (d khng nn t t) cc b n b p t h p phm SHIFT CTRL ALT v nh p tri chu t vo bi u t ng c a chng trnh.

1.4.3

Ci cc font ch mi n ph c a MS Windows vo Ubuntu

N u b n s d ng Ubuntu Linux, b n c th v n cn mu n t t c cc phng ch TrueType c a Microsoft c th c c cc file MS Word ho c MS PowerPoint v i OpenOffice trong Ubuntu. Ngoi ra, v i vi c ci t Microsoft Fonts chng ta s xem c t t hn cc trang web. Trn Linux, khi xc nh nh ng phng ch khng c s n trn my tnh c a b n, chng c thay th b ng cc phng tng ng. Tuy nhin n u cc b phng ch ny c ci t, b n s th y cc trang nh l n c thi t k . ci t cc phng ch , t t c cc i u b n c n ph i lm trong Ubuntu l ci t cc gi msttcorefonts. N i my tnh c a b n v i Internet. Sau m m t Terminal v g $ sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts T t c cc phng ch sau y s c dowload v v ci t Andale Mono, Arial Black, Comic Sans MS (Bold), Webdings Arial (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic), Courier New (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic) Georgia (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic), Impact Times New Roman (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic) Trebuchet (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic) Verdana (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic) Sau khi ci t cc phng ch m i, b n s ph i ng xu t v ng nh p l i c th xem v s d ng phng ch m i. N u b n mu n trnh tr ng h p ny, b n c th t o phng ch trong b nh cache b ng cch ban hnh l nh sau: $ sudo fc-cache-Fv n y ta k t thc chng 1 sau khi bi t ci t v nng c p Ubuntu ln my tnh c a mnh s d ng song song v i Windows. Trong m t tng lai g n, khi khng c n

1.4. LM G SAU KHI CI T THNH CNG UBUNTU LN MY TNH

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c nhu c u s d ng Windows n a v khng mu n s d ng kinh ph c quan ho c ti n c a c nhn mua MS Windows v MS Office, ta s ti n hnh t ci t Ubuntu ln my tnh s d ng c l p ph c v cho cc cng vic th ng nh t nh s an th o vn b n, x l b ng tnh, trnh di n, duy t web, check mail v.v. . . .

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2. M

T VNG XUNG QUANH

UBUNTU LINUX

Sau khi h th ng kh i ng, b n c th b t u chi v i Ubuntu Linux. Trong lc ny, chng ti mu n b n nhn vo cc nhn d c theo pha trn c a b ng i u khi n v bn tri. l Applications, theo sau l Places, v cu i cng, System. M i m t trong ba trnh n k trn, cho php b n truy c p vo cc chng trnh tuy t v i c a b n ci t trong h th ng Linux Ubuntu, ph n c ng c a my tnh, thi t b lu tr , thi t b ngo i vi, v nh ng cng c m b n c n ty ch nh m i kha c nh c a m t ng i s d ng Ubuntu Linux thnh th o.

2.1

Trnh n Applications

B t u b ng cch nh p vo nt Applications. Sau , t m d ng c a b n tr chu t qua trnh n Accessories, ni b n s nhn th y m t s h th ng cc cng c ti n d ng. Sau ta chuy n sang trnh n con Graphics. GIMP l m t ng d ng h a tuy t v i c a Ubuntu. Nh ng hnh nh GIMP bin so n cho th y y g n nh l m t ph n m m huy n tho i, v i hng ch c b l c xy d ng s n, cc hi u ng c bi t, v t t c cc cng c m b n c n s n xu t ra cc hnh nh ch t l ng cao. V i gThumb View b n c cung c p m t cng c d s d ng i u h ng v xem b su t p cc nh k thu t s trong cc th m c c a b n. Cu i cng, n u b n c m t my qut, chng trnh XSane cho php b n qut cc hnh nh, sau c th sao chp v fax cc hnh nh . Trnh n con Internet b t u v i Ekiga Softphone, m t chng trnh truy n thng VoIP m cung c p c m thanh v video. Ta bi t r ng Ekiga b t u nh GnomeMeeting. g i email, xin lin l c v i qu n l, v m t cch r t t t l i t ch c, x l cc th Evolution p. B n c th c v t t c cc Evolution trong Chng 11 v 12. Trnh n con Internet c t t c m i th b n c n l t web, g i th i n t , tr chuy n, v.v. . . Trnh duy t Web hot nh t trong khng gian truy n thng khng ph i ph i n t Redmond (T ng hnh dinh c a MicroSoft) m chnh l trnh duy t web Firefox. 17

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CHNG 2. M T VNG XUNG QUANH UBUNTU LINUX

Hy di chuy n xu ng v quan st trnh n con Office u tin trn trnh n ny l Evolution. Evolution c gi tr hn nhi u so v i m t chng trnh qu n l email. OpenOffice.org phin b n 3 l tuy t v i, v mi n ph, thay th cho Microsoft Office, tng thch v i Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint. By gi n trnh n con cu i cng c a Applications. pha trn cng c a danh sch l Movie Player l chng trnh xem phim a nng. N c th d c c t t c cc nh d ng quen thu c, k c nh d ng Windows Media Movie (wmv). m nh c v i Rhythmbox Player, b n s c m t Jukebox t ch c cc chng trnh m nh c k thu t s c a mnh. Khi b n c n ph i trch xu t m nh c t CD, hy s d ng chng trnh CD-Audio Serpentine xy d ng cc a CD ring v i cc b su t p m nh c g m cc bi ht yu thch c a b n.

2.2

Trnh n Places

Trnh n Places ch y u g m cc thi t b lu tr v t l , h u h t trong s l a ho c th m c ring c a b n trn h th ng. T y, b n c th nhanh chng chuy n n th m c Home, di chuy n gi a cc a lu tr trn my tnh c a b n, t o ra m t a CD hay DVD c a b n b ng cch s d ng ghi CD/DVD, v tm ki m cc t p tin trn h th ng c a b n. Nh ng ti nguyn lu tr khng c n ph i lun lun c k t n i v i h th ng c a b n. V d , n u b n c m m t a USB vo , n s xu t hi n trong trnh n Places v b n c th truy c p n ngay m khng b g p ph i b t c r c r i no. N u b n c my tnh Windows trn m ng, b m vo Connect to Server, Network Servers s gip b n truy c p cc a trn my tnh c a b n v trn cc my tnh khc trong m ng ch v i vi ci nh p chu t.

2.3

Trnh n System - qu n l h th ng c a b n

Menu cu i cng c li t k d i nhn hi u System c a b ng i u khi n. Trnh n con Preferences gip b n qu n l mn hnh, c a s . V d , n u cc b n b m vo System, Preferences, Apperance cc b n c th thay i background (wallpaper), font ch hi n th trn mn hnh v.v. . . N u cc b n ch n Administration, cc b n c th qu n l c cc partition, i u khi n my in trong m ng, n m c trnh qu n l gi c a Ubuntu nh m nng c p, ci t, g b ph n m m v.v. . .

2.4. IN

N V MY IN

19

2.4

In n v my in

In n l m t trong nh ng ch c nng quan tr ng nh t m m t my tnh c nhn c th th c hi n. May m n l trong h u h t cc tr ng h p, h th ng Ubuntu c a b n s t ng ch n cc c u hnh my in ph h p. Khi thm, c u hnh, ho c g b m t my in c th c hi n thng qua cc h th ng qu n l in n. Click vo System trn cng c a b ng i u khi n, sau ch n Printing t trnh n con Administration. M t c a s c nhn My in s xu t hi n. V d , khi c m t my in c li t k (laser). l b i v chng ta c m t m ng v c th truy c p my in c s n trn m ng.

thm m t my in, cc b n ph i ch c ch n r ng my in c c m vo my v ang tr c tuy n. Ti p theo, hy b m vo Printer trn thanh trnh n v ch n Add Printer. B n cng c th ch c n nh p p vo bi u t ng New Printer. Gi s b n c m t my in c h tr v n v k t n i tr c tuy n, nn Ubuntu autodetect my in c a b n, v d l my in HP. Click vo Forward chng ta sang mn hnh l a ch n cc driver my in. N u Ubuntu khng nh n di n c my in c a b n, b n c th tm th y PPD ( nh ngha my in) c a nh s n xu t ho c thng qua trang Web in n trong Linux t i a ch http://linuxprinting.org c h ng d n ci t driver.

2.5

My qut (Scanner)

H u h t cc my qut s t ng c h tr b i Ubuntu, v d dng c ci t v v n hnh. H ng d n ny s gip b n cch s d ng my qut v ph i lm g n u Ubuntu khng th tm th y my qut c a b n.

2.5.1

My qut c a ti c lm vi c v i Ubuntu?

C ba cch th y n u b n qut h at ng trong Ubuntu: 1. n gi n ch c n c m n vo v th ! N u l m t my qut USB, c kh nng n s lm vi c. 2. Ki m tra ph n c ng t i https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupportComponentsScanners. 3. D n SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy) cung c p h u h t cc ph n m m c ch c nng qut trn Ubuntu.

20


2.5.2

i u g x y ra n u c thng bo: "Khng c thi t b s n sng"?

C hai l do t i sao b n c th nh n c thng i p ny. 1. My qut c a b n khng c h tr trong Ubuntu. Cc lo i ph bi n c a my qut c l khng c h tr c ng song song ho c my in/qut/fax T t-c -trongm t Lexmark. 2. Cc driver cho my qut c a b n khng c autoloaded.

2.5.3

Ci t th cng My qut

Hy m b o r ng cc repository c b t. Cch d nh t lm c i u ny l thng qua Synaptic. Nh n cc trnh i u khi n (driver) b ng cch tm ki m Synaptic cho libsane-extras ho c t i m t terminal g: sudo apt-get install libsane-extras Hi u ch nh file /etc/sane.d/dll.conf b t (enable) driver bn ph i cho my qut c a b n. Hy tm nh ng dng ni r ng:

# The following backends are not part of the SANE distribution # but are provided by the libsane-extras Debian package v uncomment (xa #) dng bn ph i c ch a my qut c a b n.

Ph n ny n ng v th c hnh. Trong ph n th c hnh, chng ta s ti n hnh vi c detect m t my in, my qut, in/qut th tr c ti p t cp v in gin ti p qua m ng.

2.5. MY QUT (SCANNER)

21


22


3. CI

T PH N M M TRN

UBUNTU

3.1

Cch n gi n nh t thm ng d ng vo h th ng

b t u, ta b m vo Applications trn cng c a b ng i u khi n v ch n Add/Remove. l m c cu i cng trong danh sch. Ci t ph n m m h th ng i h i quy n root, do b n c ngh nh p m t kh u c a root. Sau vi giy, h p tho i Add/Remove s xu t hi n Tn l nh cho chng trnh ny l gnome-app-install. pha bn tri, m t danh sch cc chuyn m c m t t c cc ng d ng c s n c s p x p. Cc lo i ny bao g m cc tr chi, h a, vn phng, cng c h th ng v.v. . . Khi nh p vo m t danh m c th danh sch cc ng d ng trong danh m c s xu t hi n pha trn c a s bn ph i. c a s con pha d i l ni m t chi ti t v ng d ng, gip cho b n d dng bi t c ng d ng ny c s d ng vo cng vi c no.

V d , ch n m t tr chi t danh sch v c cc i u kho n m t . N u y l m t l a ch n t t c a b n, hy nh p vo h p ki m tra bn c nh tn c a chng trnh, sau b m vo nt Apply d i cng c a c a s chnh. B n s c yu c u xc nh n danh sch cc gi. N u ng , b m vo Apply. M t h p tho i s xu t hi n thng bo cho b n bi t ti n b ci t nh th no: t i v , gi i nn, v ci t.

3.2

G b cc gi ph n m m ci t

N u b n mu n lo i b m t ng d ng ci t, hy tr l i ch c nng Add/Remove tm ki m cc ng d ng . th c s lo i b cc gi ng d ng ny, b n hy b m uncheck vo chng trnh v b m vo Apply Changes. M t h p tho i xu t hi n yu c u b n xc nh n. au s di n ra qu trnh ng c l i v i qa trnh ci t, g b ng d ng m b n th y khng c n thi t s d ng n a. 23

24

CHNG 3. CI T PH N M M TRN UBUNTU

3.3

Ci t Ph n m m v i Synaptic

S d ng Synaptic ci t m t ng d ng linh h at hn v m nh hn so v i gi ph n m m ci t c b n Gnome (ch c nng Add/Remove). tm ki m m t gi ph n m m, b m vo nt Search trn thanh icon. M t c a s nh s xu t hi n b n c th nh p cc thu t ng tm ki m c a b n vo. Synaptic s a ra t t c cc gi c lin quan n gi c n ci t. N u ph n m m b n mu n c nhi u gi ph n m m lin quan, Synaptic s cho b n bi t i u ny Trong v d , c su gi ph n m m thm c n thi t. Synaptic cho bi t nn nh d u chng m t cch t ng vi c ci t c th c hi n t t. B n nh n c m t c a s cu i cng ni cho b n bi t v t t c cc gi ph n m m s c ci t, bao nhiu khng gian s c s d ng v.v. . . B t u ti n trnh ci t: tr c h t v i cc gi c t i v thng qua Internet, sau l h th ng chu n b cc gi nng c p v cu i cng l cc gi ch n. Trong su t qu trnh ci t, m t h p tho i thng bo cho b n cc b c lin ti p nhau v cung c p m t thanh tr ng thi, do b n s bi t s ph i ch i trong bao lu. Ty thu c vo t c c a my tnh c a b n ho c s l ng cc gi ph n m m, i u ny c th ko di t vi giy n vi pht ho c nhi u hn. Khi qu trnh c th c hi n xong, b n nh n c m t h p tho i cu i cng cho b n bi t r ng t t c cc thay i (b n ci t, nng c p, ph n m m thay th ) lm xong. Nh p vo Close v b n quay l i c a s chnh c a Synaptic.

3.4

Gi cho Ubuntu lun lun c c p nh t

N u h th ng c a b n c k t n i Internet, Ubuntu c p nh t th ng xuyn thng qua cc repository cc b n v b o m t v fix cc l i do c ng ng pht hi n. Khi b n th y m t thng bo pop up pha trn mn hnh c a b n. N u b n t m d ng con tr chu t c a b n trn bi u t ng c p nh t trn gc ph i trn c a mn hnh, b n th y m t c nh bo cho b n s l ng cc b n c p nh t hi n c C m t s vi c c th th c hi n y. u tin l nh p vo bi u t ng, m t c a s popup menu xu t hi n v i m t s ty ch n. B n c th ch n xem cc b n c p nh t c s n, c p nh t danh sch cc gi ph n m m ngay by gi , ho c ti p t c ci t cc b n c p nh t. Hy nh r ng h th ng ch ki m tra cc c p nh t theo l ch trnh m b n ch n. C th l c c p nh t c a b n c n ph i ki m tra tr c khi s p x p th i gian (v d , b n nghe ni v m t c p nh t b o m t v b n mu n ki m tra ngay by gi ). D b ng cch no, v y l ch c nng c a Administration, b n s c h i m t kh u, nh p m t kh u xong c a s c p nh t ph n m m s xu t hi n. d i cng c a c a s ny, c m t nhn nh Show Details v mi tn bn. N u b n mu n tm hi u c p nh t c bi t g ho c nh ng thay i g i km v i c p nh t, hy b m vo mi tn. Tr khi b n c l do chnh ng, b n c th th ng ch p nh n cc thay i. Nh p vo

3.5. S

D NG APT-GET CI T HO C C P NH T PH N M M

25

3.5

S d ng apt-get ci t ho c c p nh t ph n m m

R t nhi u ph n m m quen thu c c s d ng trn Linux, cc b n c th ci t vo h th ng b ng l ng apt-get install. V d , n u b n ang k t n i internet v mu n ci t m t gi ph n m m c g i l tuxtype (m t chng trnh t p g bn phm cho tr em), m m t terminal v g trn dng l nh: sudo apt-get install tuxtype M t l at thng tin sau y s xu t hi n Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done The following extra packages will be installed: libsdl-image1.2 libsdl-mixer1.2 The following NEW packages will be installed libsdl-image1.2 libsdl-mixer1.2 tuxtype 0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded. Need to get 4341kB of archives. After unpacking 6038kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? c cc danh sch gi ... Lm xong Xy d ng cy ph thu c ... Lm xong D i y l nh ng gi b sung s c ci t: libsdl-image1.2 libsdl-mixer1.2 D i y l nh ng gi M I s c ci t libsdl-image1.2 libsdl-mixer1.2 tuxtype 0 nng c p, 3 m i c ci t, 0 lo i b v 1 khng nng c p. C n ph i c 4341kB lu tr . Sau khi gi i nn 6038kB dung l ng a s c s d ng. B n c mu n ti p t c [Y/n]?

B n b m Y Ubuntu ti n hnh ci t tuxtype. Sau khi ci t xong, s d ng tuxtype, cc b n c th dng m t terminal g l nh tuxtype M t cch khc g i l nh ny l cc b n b m t h p phm ALT F2 (run command) m c a s run command v g tuxtype

Th c hnh.

1. Ci t mc (Midnight Commander) (tng t Norton Commander trong MS DOS) v s d ng n duy t cc t p tin v th m c trn my tnh.

26

CHNG 3. CI T PH N M M TRN UBUNTU 2. Ci t Stardict, download t i n Anh-Vi t b ng cch m m t terminal, chuy n n th m c Desktop c a home, g wget http : //math.hcmup.edu.vn/stardict dictd_anh viet 2.4.2.tar.bz2 Sau th c hi n m t l at cng vi c sau: tar -xjvf stardict-dictd_anh-viet-2.4.2.tar.bz2 mv stardict-dictd_anh-viet-2.4.2 /usr/share/stardict/dic Ch y th Stardict 3. Ci t vlc (chng trnh c cc file multimedia) 4. Wine is a free open-source package that essentially consists of an older and more limited implementation of CrossOver for Linux. It is provided by Codeweavers. Like CrossOver for Linux, no Microsoft license or virtualization platform is required to run Windows programs. sudo apt-get install wine 5. recordMyDesktop is a desktop recording utility, which has both pyGTK and a pyQT4 GUI frontends available. Recordings are saved in Theora video/Vorbis audio files. To install: sudo apt-get install recordmydesktop

3.6

Synaptic: ci v giao di n cho apt-get

Ni ng ra th synaptic ch lin quan g m y n apt-get, nhng m qu th c synaptic gi ng nh vi c dng apt-get m c thm giao di n c a s . B n ch n menu System, Administration, Synaptic Package Manager, m chng trnh ny. Ch c h p thng bo yu c u nh p m t kh u. Synaptic kh s d ng hn, v cho php b n ci t nh ng gi ph n m m ring r . Ni chung n l cng c cho nh ng ng i giu kinh nghi m.

3.73.7.1

Ci t cc ph n m m ng gi debPh n m m trn Linux c phn ph i th no?

http://www.tapchilinux.com/archives/11

3.7. CI T CC PH N M M NG GI DEB

27

Trn Windows ph n m m th ng c phn ph i ra d i d ng file ci t .msi ho c .exe th trn Linux cng g n tng t nh v y, c i u trn Linux c nhi u hnh th c hn thi. Ph n m m cho Linux th ng c nh ng ni sau: Trong b a ci t (th ng v i nh ng b n phn ph i l n nh Redhat, openSuse, Mandriva. . . m b a ci ln t i 5 hay 6 a CD) Trn trang web c a nh s n xu t (ng i dng th ng ph i t down v v th ng c s n h ng d n ci t cho t ng h th ng) Trn cc repository (g i t t: repo) l cc ni ch a ph n m m t p trung trn m ng dnh ring cho m t h th ng no . Ubuntu v Debian s d ng repo nhi u nh t, k n l Fedora v openSuse. M i ph n m m u c ch a t i repo v khi no ng i dng c n th ph n m m s c t i v t repo r i ci t ln my. R t ti n l i trong vi c c p nh t ph n m m. Cc gi ph n m m c th c lu d ng file ch y c (nh file setup.exe th ng th y trn Windows, chng th ng l trnh ci t ring c a nh s n xu t) ho c nh d ng phn ph i dnh ring m ph bi n nh t l .RPM v .DEB (cc gi ph n m m ny c th ci t d dng v g n nh thnh chu n chung cho vi c phn ph i ph n m m). Ph n m m cng c th c phn ph i d i d ng m ngu n (nh t l ph n m m ngu n m ), ng i dng ph i t bin d ch trn my r i ci t (th ng ch p d ng v i nh ng phin b n m i nh t c a ph n m m nh , m t t th i gian bin d ch, ho c khi cha c b n deb hay rpm tng ng).

3.7.2

Ci t ph n m m ng gi deb

Do cc thng tin m ta tm hi u c ho c cc thng tin gi i thi u t i http://www.getdeb.net ta tm c cc ph n m m ng gi deb. V d , chng trnh Acrobat Reader n i ti ng cc b n c th t i t i trang ch c a h ho c t i y http://math.hcmup.edu.vn/AdobeReader_enu-8.1.3.i386.deb Lu trn trang http://www.getdeb.net c r t nhi u ph n m m h u ch ng gi d i d ng deb, v d Avidemux, Gimp, Brasero (Ghi a CD/DVD), Pitivi (bin t p Video tng t Avidemux) v.v. . . Khi ta c m t file deb, mu n ci t ph n m m ch c n nh n p vo file deb ny, chng trnh qu n l gi c a Ubuntu (dpkg) s v n hnh v ci t ph n m m han ch nh ln my tnh c a b n. K t qu c th nh n c l m t icon trn Desktop ho c t i

28


m t v tr no trn thanh trnh n c a Desktop. i v i Acrobat Reader, ngoi icon trn mn hnh, ho c ch n Application, Office, Acrobat reader 8, ta c th g i n b ng cch b m ALT F2 v g l nh acroread. Th c hnh 1. Download skype ci t Skype ch y trn Ubuntu. wget -O skype-install.deb http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-ubuntu 2. Nathive is a libre software image editor, similar to Adobe Photoshop, Corel PhotoPaint or The GIMP but focused on usability, logic and providing a smooth learning , curve for everyone. http://math.hcmup.edu.vn/ubuntu/nathive_0.813-0~getdeb1_i386.deb 3. VirtualBox is a family of powerful x86 virtualization products for enterprise as well as home use. Not only is VirtualBox an extremely feature rich, high performance product for enterprise customers, it is also the only professional solution that is freely available as Open Source Software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) http://math.hcmup.edu.vn/ubuntu/ virtualbox-2.1_2.1.4-42893_Ubuntu_intrepid_i386.deb

3.8

Ci t ph n m m c lu d i d ng nh phn (binary)

C m t s ph n m m thng m i c pht hnh trn Linux d i d ng file nh phn. Nh ng ph n m m ny c nh cung c p bin d ch v ng gi. ci t ph n m m thu c lo i ny, ta th c hi n nh sau: 1. Copy file vo m t th m c, ch ng h n /home/username/softwares ( y, username l tn c a ng i dng trn h th ng, v d /home/nthaison/softwares) Nh p ph i con tr chu t vo file bin, xu t hi n m t c a s , ch n properties, Permissons, check vo Allow executing file as program (ho c dng dng l nh chmod nh d i) M m t terminal, d n n th m c ch a file bin, v d file GoogleEarthLinux_5.bin, g sudo ./GoogleEarthLinux_5.bin Ph n m m s c ci t tng t nh trong MS Windows. 2. The Linux Realplayer is actually based on the open-source Helix player. Helix itself can be installed as a package easily (read Helix plug-in) and used instead of Realplayer.

3.9. CI T PH N M M T

SOURCE

29

These instructions are to install the proprietary version of RealPlayer only.Download Real Player official linux player at http://www.real.com/linux Open a terminal and cd to the directory you have downloaded realplayers .bin file. Then issue the following commands chmod +x RealPlayer11GOLD.bin sudo ./RealPlayer11GOLD.bin

Th c hnh 1. Ci t chng trnh GoogleEarthLinux_5.bin 2. Ci t chng trnh texmaker_linux_installer 3. Ci t chng trnh Maple11Linux32Installer.bin 4. Ci t chng trnh RealPlayer11GOLD.bin

3.9

Ci t ph n m m t source

M t s ph n m m c pht hnh d i d ng m ngu n, ng i dng ph i t bin d ch v c u hnh ci t vo my. c th bin d ch c cc file ngu n, tr c h t chng ta ci t vo my b cng c c n thi t cho qu trnh bin d ch. sudo apt-get install build-essential sudo apt-get install xorg-dev Gi s ta c chng trnh (ph n m m ngu n m , y ta l y xunikey) c cung c p d i d ng m t th m c c nn. Ta gi i nn file ny b ng nhi u cch. Cch 1, file nn ln m t th m c, v d /media/BACKUP b m p vo file ny, chng trnh x nn c a Ubuntu s ho t ng, b m vo nt Extract, b n ch n th m c ch a file x , v d th m c /media/BACKUP, b m ti p vo nt Extract s x xunikey vo th m c /media/BACKUP/x-unikey-1.0.4 Cch 2, m mc, a v t sng n file nn, nh n enter s m file nn, lc ny b n copy file/th m c x vo m t th m c do b n ch n. Cch 3, m m t terminal, chuy n n th m c c n ch a file c n x , g

30

CHNG 3. CI T PH N M M TRN UBUNTU tar -xvf x-unikey-1.0.4.tar.bz2

Note: tar is an application which can extract files from an archive, decompressing if necessary. x means extract. v means verbose (list what it is extracting). f specifies the file to use. Sau khi gi i nn xong, m m t terminal, chuy n vo th m c x-unikey-1.0.4. T i th m c ny ta g ./configure make sudo make install N u may m n khng g p tr ng i no, cc b n s ci t xunikey vo my c a mnh. Cc ph n m m ngu n m khc u th c hi n nh trn. Chng ti s c m t s bi t p th c hnh.

3.9. CI T PH N M M T

SOURCE

31


32


4. TY

BI N MN HNH V C A S

4.1

Save My Screen, Please!

Cng nh trong MS Windows, Ubuntu cung c p chng trnh ScreenSaver d ng mn hnh khi mn hnh khng c nhu c u h at ng. Nh ng ai quen v i vi c ch n ScreenSaver trong Windows s t thch nghi v i cng vi c ny trong Ubuntu. M System, Preferences, ScreenSaver sau theo h ng d n trn c a s .

4.2

Thay i Background

B t u b ng cch b m ph i chu t vo m t ni no trn desktop. T trnh n, ch n Change Desktop Background v h p tho i cc hnh n n s xu t hi n. B n cng c th truy c p vo h th ng menu trn cng c a b ng i u khi n. M System, Preferences, Appearance. Trn h p tho i xu t hi n ch n Background, sau b m vo phm Add tr t i file ch a hnh n n m b n yu thch.

4.3

S d ng cc Theme

M t Theme (ch ) l m t t p h p cc nt, trang tr, mu s c, mn hnh n n,v.v. . . . c tuy n ch n v ng gi cung c p cho my tnh c a b n. M t s ch , ngay c k t h p m thanh (dnh cho kh i ng, t t my, m c a v ng c a s chng trnh, v.v. . . ) vo tr n gi. H th ng Ubuntu c a b n i km v i m t s ch . Ch nu m c nh m b n ang nhn th y c g i l Human. Ngoi cc ch li t k s n trong h p tho i, cc b n c th download thm cc ch khc trn trang http : //www.gnome look.org, ch n GDM Themes. Ch n m t theme a thch, download v m t th m c trn my tnh, b m vo nt Install v tr n th m c ch a ch m b n mu n ch n. 33

34

CHNG 4. TY BI N MN HNH V C A S

4.4

Thay i font mn hnh

Ch n System, Preferences, Appearance. Ch n th Fonts, t cc b n c ty ch n font i u khi n mn hnh thch h p.

4.5

Ch p mn hnh

Nhu c u mn hnh l nhu c u thi t th c do cng vi c i h i. May m n l vi c ny c th c hi n tng t nh trong Windows. Mu n ch p mn hnh, ta ch c n nh n vo phm PrtSc (Print Screen), chng trnh Save Screenshot xu t hi n, mn hnh c ch p s c tn m c nh l Screenshot.png t t i th m c m c nh l Desktop, cc b n c th Save ho c copy vo Clipboard. ch nh s a hnh nh ny t yu c u s d ng, cc b n s dng GIMP ( con tr chu t vo hnh, nh p nt ph i chu t, m t menu s xu ng, ch n Open With, ch n Gimp).

4.6

Update Ci t Compiz fusion

http://tuyetkiem.wordpress.com/2008/10/31/update-cai-dat-compiz-fusion-tren-ubuntu-810/

Lu : b n hon ton c th ci t CompizFusion trong Sysnaptic. Tuy nhin c n 1 cht kinh nghi m khng ci th a, ci thi u (tr ng h p b n ci 1 gi. D n t i vi c xa i 1 gi khc c n thi t do mu thu n 2 gi) M file sources.list: sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list Thm vo v save l i : deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/compiz/ubuntu intrepid main Sau : sudo uptitude update sudo aptitude update sudo apt-get install compiz-fusion-bcop compiz-dev compizconfig-settings-manager build-essential libtool libglu1-mesa-dev libxss-dev libcairo2-dev git-core sudo apt-get install compiz-fusion-plugins-extra compiz-fusion-plugins-main compiz-plugins emerald

4.6. UPDATE CI T COMPIZ FUSION Vo System, Administration, Synaptic Package Manager, ch nh hi u ng.

35

M t cng c tr c quan nh Compiz fusion icon l i khng th y u khi ti th c hi n cc l nh trn, m c d Emeral manager v n c ci t. N ti n l i, d s d ng v c th dng thay th theme metacity b i emeral . Cc cch sau c th c s d ng thao tc v i n Cch 1: T t nhin l b n c th dng l nh thay th trn terminal : B t hiu ng compiz compiz replace Thay th theme metacity b i emeral emerald replace Thay th emeral b i metacity metacity replace Cch 2: V cng c th ci t Compiz Fusion icon n xu t hi n trn System tray m i khi ban mu n s d ng n nh sau : L nh : sudo apt-get install git git-core compiz-dev\newpage\ git-clone git://anongit.opencompositing.org/users/crdlb /fusion-icon cd ~/fusion-icon y l gi c bin d ch. V y b n ch c n ci t : sudo make install By gi vo Applications>System tools v b n nh n l i c cng c quen thu c nh Hardy Heron (Ho c nh n Alt+F2 v g fusion-icon .Click Run ch y) Cch 3: n gi n hn b n th tm th y Compiz Fusion Icon nh sau : sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager sudo apt-get install fusion-icon

36 B t n ln v n s xu t hi n

CHNG 4. TY BI N MN HNH V C A S Compiz Fusion Traybar c a b n.

Cng c th b n mu n Compiz Fusion Icon t ng ch y khi ubuntu kh i ng Vo System, Preferences, Sessions . Nh n vo nt Add v lm tng t nh d i y :

5. M

T S

V N

H

TH NG

5.1

Ci t l i Grub cho Linux

http://www.tapchilinux.com/archives/10 Th nh tho ng ngh ch ng m linh tinh hay ci t l i Windows sau khi ci Linux c th lm h ng ph n qu n l kh i ng c a Linux m thng d ng nh t hi n nay l GRUB. M t GRUB th khng nh ng khng kh i ng vo c Linux m i khi cng ch ng vo c Windows! Th ng l m t th m ho . May m n l cng c kh nhi u ng i b l i ny v h tm ra gi i php cho php ci t l i GRUB nhanh chng v n gi n nh t. Thng th ng trn cc a ci t Linux u c ph n rescue c th ph c h i ho c s a ch a m t s thnh ph n trong my. Nhi u kh nng l s c m c ch n Reinstall GRUB. Nhng i khi lm th khng nhanh v n gi n b ng vi c s d ng m t a LiveCD ci t l i GRUB. Hi n t i c kh nhi u b n Linux c LiveCD nh Ubuntu, Knoppix. . . H ng d n d i y d a trn a LiveCD c a Ubuntu. Kh i ng vo Ubuntu t a LiveCD, ch n menu Applications > Accessories > Terminal m c a s dng l nh. G vo dng sudo grub kh i ng grub, d u nh c l nh gi c d ng grub>. B n th c hi n ti p nh ng l nh sau: find /boot/grub/stage1 Lc ny s xu t hi n trn mn hnh m t ci g tng t nh (hd...) hay (hd...,...). B n g ti p vo l nh root (hd...) hay root (hd...,...) tu theo ci xu t hi n ra l ci g. Th c hi n ti p l nh setup (hd0) (l nh ny s ci GRUB ln MBR c a c ng th 1 c a my)

Sau g quit thot ra. Kh i ng l i v chc b n thnh cng ;-) . 37

38

CHNG 5. M T S

V N H TH NG

N u trong qu trnh ci l i Grub m cc b n g p l i gi ng mnh nh ki u Error 17 : Cannot mount selected partition Lm hoi v n khng c th c l l do b n hide ci partition c a Linux i. B n c n ph i Unhide n tr c b ng l nh trong grub> v d unhide (hd0,3) unhide partition th 4 trn a th nh t c a c ng (mnh khng vi t sai u). Th t ra ci chuy n hd0 l c a no l do file device.map trong th m c grub qui nh.

5.2

Font ch c a Ubuntu c t t i u?

Ngoi cc font ch c s n khi ci t Ubuntu v cc font ch mi n ph c a MS Windows, ta cng c th s d ng thm cc font ch mi n ph khc. V d , cc font ch Hng Ln Th Php. N u cha c th m c font /home/username/.fonts th ta nn t o th m c ny. V d , mkdir /home/nthaison/.fonts Copy t t c truetype font m b n mu n s d ng vo th m c ny cp *.ttf /home/nthaison/.fonts N u khng mu n log out r i l i log in, cc b n g sudo fc-cache -fv ki m tra, cc b n hy m Open Office, duy t font n u th y hi n th cc font ch ny th vi c ci t xong. Cc font ch h th ng c a Ubuntu l p thnh cc th m c con t t i th m c /usr/share/fonts/truetype N u c quy n root, cc b n x th m c nn hunglan.zip thnh m t th m c hunglan, copy th m c ny lm m t th m c con c a /usr/share/fonts/truetype sau cng nh trn, cc b n g: sudo fc-cache -fv

5.3. GHI A CD V DVD

39

Tuy nhin cc b g xvnkb, xunikey v.v. . . u khng cung c p font ch bkhcm2 c th g c cc font ch ny vo Open Office. Gi i php t m th i l s d ng wine m b g Unikey Windows v g vo notepad (c a Wine), sau copy v dn vo Open Office.

5.3

Ghi a CD v DVD

Trong Windows c nhi u cng c ghi CD/DVD nhng a s u l ph n m m thng m i, nh Nero Burning Rom.Trn Linux ta cng c nhi u cng c ghi CD/DVD ch y u l ph n m m mi n ph. Khi ci t Ubuntu, ta ng nhin c Brasero Disc Burner. M Applications, Sound & Video, Brasero Disc Burner Cc b n b m Add, sau ch n t p tin ho c th m c c n ghi ra a, ch n c r i b m ti p Add, sau b m vo nt Burn, ch n writer ph h p ghi ra CD/DVD. Ph n ny ch y u th c hnh, n u khng c a ghi CD/DVD ta c th ghi ra file iso. Mu n ghi file iso ra CD, r con tr chu t vo file iso, b m nt ph i chu t vo file ny, m t menu s xu ng, ch n Brasero Disc Burning

5.4

Qu n tr ng i dng

Trn m t my tnh Linux c th c nhi u ng i s d ng, Administrator c th thm, b t ng i dng, c th thay i password c a ng i dng. M System, Administration, Users and Groups. Khixu t hi n c a s Users Settings, ta b m vo Unlock, nh p password. Mu n thm ng i dng, nh n vo nt Add User, m t xa m t ng i dng, b m vo nt Delete, mu n s a thng tin ng i s d ng, b m p vo user name, r i t , s a ch a cc thng tin c lin quan n user ny, v d , i password.

5.5

S d ng Ubuntu Tweak

Download Ubuntu Tweak t i http://www.getdeb.net/download/3976/0 (ho c vo trang getdeb.net tm). y l file ci t, b m p vo file deb ci t vo my. Sau m Applications, System Tools, Ubuntu Tweak. y l cng c tuy t v i qu n l h th ng Ubuntu c a b n, t Startup, AutoStart,

40

CHNG 5. M T S

V N H TH NG

Session Control n System. ch c n c th i gian th c hnh, cc b n qu n l my tnh c a mnh v i m t cng c khng km g (th m ch hn) Control Panel trong MS Windows.

5.6

Theo di ti n trnh v ch m d t m t ti n trnh

i khi h th ng b ch m m t cch ng k m ta kh dng cc cng c h a theo di v t t cc ng d ng lm lng an b nh . Trong nh ng tr ng h p nh vy, ta b t bu c ph i dng dng l nh, t t nhin lc h th ng cha b treo. Vi c lm ny, gi ng nh trong Windows cc b n b m Ctrl - Alt Delete b ch n cc ng d ng lm ch m h th ng. L nh ps Li t k cc ti n trnh ang ch y trn h th ng. Khi ch y ps v khng cung c p tham s no pha sau, BASH s li t k cc ti n trnh ng i dng hi n t i ang ch y v ang lm vi c trn u cu i i u khi n. Cc tu ch n b sung: -aux : li t k t t c cc ti n trnh ang ch y (b i t t c cc ng i dng) -a : li t k t t c cc ti n trnh c a t t c cc ng i dng. -u username : li t k cc ti n trnh, km theo tn ng i dng, hi u su t CPU v khng gian nh m ti n trnh s d ng. -x : li t k cc ti n trnh ang ch y nhng khng thu c u cu i no (cc ng d ng X ch ng h n) -l : li t k cc thng tin chi ti t cho m i ti n trnh. forest : li t k cc ti n trnh ang ch y d i d ng cy, b n bi t chnh xc m i tng quan gi a chng. V d , m m t terminal, g ps ax Ch c t th nh t PID. Mu n t t m t ti n trnh, ta g kill -9 s _PID ho c kill -15 s _PID

(-15 n u S _PID tng ng v i m t ph n m m (Soft Kill)) V d , mu n t t bluetooth-applet ta g kill -a 7053 mu n t t ph n m m texmaker, ta g kill -15 9437 Ngoi ra, ta cng cn c c php khc nh sau ( t t amarok, firefox):

5.7. NVIDIA DRIVER killall amarok killall firefox

41

Lu : Khng gi ng nh kill t t ti n trnh c pid v id no , killall t t m t ti n trnh c tn chnh xc c nh p vo. V d , t t ti n trnh mozilla, ta g: killall mozilla

5.7

NVidia Driver

Gi s b n c m t my tnh v i card mn hnh r i NVIDIA, v d my tnh Lenovo ThinkPad T61 Khi b n nng c p h th ng, nh nng c p Kernel ch ng h n, Ubuntu s khng nh n di n c card mn hnh NVIDIA, lc n s hi n th mn hnh 640 x 480. set l i mn hnh ng phn gi i c a n (l 1400 x 1050, ), cc b n s ph i download file NVIDIA-Linux-x86-x-pkg1.run t trang Web c a NVIDA (x l s phin b n hi n t i c a Nvidia), hi n nay l NVIDIA-Linux-x86-180.29-pkg1.run. Sau l n l t theo cc b c sau y: 1. G b driver do Ubuntu cung c p, b ng cch dng l nh sudo apt-get remove purge nvidia-glx (n u ci t b n install) 2. chmod 777 NVIDIA-Linux-x86-180.29-pkg1.run 3. B m CTRL ALT F1 tr ra mn hnh console v t t giao di n h a b ng l nh sudo invoke-rc.d gdm stop 4. Ci t driver do nh cung c p vi t, b ng cch chuy n n th m c ch a file run ni trn v g l nh sudo ./NVIDIA-Linux-x86-180.29-pkg1.run 5. Chng trnh s t ng ci t, cc b n ph i tr l i Yes, No ty cu h i 6. Kh i ng l i h th ng sudo reboot V y l xong. Mn hnh by gi ch c ch n ng phn gi i c a n.A Ti li u ny c s p ch b ng L TEX ch y trn Ubuntu Linux

42

CHNG 5. M T S

V N H TH NG

Ph n II Cc ng d ng ch y trn Ubuntu

43

6. S

D NG M T S

PH N M M

6.1

Chat v i Pidgin Internet Messenger

Ng i dng m ng my tnh khng ai l khng bi t chat. Trong Windows ta th ng dng Yahoo Messenger. Trong Ubuntu, ta cng c th chat v i cc b n chat v n th ng trao i trong Windows. Nh v y cc b n ph i c m t Yahoo Messenger account. V d , c a chng ti l nthaison59. Cc b n m Applications, Internet, Pidgin Internet Messenger, b n nh n c m t c a s Buddy List. B n ch n Accounts nh p cc thng tin c a mnh. Ch n Buddies, New Instant Message b n s c h i b n mu n chat v i Yahoo Messenger Account no, t t nhin nh p account c a ng i mu n chat. (Lu c th chat v i ICQ account).

6.2

S d ng Gimp

M t ti li u o t o ng i s d ng v Gimp i km v i CD c a l p h c. y chng ti ,mu n gi i thi u cch s dng n gi n nh t x l nh dnh cho nh ng ng i th ng c t nh b ng MS Paint. g i Gimp, cc b n m Applications, Graphics, GIMP Image Edtor. Gi s b n c m t t m nh l n, mu n c t m t ph n trong ra thnh m t nh nh . Cch lm nh sau: 1. R con tr chu t vo file ch a nh l n. Nh p ph i chu t, ch n Gimp. 2. Gimp s m t m nh l n . B n ch n Toolbox. thnh hnh ch nh t (icon trn cng bn tri). ay ta ch n cng c c t

3. C t m t ph n m b n ch n b ng cng c ny, b m Ctrl C (copy), Ctrl N (m m t c a s m i, ch p nh n kch th c ngh), Ctrl V (dn vo c s m i ny). Dng con chu t r vo st l tri trn c a khung hnh (ni ch a g c t a ). 45

46

CHNG 6. S

D NG M T S

PH N M M

4. B m Ctrl N l n n a, r con tr chu t vo gc ph i d i c a nh nh s th y t a c a gc ph i d i ny. Ch n t a ny ln kch th c m i, b m Ctrl V dn hnh c t vo, lc ny hnh dn v a kht khung nh, save vo my. Ta th c hi n xong th thu t c t m t ph n nh nh trong nh l n lu l i s d ng v m c ch c a mnh. T t c cc hnh c t trong file ny, ti u th c hi n nh th (hi b t ti n so v i MS Paint, c th dng chu t thu nh kch th c. B l i Gimp r t chuyn nghi p snh ngang v i Adobe Photoshop)

6.3

S d ng Evolution Mail

Khi b n ci t MS Windows, b n c s h u chng trnh OutLook Express (ho c MS OutLook). Tng t khi b n ci Ubuntu Linux, b n c m t ph n m m qu n l Email tng t OutLook Express, l chng trnh Evolution Mail. L n u tin s d ng Evolution Mail, cc b n ph i ti n hnh nh sau: Gi s b n c m t a ch email, nh c a ti l [email protected] Cc b n m Applications, Internet, Evolution Mail. Trong ph n Identity, g h v tn y c a b n vo trong Full Name v a ch th i n t c a b n vo E-mail Address. y l a ch th i n t m nh cung c p d ch v Internet a cho b n. Ti kho n Evolution s c c u hnh d a trn thng tin ny. Nh n nt Forward. Full Name ti ch n Nguy n Thi Sn, a ch email ti g [email protected] Trong ph n Receiving E-mail, ch n ki u my ch m nh cung c p d ch v s d ng vo Server Type. Evolution h tr r t nhi u ki u my ch khc nhau, nhng thng th ng ng i ta hay dng d ch v th i n t ki u POP. Server ti ch n pop.gmail.com, username ti ch n [email protected], Security ti ch n SSL Trong ph n Receiving Options, Message storage, ch n Leave message on server n u b n mu n nguyn cc th i n t nh n c trn my ch . Trong ph n Sending E-mail, t cc thng tin tng ng v i cch th c m b n mu n th c hi n vi c g i th. Ch n my ch g i th i n t trong ph n Server Type l SMTP v i Server l smtp.gmail.com, security v n ch n SSL. , Trn trang Account Management, Name ti v n ch n l [email protected]

6.3. S

D NG EVOLUTION MAIL

47

n y coi nh th c hi n xong, m i khi g i Evolution, ta vo mi tr ng lm vi c c a n g i v nh n Email. Ngoi Evolution, cc b n c th ci Mozilla Thunderbird sudo apt-get install thunderbird v ti n hnh khai bo nh trn. Dng Thunderbird cc b n c th s d ng cng m t lc nhi u hp th in t . . .

3. Menu Insert: Cc thay i v tn gi nhng khng thay i v chc nng ca cc lnh trong menu Insert ca Writer:Cc lnh Insert ca Word 1.Date and time v Page Number 2. Auto Text 3. Symbols 4. Comment 5. References 6. Text Box Cc lnh Insert tng ng ca Writer 1. Insert Fields 2. Edit Auto Text 3. Special char 4. Note 5. Indexes and Tables 6. Frames

4. Menu Format

ca Word c thay th bng Format Character. Khng cn nt lnh Border and Shading... m chia thnh 2 phn: phn Border v Background cho on vn bn th tch hp vo lnh Paragraph, phn Border v Background th tch hp vo phn Pages. Khng cn nt lnh Tabs... m c Writer tch hp vo lnh Paragraph.Format Font

Tuy nhin, chnh khong cch mc nh khi nhn phm Tab li phi thit lp mc Options ca menu Tools

Mo 1: chn n v o l cm, m ToolsSettings chn Measurement Unnit l cm Mo 2: to v chn ch WordArt, m View Toolbars . Chn Drawing. Thanh cng c Drawing s nm pha di ging nh Word. Tuy nhin, nt lnh WordArt c i tn l Fontwork Gallery c hnh ch A.

Options

OpenOffice Writer

General

Nt lnh Change Case th ch cn 2 chc nng l ch hoa, ch thng, m khng cn chc nng i ch hoa u t. Nt lnh Drop Cap c tch hp vo Paragraph v Pages, nt lnh Text Direction c chuyn qua phn nh dng ca Bng. Lnh Group trong Draw Toolbar ca Word c Writer a hn thnh 1 lnh ring trong menu Format

4. Menu View Writer thay th nt lnh Outline bng Nonprinting Characters, lnh Header and Footer c chuyn vo Insert Header/Footer v nh dng trong Format Page Header,Footer...

Ngoi ra, Writer a ch vin khung cho phn vn bn thnh mt nt lnh ring l Text Boundaries (trong Word, ch ny nm mcTools

5. Menu Tools: Mt vi lu khi m Tools Options: 1. Mc OpenOffice.org gm: User Data: ci t cc thng s v tn ngi s dng (ging nh phn File /Properties ca Word). Fonts: dng thay th nhanh cc font trong on vn bn bng cc font ch khc. y l chc nng mi ca OpenOffice chc nng bo mt cho file vn bn: to mt khu m file, to mt khu ch c,... Ging tab chc nng Security ca Word. 2. Mc Load/ Save: gm cc lnh ging tab Save trong Tools Options ca Word. (Cnh bo khi ta lu file khng ng nh dng, nhm gip chng ta trnh sai st khi lu vn bn). General: Phn save: nh du chn vo cc mc: Always create backup copy, SaveSecurity:

Options

View

Text

Boundaries) v

b sung thm lnh Data Sources (khng ph cp vi ngi s dng thng thng)

Phn Default file format: Mc Document type: chn Text Document. Always save as: nn chn l Microsoft Word 97/2000/XP c th s dng c file khi em qua cc my khng c OpenOffice. Th VBA Properties: nn nh du chn tt c cc on m VBA ca Word, Excel, PowerPoint trong vn bn tng thch vi OpenOffice Th MicrosoftOffice: nn nh du chn tt c cc mc OpenOffice c th nhn dng cc i tng nh Word-Art, MathType... gip chng ta chnh sa d dng,v ngc li, n s t ng chuyn cc cng thc c to bi OpenOffice.org Math thnh i tng c nhn din bi Mathtype. Nu khng chn mc ny th khng th chnh sa cc cng thc Ton to bng Writer bng Mathtype. TM TT

TI LIU HNG DN S DNG OPEN OFFICE 3.0 DNH CHO NGI CHUYN T MS OFFICE 2003Thc hin: Nguyn Thi Sn Lu quan trng: nh dng mc nh ca Writer l odt nn nu cc bn lu bng nh dng ny th s khng th m c bng Word. Do vy, cc bn nn lu d liu di dng file .doc c th d dng lm vic vi ti liu khi my khc khng ci OpenOffice. 1. Menu File (bn tri l ca MS Word, bn phi l ca Open Office Writer) Cc chc nng trong Menu File ca MSW v ca OOW gn nh ging nhau. Menu File ca Writer khng c lnh Page Setup (n c chuyn sang Format Page), b li OOW c hai chc nng m MSW khng c l: Wizards gip thit k nhanh biu mu dng Letter, Fax, Agenda, Presentation, WebPage v chc nng Export as PDF gip bn lu file thnh tp tin PDF nhanh chng d dng m khng cn cng c no khc.

1. S dng Open Office trn MS Windows hon ton tng t nh s dng MS Word,rt nhiu phm tt m bn quen vi MSW vn s dng li vi cng tnh nng, nh Ctrl B, Ctrl I, Ctrl U, Ctrl A, Ctrl E, Ctrl R, Ctrl L. 2. Rt nhiu tnh nng c OOW t ln Toolbars c s dng nh MSW 3. Thao tc m, ng, Save, Save As mt ti liu, chn mt bng, chn mt hnh vn thc hin nh trc y, tuy c th phi chn menu khc. 4. Tt c cc vn lin quan n on vn bn, cc bn chn Format- Paragraph, tt c cc vn lin quan n trang vn bn, cc bn chn Format - Page 5. Lu mt vi mo s dng m chng ti km theo, v d nh s trang 6. Mt s tnh nng mi so vi MSW cc bn nn tp s dng, nh Export As PDF 7. Trc khi in, cc bn phi chn File - Printer settings cn thn, sau ra lnh in t menu File hoc biu tng trn Toolbars. 8. C mt s tnh nng m MSW s dng d hn, v d Mail Merge. Nu buc phi s dng tnh nng ny, cc bn phi kin tr v tm ti liu trn mng c thm 9. S ngi s dng Open Office trong nc v trn th gii khng phi l t. V vy bn c th s nhn c s h tr t cng ng. V d, hy t cu hi ln din n http://mathforums.hcmup.edu.vn/ubuntu chng ti s tr gip. Ti liu tham kho http://www.asianuxvietnam.vn/uploads/File/Upload/gioi_thieu_Op enOffice_Write.pdf Mo nh s trang. Khng ging nh MSW, cc bn nh s trang nh sau: To Footer hoc Header (Insert Footer Default), sau m Insert Fields Page Number.Ti liu ny c pht hnh min ph cho ngi dng Open Office 3 ti trng HSP TP HCM. Khi thc hin, do thi gian gp gp, chng ti s dng kh nhiu ni dung trong ti liu tham kho. Chng ti cm n giaovien.net c bi vit thit thc ny.

2. Menu Edit

Chc nng AutoText c Writer tch hp vo trong menu Edit, chc nng Find v Replace c Writer gp chung thnh mt l Find&Replace. Cc chc nng Changes v Exchange Database khng ph bin vi nhu cu thng thng. Cc nt lnh khc hon ton ging nhau. V d tng ng vi chc nng Goto (Crtl+G) ca MSW l Navigator (F5) ca OOW (gip ta n nhanh mt trang).

Qun l cc tp tinDi chuyn / lit k cc tp tinpwd cd hin ln tn th mc ang lm vic vi di chuyn sang th mc /home/ngi_dng

Tp tin v th mccp file1 file2 cp file /thmc cp -r thmc1 thmc2 rsync -a thmc1 thmc2 mv file1 file2 mv thmc1 thmc2 mv file thmc mv file1 thmc/file2 mkdir thmc chp file1 sang file2 chp file vo th mc thmc chp ton b ni dung ca th mc thmc1 sang th mc thmc2 chuyn tn tp tin file1 thnh tn file2 chuyn tn thmc1 thnh thmc2 chuyn tp tin file vo th mc thmc chuyn file1 vo th mc thmc ng thi i tn tp tin thnh file2 to ra th mc thmc

Ni dung cc tp tincat file more file xut hin ni dung ca tp tin file trn mn hnh dng m ASCII xut hin ni dung ca tp tin file trn mn hnh theo ch tng trang mt : n phm Enter xung 1 dng ; n phm Space sang thm 1 trang ; n phm q thot. less ging nh more , nhng cho php dng phm [Page Down] xut hin s n dng u tin ca tp tin file xut hin s n dng cui cng ca file son tp tin file dng trnh son vi son tp tin file dng trnh son nano son tp tin file dng trnh son gedit xut hin cc dng cha ni dung chui trong tp tin file tm ni dung chui trong tt c cc tp tin trong th mc mang tn thmc ghi kt qu ca lnh lnh trong tp tin file b sung kt qu ca lnh lnh phn cui ca tp tin file

cd ~/Desktop di chuyn sang th mc /home/ngi_dng/Desktop cd .. cd /usr/apt di chuyn sang th mc cha (ngay trn th mc hin hnh) di chuyn sang th mc /usr/apt

less file head -n file tail -n file vi file nano file gedit file grep chui file grep -r chui thmc lnh > file lnh >> file

ls -l Thmc lit k danh mc tp tin trong th mc Thmc mt dir -l Thmc cch chi tit ls -a dir -a ls -d dir -d ls -t dir -d ls -S dir -S ls -l | more lit k tt c cc tp tin, k c cc tp tin n (thng c tn bt u bng mt du chm) lit k tn cc th mc nm trong th mc hin hnh xp li cc tp tin theo ngy to ra, bt u bng nhng tp tin mi nht xp li cc tp tin theo kch thc, t to nht n nh nht lit k theo tng trang mt, nh tin ch more

mkdir -p thmc1/thmc2 to ra th mc cha thmc1 v th mc con thmc2 cng lc rm file rmdir thmc rm -rf thmc ln -s file linkt xa b tp tin file trong th mc hin hnh xa b th mc trng mang tn thmc xa b th mc mang tn thmc vi tt c cc tp tin trong (force) to ra mt lin kt mang tn linkt n tp tin file (ni tt) tm tp tin mang tn file trong th mc thmc k c trong cc th mc con so snh ni dung ca 2 tp tin hoc ca 2 th mc

Quyn truy cp tp tinchown tnngidng file xc nh ngi ch ca tp tin file l ngi dng mang tn tnngidng xc nh ngi ch ca th mc thmc, k c cc th mc con (-R) l ngi dng tnngidng chuyn tp tin file thnh s hu ca nhm ngi dng mang tn nhm giao (+) quyn thc hin (x) tp tin file cho ngi dng (u) rt (-) quyn ghi (w) file ca nhm (g) rt (-) quyn c (r) tp tin file ca nhng ngi dng khc (o) giao (+) quyn c (r) v ghi (w) file cho mi ngi (a) giao (+) quyn c (r) v vo bn trong th mc (x) thmc, k c tt c cc th mc con ca n (-R), cho tt c mi ngi (a)

find thmc -name file diff file1 file2

Nn v gii nn tp tintar xvf archive.tar gii phng cc tp tin c trong tp tin archive.tar , ng thi hin th cc tn tp tin gii nn cc tp tin c trong tp tin archive.tar.gz dng gzip v tar gii nn cc tp tin c trong tp tin archive.tar.bz2 dng bzip v tar to ra mt tp tin archive.tar cha cc tp tin file1, file2 to mt tp tin archive.tar.gz dng gzip cha ton b th mc thmc to tp tin nn file.txt.gz gii nn tp tin file.txt to tp tin nn file.txt.bz2 gii nn tp tin file.txt

chown -R tnngidng thmc chgrp nhm file chmod u+x file chmod g-w file chmod o-r file chmod a+rw file chmod -R a+rx thmc

tar xvfz archive.tar.gz tar jxvf archive.tar.bz2

tar cvf archive.tar file1 file2

T ghi nh

tar cvfz archive.tar.gz thmc gzip file.txt gunzip file.txt.gz bzip2 file.txt bunzip2 file.txt.bz2

ubuntuGNU / LinuxBn gc : 08/2006 Bn dch : 01/2007

Qun tr h thngC bnsudo command gksudo command sudo -k uname -r shutdown -h now lsusb lspci time command command1 | command2 clear thc hin lnh command vi t cch ngi siu dng (root) ging vi sudo nhng dng cho cc ng dng ho chm dt ch dng lnh c chc nng ca ngi siu dng cho bit phin bn ca nhn Linux khi ng li my tnh ngay lp tc lit k cc thit b usb hoc pci c mt trong my tnh cho bit thi gian cn thit thc hin xong lnh command chuyn kt qu ca lnh command1 lm u vo ca lnh command2 xo mn hnh ca ca s Thit b cui (terminal)

Gi phn mm/etc/apt/sources.list tp tin xc nh ngun cc kho phn mm ti xung nhm ci mi hoc cp nht h thng cp nht danh sch cc gi phn mm cn c vo cc kho phn mm c trong tp tin sources.list cp nht cc gi phn mm ci ri nng cp phin bn Ubuntu ang c n phin bn mi tip theo ci phn mm soft ng thi gii quyt cc gi phn mm ph thuc loi b phn mm soft cng nh tt c cc gi phn mm trc thuc dpkg -c paquet.deb dpkg -I paquet.deb

gii quyt cc gi ph thuc) lit k ni dung ca gi paquet.deb hin th thng tin ca gi paquet.deb

apt-get update

Ch : cn ci cc gi phn mm apt-file, alien v deborphan nu mun dng chng.

Mng my tnh/etc/network/interfaces uname -a ping a chIP ifconfig -a ifconfig eth0 a chIP ifdown eth0 ifconfig eth0 down ifup eth0 ifconfig eth0 up poweroff -i route add default gw a ch IP route del default thng tin cu hnh ca cc b phn giao din (interfaces) hin th tn ca my tnh trong mng (hostname) th ni mng n my c a ch IP hin th thng tin v tt c cc giao din mng ang c xc nh a ch IP cho giao din cc mng eth0 ngng hot ng giao din cc mng eth0 kch hot giao din cc mng eth0 ngng hot ng tt c cc ni mng xc nh a ch IP ca my lm cng dn n bn ngoi mng cc b b a ch IP mc nh ra khi mng cc b

apt-get upgrade apt-get dist-upgrade apt-get install soft apt-get remove soft

apt-get remove --purge soft loi b phn mm soft k c tp tin cu hnh ca phn mm soft apt-get autoclean apt-cache dumpavail apt-cache search soft xo b cc bn sao chp ca nhng gi phn mm b loi b hin th danh sch cc gi phn mm ang c cho bit danh sch cc gi phn mm c tn, hoc c phn m t, cha chui soft hin th phn m t ca gi phn mm soft hin th cc thng tin ca gi phn mm soft lit k cc gi phn mm cn thit cho gi phn mm soft lit k cc gi phn mm cn n gi phn mm soft cp nht thng tin cn c vo danh sch ngun phn mm trong tp tin sources.list xc nh tp tin file thuc gi phn mm no lit k cc tp tin c trong gi phn mm soft lit k cc gi phn mm m ci chuyn phn mm paquet.rpm thnh gi phn mm dng Debian paquet.deb (-d) v thc hin ci t lun (-i) ci t phn mm paquet.deb (khng

Tin trnh (Processus)ps -ef ps aux ps aux | grep soft kill pid kill -9 pid xkill hin th tt c cc tin trnh c thc hin (pid et ppid) hin th chi tit cc tin trnh hin th cc tin trnh lin quan n chng khi ng soft bo chm dt tin trnh mang s pid yu cu h thng chm dt tin trnh pid chm dt mt ng dng theo dng ho (n chut vo ca s ca ng dng)

apt-cache show soft apt-cache showpkg soft apt-cache depends soft apt-cache rdepends soft apt-file update

Phn vng cng/etc/fstab fdisk -l mkdir /media/diskusb mount /media/cleusb umount /media/cleusb mount -a mount -a -o remount fdisk /dev/hda1 mkfs.ext3 /dev/hda1 mkfs.vfat /dev/hda1 cha cc thng tin v cc cng v h thng tp tin c gn t dng hin th cc phn vng tch cc to th mc gn h thng tp tin ca thit b diskusb gn h thng tp tin diskusb tch ra h thng tp tin diskusb gn, tch ra hoc gn li tt c cc /thit b c trong tp tin /etc/fstab to mi v b phn vng trn cng IDE th nht to mt h thng tp tin ext3 trn phn vng /dev/hda1 to mt h thng tp tin fat32 trn phn vng /dev/hda1

apt-file search file

T ghi nh

apt-file list soft deborphan alien -di paquet.rpm

ubuntuGNU / LinuxBn gc : 08/2006 Bn dch : 01/2007

dpkg -i paquet.deb

52

CHNG 6. S

D NG M T S

PH N M M


Ph n III S d ng Ubuntu v i giao di n dng l nh

53

Command

TI LIU THAM KHO TAN DIN V COMMAND LINE Description Show commands pertinent to string. See also threadsafe make a pdf of a manual page Show full path name of command See how long a command takes Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See also sw Run a low priority command (The "info" reader in this case) Make shell (script) low priority. Use for non interactive tasks Go to previous directory Go to $HOME directory Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it quick dir listing List files by date. See also newest and find_mm_yyyy Print in 9 columns to width of terminal Search 'expr' in this dir and below. See also findrepo Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir and below Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop) Find files not readable by all (useful for web site) Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site) Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt Quickly search (sorted) dictionary for prefix

apropos whatis man -t man | ps2pdf - > man.pdf which command time command time cat nice info renice 19 -p $$ dir navigation cd cd (cd dir && command) pushd . file searching alias l='ls -l --color=auto' ls -lrt ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'example' find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'example' find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done find -type f ! -perm -444 find -type d ! -perm -111 locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt' look reference

grep --color reference /usr/share/dict/words archives and compression gpg -c file gpg file.gpg tar -c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar -x tar -c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg' find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar -c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --targetdirectory=dir_txt/ --parents ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p ) ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar -c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p ) ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p' dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=sda.gz'

Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary Encrypt file Decrypt file Make compressed archive of dir/ Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files) Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine Make archive of subset of dir/ and below Make copy of subset of dir/ and below Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/ Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir Backup harddisk to remote machine

rsync (Network efficient file copier: Use the --dry-run option for testing) rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html' Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O Mirror web site (using compression and encryption)

rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh Synchronize current directory with remote . remote:/dir/ one ssh (Secure SHell) ssh $USER@$HOST command ssh -f -Y $USER@$HOSTNAME xeyes scp -p -r $USER@$HOST: file dir/ ssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 root@$HOST Run command on $HOST as $USER (default command=shell) Run GUI command on $HOSTNAME as $USER Copy with permissions to $USER's home directory on $HOST Forward connections to $HOSTNAME:8080

out to $HOST:80 ssh -R 1434:imap:143 root@$HOST wget (multi purpose download tool) (cd dir/ && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html) wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/dir/ wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir Continue downloading a partially downloaded file Download a set of files to the current directory FTP supports globbing directly Forward connections from $HOST:1434 in to imap:143

wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | Process output directly grep 'a href' | head echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 wget --limit-rate=20k url wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html wget --mirror http://www.example.com/ Download url at 1AM to current dir Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case) Check links in a file Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron) Show status of ethernet interface eth0 Manually set ethernet interface speed Show status of wireless interface eth1 Manually set wireless interface speed List wireless networks in range List network interfaces Rename interface eth0 to wan Bring interface eth0 up (or down) List addresses for interfaces Add (or del) ip and mask (255.255.255.0) List routing table Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254 Add 20ms latency to loopback device (for testing) Remove latency added above Lookup DNS ip address for name or vice

networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete) ethtool eth0 ethtool --change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full iwconfig eth1 iwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb/s fixed iwlist scan ip link show ip link set dev eth0 name wan ip link set dev eth0 up ip addr show ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0 ip route show ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1:0 netem delay 20msec

tc qdisc del dev lo root host pixelbeat.org

versa hostname -i whois pixelbeat.org netstat -tupl netstat -tup Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`) Lookup whois info for hostname or ip address List internet services on a system List active connections to/from system

windows networking (Note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support) smbtree nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 smbclient -L windows_box Find windows machines. See also findsmb Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address List shares on windows machine or samba server

mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/ Mount a windows share share /mnt/share echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_box Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2)

text manipulation (Note sed uses stdin and stdout. Newer versions support inplace editing with the -i option) sed 's/string1/string2/g' sed 's/$.*$1/\12/g' sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' sed 's/[ \t]*$//' sed 's/$[\\`\\"$\\\\]$/\\\1/g' seq 10 | sed "s/^/ sed -n '10,20p;20q' sed -n 's/.*$.*$.*/\1/ip;T;q' sed -i 42d ~/.ssh/known_hosts sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom history | wc -l /; s/ *$.\{7,\}$/\1/" Replace string1 with string2 Modify anystring1 to anystring2 Remove comments and blank lines Concatenate lines with trailing \ Remove trailing spaces from lines Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes Right align numbers Print 1000th line Print lines 10 to 20 Extract title from HTML web page Delete a particular line Sort IPV4 ip addresses Case conversion Filter non printable characters Count lines

sed -n '1000p;1000q'

set operations (Note you can export LANG=C for speed. Also these assume no duplicate lines within

a file) sort file1 file2 | uniq sort file1 file2 | uniq -d sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u sort file1 file2 | uniq -u join -a1 -a2 file1 file2 join file1 file2 join -v2 file1 file2 join -v1 -v2 file1 file2 math echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l Quick math (Calculate ). See also bc echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | More complex (int) e.g. This shows max bc FastE packet rate echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' Python handles scientific notation | python echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/ ((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot -persist Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal) Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion)) Unit conversion (metric to imperial) Unit conversion (SI to IEC prefixes) Definition lookup Add a column of numbers. See also add and funcpy Display a calendar Display a calendar for a particular month year What date is it this friday. See also day exit a script unless it's the last day of the month What day does xmas fall on, this year Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to date What time is it on West coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ) Union of unsorted files Intersection of unsorted files Difference of unsorted files Symmetric Difference of unsorted files Union of sorted files Intersection of sorted files Difference of sorted files Symmetric Difference of sorted files

echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206' | bc echo $((0x2dec)) units -t '100m/9.69s' 'miles/hour' units -t '500GB' 'GiB' units -t '1 googol' seq 100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bc calendar cal -3 cal 9 1752 date -d fri [ $(date -d "tomorrow" +%d) = "01" ] || exit date --date='25 Dec' +%A date --date='@2147483647' TZ=':America/Los_Angeles' date

echo "mail -s 'get the train' [email protected] < /dev/null" | at 17:45

Email reminder

echo "DISPLAY=$DISPLAY xmessage cooker" | at Popup reminder "NOW + 30 minutes" Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale get ls to do thousands grouping appropriate to locale Extract info from locale database Lookup locale info for specific country. See also ccodes List fields available in locale database Show available conversions (aliases on each line) Windows "ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion) Windows utf8 to local charset Latin9 (western europe) to utf8 Base64 encode Quoted printable decode Text to HTML Lookup table of characters Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap Show latin-9 encoding Show utf-8 encoding Save copy of data cdrom Create cdrom image from contents of dir Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only) Clear a CDRW

locales printf "%'d\n" 1234 BLOCK_SIZE=\'1 ls -l echo "I live in `locale territory`" LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos) recode -l | less recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 recode /qp.. < file.txt > file.qp recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x CDs gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz mkisofs -V LABEL -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast

gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev) cdparanoia -B Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir

cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio *.wav oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg' disk space (See also FSlint) ls -lSr du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head df -h df -i fdisk -l rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t$ {Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n

Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) Make ogg file from wav file

Show files by size, biggest last Show top disk users in current dir. See also dutop Show free space on mounted filesystems Show free inodes on mounted filesystems Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root) List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros Create a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate truncate data of file or create an empty file Monitor messages in a log file Summarise/profile system calls made by command List system calls made by command List library calls made by command List paths that process id has open List processes that have specified path open Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me List processes in a hierarchy

dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test > file monitoring/debugging tail -f /var/log/messages strace -c ls >/dev/null strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null lsof -p $$ lsof ~ tcpdump not port 22 ps -e -o pid,args --forest

ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu List processes by % cpu usage | sed '/^ 0.0 /d' ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS List processes by mem usage. See also ps_mem.py List all threads for a particular process List info for particular process IDs Show system reboot history Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m

ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state ps -p 1,2 last reboot free -m

displays in MB) watch -n.1 'cat /proc/interrupts' uname -a head -n1 /etc/issue cat /proc/partitions grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo lspci -tv lsusb -tv mount | column -t grep -F capacity: /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info # dmidecode -q | less # smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours # hdparm -i /dev/sda # hdparm -tT /dev/sda # badblocks -s /dev/sda interactive (see also linux keyboard shortcuts) readline screen mc gnuplot links xdg-open http://www.pixelbeat.org/ miscellaneous alias hd='od -Ax -tx1z -v' alias realpath='readlink -f' set | grep $USER touch -c -t 0304050607 file Handy hexdump. (usage e.g.: hd /proc/self/cmdline | less) Canonicalize path. (usage e.g.: realpath ~/../ $USER) Search current environment Set file timestamp (YYMMDDhhmm) Line editor used by bash, python, bc, gnuplot, ... Virtual terminals with detach capability, ... Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ... Interactive/scriptable graphing Web browser open a file or url with the registered desktop application Watch changeable data continuously Show kernel version and system architecture Show name and version of distribution Show all partitions registered on the system Show RAM total seen by the system Show CPU(s) info Show PCI info Show USB info List mounted filesystems on the system (and align output) Show state of cells in laptop battery Display SMBIOS/DMI information How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total Show info about disk sda Do a read speed test on disk sda Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda system information (see also sysinfo) ('#' means root access is required)

7. CC

L NH SHELL C B N

7.1

ng nh p, ng xu t, qu n l t p tin, ng i dng, m t kh u.

C r t nhi u l do chng ta tm hi u v c ch dng l nh trong Linux, Ubuntu cung c p m t t p h p v cng a d ng cc l nh t n gi n n ph c t p p ng nhu c u t ng i dng thng th ng n nh ng chuyn gia v h th ng.

7.1.1

C u trc cy th m c trong Ubuntu.

Khng gi ng nh trong Windows, cy th m c trong Ubuntu b t u t m t i m g c duy nh t (root). Ch : Trong Linux, t t c m i ngu n ti nguyn u c xem l m t t p tin. V d nh a, chu t, bn phm,. . . T ta c cc lo i file khc nhau: File thu n vn b n, file kh i, file th c thi, . . . / : Th m c g c, ch a t t c cc th m c khc. /home : Th m c Nh l ni ch a t t c cc thng tin, ti li u c a t ng ng i dng, m i ng i dng s c m t th m c con ring n m trong th m c /home ny. /dev : Ch a cc thi t b ph n c ng. /etc : Ch a cc file c u hnh cho h th ng v cc d ch v . /etc/init.d : Cc script c n thi t cho qu trnh kh i ng h i u hnh Linux. /usr/bin : Ch a cc file th c thi thng th ng. /bin : Ch a cc file th c thi tr c v khi kh i ng. /usr/sbin : Ch a cc file th c thi dnh cho qu n tr h th ng. /usr/share/doc : Cc lo i ti li u khc nhau. /usr/share/man : H ng d n s d ng cho cc l nh. 63

64

CHNG 7. CC L NH SHELL C B N

/usr/src : Ch a m ngu n cho cc ng d ng trong h th ng (n u c) /usr/src/linux : Ch a m ngu n cho nhn (kernel) c a Linux /tmp, /var/tmp : Cc file t m. /usr : Ch a t t c cc ng d ng cho ng i dng. /var : Ch a cc file c u hnh v d li u c a cc d ch v . /var/log : Cc file log cho h th ng. /lib : Th vi n lin k t ng. /proc : Ch a cc thng tin ph c v cho cc ti n trnh ang th c thi.

7.1.2

Cc l nh qu n l t p tin v th m c.

Ch : Cc l nh trong Linux phn bi t ch hoa v ch th ng.

1. T o th m c 2. Xa th m c: 3. Di chuy n, i tn th m c ho c file: 4. Sao chp file hay th m c:

mkdir Tn_th_m c_c n_t o rmdir Tn_th_m c_c n_xa mv Ngu n ch cp Ngu n ch

5. T o file text: cat > Tn_file_c n_t o Sau g n i dung c a file vo, n Ctrl+D k t thc. 6. Xem n i dung file text: 7. Xa file: 8. Li t k danh sch file v th m c: Dng v i tham s l hi n th chi ti t hn. 9. c x dng u c a file 10. c n dng cu i file cat Tn_file_c n_xem rm Tn_file_c n_xa ls Tn_th_m c

head n x Tn_file_c n_ c tail n x Tn_file_c n_ c

7.1. NG NH P, NG XU T, QU N L T P TIN

65

7.1.3

C ch phn quy n trn t p tin v th m c.

Quy n h n khi thao tc trn file v th m c r t c Linux ch tr ng. C 3 ph n chnh trong c ch phn quy n: User - dng c p quy n cho ng i dng s h u file, Group -c p quy n cho nhm s h u file , Other -c p quy n cho nh ng ng i khc. M i ph n s c 3 quy n h n khc nhau l: Read (r: quy n c), Write (w: quy n ghi) v Execute (x: Quy n th c thi file). Quy c v quy n h n: Read = 4, Write = 2, Execute = 1. Quy n h n t ng h p cho m t i t ng (User, Group hay Other) c tnh l t ng c a 3 s trn. V d : 755 c ngha l: User: 4 + 2 + 1(Read, Write, Execute), Group: 4 + 1 (Read+Execute), Other: 4 + 1 (Read+Execute). L nh dng thay i c p quy n cho file hay th m c: chmod xyz Tn_File_C n_C p_Quy n V i x: quy n cho User, y: quy n cho Group, z: quy n cho Other chmod 755 /home/john/mydata.txt

7.1.4

C ch qu n l ng i dng v nhm.

M i ng i dng s c th thu c v m t hay nhi u nhm, trong c m t nhm chnh (Initial Group). Ng i dng c quy n h n t i cao trong h th ng l ng i dng root, tng t ta c nhm root. Nhm chnh l nhm b t bu c ph i c c a m i ng i dng. Khi m t ng i dng t o ra m t file th m c nh ng i dng y s s h u file, nhm chnh c a ng i dng s l nhm s h u file y. M t nhm c th ch a nhi u ng i dng khc nhau, nhm c dng n gi n ha vi c c p quy n.

66


V d : N u mu n cho php ng i dng s d ng m t ti nguyn no , ta ch vi c thm ng i dng vo nhm tng ng c c p quy n. M i ng i dng v m i nhm u c m t s nh danh g i l UserID v GroupID.

1. L nh t o Group: 2. L nh xa Group: 3. L nh t o User:

groupadd Tn_Nhm groupdel Tn_Nhm

useradd [-c ch thch] [-d th_m c_home] [-g Nhm_chnh] [-G nhm[,...]] Tn_User

4. L nh xa User:

userdel Tn_User

Ch : Trong linux ta c th xem ph n h ng d n s d ng c a h u h t cc l nh b ng cch g man tn _l nh, hay info tn_l nh

7.1.5

C ch lu tr v qu n l m t kh u.

M t kh u c a user c lu d ng m ha, m c nh m t kh u c lu trong file /etc/shadow. Thng tin v ti kho n c a cc user c lu trong cc file: /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow. Thng tin v nhm c lu trong cc file: /etc/group, /etc/gshadow L nh dng thay i password cho m t user no : passwd Tn_User H th ng s yu c u nh p password m i cho user ny, c n c quy n root th c hi n thao tc ny.

7.27.2.1

Xem thng tin v ci t gi ph n m m cho h th ng.Xem thng tin v qu n l cc ti n trnh (process) ang ch y trn h th ng.

M i ti n trnh ang ch y trong h th ng c nh danh b ng m t ProcessID, ti n trnh c m t u tin, g i l Process Priority.

7.2. XEM THNG TIN V CI T GI PH N M M CHO H TH NG.

67

Trong ng c nh ti n trnh th nh t g i th c thi ti n trnh th hai, ta g i ti n trnh th nh t l ti n trnh cha, ti n trnh th hai l ti n trnh con. xem thng tin v cc ti n trnh ang ch y, dung l ng b nh v ti nguyn x l ang c p cho ti n trnh ta c th dng l nh top xem c cy cc ti n trnh ta dng l nh pstree k t thc m t ti n trnh ang th c thi ta c th dng l nh kill ho c killall kill ID_c a_process_c n_di t killall Tn_c a_process_c n_di t Trong v d v l nh top trn, ta c th k t thc ti n trnh top b ng 2 cch: kill 5763 ho c killall top

7.2.2

Ci t, g b v c p nh t gi.

Bn c nh cng c trong giao di n h a (GNOME, KDE,...) ci t ph n m m cho Linux, cc l nh ci t b ng dng l nh l khng th thi u i v i ng i qu n tr h th ng. M i b n phn ph i linux c h th ng qu n l gi khc nhau. Trong Ubuntu l b cng c apt-get. L nh apt-get dng m t kho lu tr trn m ng internet ho c trn a l y cc gi ng d ng v v ci t. Danh sch cc kho lu tr ph n m m c h th ng lu tr trong file /etc/apt/sources.list. Bn c nh , b apt-get cn lm cc cng vi c qu n l ci t trn my c c b . c p nh t danh sch gi ph n m m trn my c c b v i kho lu tr ta dng l nh apt-get update nng c p t t c cc gi ph n m m ang ch y trn h th ng theo phin b n m i nh t c trn kho lu tr ta dng l nh: apt-get upgrade ci t m t gi ph n m m no ta dng l nh: apt-get install tn_gi_c n_ci Tn gi c n ci ph i t n t i trong danh sch gi. g b m t gi ph n m m kh i h th ng ta dng l nh: apt-get remove tn_gi_c n_g

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7.2.3

Xem thng tin v ph n c ng, ghi nh n cc s ki n trn h th ng.

Xem thng tin chi ti t v ph n c ng ta c th dng l nh lspci lsusb lshw L nh ny dng xem thng tin chi ti t v cc thi t b , ng t, cc tuy n bus c a h th ng. Cc file log trong h th ng c lu tr trong /var/log, trong c cc file chnh l syslog ghi nh n l i cc s ki n c a h th ng, dmesg: cc thng tin v qu trnh kh i ng c a h th ng. Ta c th dng l nh tail xem ph n cu i c a file log, v d : xem 15 dng cu i trong file syslog: tail n 15 /var/log/syslog

7.2.4

Xem thng tin v dung l ng

a, dung l ng th m c,. . .

Xem thng tin v dung l ng cc phn vng ang c s d ng: df h Xem thng tin v t ng dung l ng c a m t th m c no : du sh ng_d n C c u pipeline trong linux p ng cho nhu c u l y k t qu c a m t l nh truy n vo l nh khc. C u trc t ng qut: L nh_1 | L nh_2 ... Khi s d ng nh trn, L nh 2 s l y tham s u vo l k t qu c a l nh 1, t ng qut ta s c l nh sau l y tham s u vo t k t qu c a l nh tr c.V d : ls /etc/init.d | tail n 5 L nh ls /etc/init.d s tr v k t qu l danh sch cc file hay th m c c trong /etc/init.d, tuy nhin k t qu ny khng hi n ra mn hnh, m c d n vo cho l nh tail hi n ra 5 dng cu i. K t qu c a l nh nh sau:A Ti li u ny c s p ch b ng L TEX ch y trn Ubuntu Linux

Ph n IV Qu n tr m ng my tnh v i Ubuntu

69

8. THI

T T BAN U

8.1

Xem thng tin c u hnh hi n t i c a card m ng.

Tng t nh trong window, Ubuntu Linux cng c l nh xem v c u hnh cho cc card m ng trong h th ng. L nh xem thng tin c a cc card m ng ang ho t ng: ifconfig [tn card m ng] Tn c a cc card m ng c t ng t theo quy c, v i card m ng Ethernet: eth0, eth1,... Cc thng tin hi n ra bao g m: IP, broadcast, netmask, MAC, dung l ng g i, dung l ng nh n, ...

8.2

C u hnh IP tnh v ng cho card m ng

Cc thng tin c u hnh cho card m ng c lu trong file /etc/network/interfaces C u hnh IP ng d a trn giao th c DHCP, ta thm vo file c u hnh trn cc dng sau (gi s ang c u hnh cho eth1): auto eth1 iface eth1 inet dhcp Dng u tin dng t ng b t card m ng eth1 khi kh i ng Linux ho c khi c tn hi u. Dng th 2 cho h th ng bi t dng a ch ng v i giao th c DHCP. C u hnh IP tnh: Xt v d c u hnh tnh cho card m ng eth0 v i cc thng tin: IP 192.168.1.2, subnetmask 255.255.255.0, a ch default gateway 192.168.1.1 ta thm vo file /etc/network/interface nh ng dng sau auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.1.1 Ch : sau khi c u hnh thng qua cc file c u hnh, p d ng thi t t m i ta ch y l nh /etc/init.d/networking restart kh i ng l i d ch v m ng theo c u hnh m i.

8.3

C u hnh nh tuy n (routing).

Cc ty ch n v routing gip cho m ng ho t ng n nh hn, linux cung c p l nh thao tc trn

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