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8/12/2019 U3C9L1 - Economic Transformation
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Economic Transformation
1820-1860Chapter 9Unit III, Lesson 1
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Two Great Changes
Growth and
mechanization of industry- Industrial Revolution
Expansion and
integration of markets -Market Revolution.
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The American IndustrialRevolution
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Growth of Transportation
The growth of turnpikes,
canals, and railroads by
state government and
private entrepreneurs
allowed manufacturers to
sell items throughout the
land.
What would this mean for
items that were once
considered luxury items?
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Division of Labor and
FactoriesEfficiency was increased
throughout outwork and the division
of labor.
Division of labor led to workers
being assigned specific tasks in
the process of making an item.
The system increased output and
cut prices.
Modern factories were created to
concentrate production under one
roof. Example: Cincinnati system
of hog processing
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Production Advances
Oliver Evans - automated
flour mill driven by
waterpower.
Steam engines used to power
mills.
The assembly line
Samuel Colt and the six-
shooter
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The Textile Industry
The British had dominated the textile industry
and became worried when the U.S. began to
industrially advance.
Britain prohibited the export of textile
machinery and the emigration of mechanics
that could build the machines.
British mechanics disguised themselves as
ordinary laborers and went to the U.S. Whatwould drive them to the U.S.?
Samuel Slater introduces Richard
Arkwrights cotton spinning innovations to a
cotton mill in RI, starting the American
Industrial Revolution in 1790.
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Advantages: U.S. vs. Britain
United States
Abundance of natural
resources(cotton/wool, rivers
1816 - U.S.
government begins
using tariffs forprotectionist purposes.
Britain
Cheap transatlantic
shipping/low interestrates led to undersell
competitors.
Cheap labor (largepopulation compared
to America)
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Improved Technology
Americans used two strategies to compete
with the British:
Improved on British technology.
Francis Cabot Lowell toured British
textile mills, asked questions, made
detailed drawings and then had the
machines copied by Paul Moody.
Found new, cheaper sources of labor.
Waltham plan - recruitment of young
women from farms to work in factories.
Women stayed in boarding houses
and followed strict rules.
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Female Factory Workers
By the 1830s, 40,000 women were working in
textile mills in New England.
The wages were better than those of a
houseworker and the living conditions were betterthan a farmhouse.
Women used their wages to pay off fathers
mortgages, send brothers to school, or to
accumulate dowry.
Many women enjoyed the freedom that came withthe mill work, but others despised the monotony.
Factory owners liked being able to undercut the
prices of the British.
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Technological Innovation
Franklin Institute
Samuel Sellers Jr. - machine to twist woolen yarn.
John Sellers - devised efficient ways of usingwaterpower.
Eli Whitney
Machine tools-machines that made parts for other
machines.
Cotton gin
Later manufactured military weapons (muskets) with
interchangeable parts.
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Entrepreneurial Spirit
Technological innovation spread to the rest of American
manufacturing.
Lathes, planers, and boring machines turned out parts forspinning jennies and weaving looms (that were more efficient
that the British machines).
Samuel W. Collins built a die-forging machine to press and
hammer hot metal into cutting forms (to make ax heads).
Remington Rifles, Singer sewing machines, and Yale locks all
became household products during this era.
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A Changing Society
By the early 19th century, many Americans had
developed an artisan republican ethic based on the
principles of liberty and equality.
They saw themselves as equal to one another and free
to work for themselves.
Some men were unhappy with their status of as a
wageworker.
Master and servant versus boss and hired hands.
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Unions
Some wageworkers grew a strong sense of identity and
specialized skills, which led to the formation of unions.
What was the purpose of a union?
12 hour workday vs. 10 hour workday
Artisan jobs were threatened due to industrialization.Artisans began moving to small towns and opening up
speciality shops. - p.279
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Strikes
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Market Revolution
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Reading
Read: A Mill Worker Describes Her Work and Life (1844)
Americas History Reader VI on pp.233-235 and will answer
questions questions #1-3
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Tree Map
Create a tree map of the social structure in the period of 1820-60.
The following should be the branches of the tree:
Business Elite
Middle Class
Urban workers/poor
Immigrants
Revivalists
pp. 288-295