UNIT 3: THE EARLY AMERICAN REPUBLIC : 1783- 1824

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION The Basics:

Confederation of Thirteen States – Weak Federal Government

Legislature – No Executive or Judicial Branch Each State had one vote – 9 states to pass laws, 13 to

amend Powers = Conduct War + Foreign Relations, Borrow +

Issue Money Could Not Levy Taxes, Regulate Trade, or Draft Troops

Problems with the Articles:

DOCUMENT ANALYSIS On the APUSH DBQ, documents must be analyzed based on

intended audience, intended purpose, historical context, or point of view. We will begin practicing this today.

For each of the documents identify: Intended Audience: Who is the document written for? Who is

the target audience? Who is the document trying to convince? Intended Purpose: What is the reason behind the document?

Why was it written? Historical Context: What is happening in the United States at

the time the document is published? What has happened before that would help explain the document?

POV: Who is the author and how does that affect the meaning of the document? What is the opinion of the author and how was that influenced by who they are?

Explain the problems with the Articles of Confederation that the document addresses.

Choose one quote from each document that could be used to support the claim above.

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY Northwest Ordinance (Land Ordinances of 1784,85,

and 87) Towns of 36 square miles,

sold in 1 square mile sections 4 plots reserved for gov’t,

one for school Population of 60,000 could

apply for statehood No Slavery Freedom of Religion Right to Trial by Jury

THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION - 1787- 55 Delegates met in Philadelphia Pennsylvania

- George Washington presided as president

- Virginia Plan – James Madison – Three Branches Controversies and Compromises:

1. Small States vs. Large States

- Representation – Virginia Plan v. New Jersey Plan

- Great (CT) Compromise – Bicameral Legislature

2. North vs. South

- Counting of Slaves – 3/5 Compromise

- Slave Trade – 1808

- Commerce – Imports not Exports

3. Federalists v. Anti-federalists

- Election of the President – Electoral College

- Taxes – Excises not Incomes (Direct)

THE CONSTITUTION Foundations of the Constitution

Enlightenment Philosophers (Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau) Ancient Greece and Rome British Government (Magna Carta) America’s colonial experiences

Principles of the New Government Federal Republic - Federal System – Federal and State Governments Popular Sovereignty Rule by Law – Supreme Law of the Land National System – Separation of Powers, Checks + Balances Limited Power – protect from tyranny (gov’t and people)

Ratification 9 of 13 states at special conventions Federalists v. Antifederalists Federalist Papers – Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay Bill of Rights – NY, VA, and MA

THE DEBATE OVER RATIFICATION

No Protection of rights or liberties

Government will become to powerful, Could result in Monarch, Military

Taxes will be too high, Wealthy/Elites will control government

Rebellion ok, people have right to air grievances and change gov’ts

Giving government these powers will take away freedom and equality of opportunity, return to life under British Gov

Rights are natural, no gov’t or constitution can give them to people

Government power is limited, Checks and Balances, Federalism

House of Representative – Direct Election, Short Term, tax powers limited

Articles had failed, no laws, disorder

Economy is in ruins, Gov’t must have power to regulate money, trade, and repayment of debts

Antifederalists Federalists

THE BILL OF RIGHTS

The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution during the presidency of George Washington. It was added to appease the antifederalists and allow for the ratification of the Constitution. Overall, the Bill of Rights has two main purposes:

1. Protect Civil Liberties:- 1st Amendment – Freedom of religion, Freedom of

Expression- 4th – 8th – Protect the rights of those accused of crimes –

unreasonable searches and seizures, trial rights, no cruel and unusual punishment

- 9th – all rights not listed are still protected

2. Limit the power of the federal government:- All Rights listed limit the power- 2nd Amendment – Right to bear arms- 10th Amendment – States rights amendment – all powers

not delegated to the federal government are reserved for the people and/or the states

GEORGE WASHINGTON AND HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PLAN One of the most pressing problems facing the new

nation was the economy. In order to stimulate economic growth and stabilize the economy, Washington relied on Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury. His plan would have a long term impact on both the economy and politics in the new republic.

Hamilton’s Financial Program: Funded the Revolutionary War Debt at Par Assumed State Debts Excise Tax (Distilled Liquor) Tariffs Bank of the United States – Elastic Clause

THE FIRST PARTY SYSTEM

Hamilton, Washington Strong Federal

Government Federal Power (Elastic

Clause, Supremacy Clause, Loose Construction) – Bank is constitutional

Commercial Economy – support tariffs

Northeast, Merchants, Business, Urban

Jefferson, Madison Weak, Decentralized

Federal Government State Power (10th

Amendment, Strict Construction) – Bank is unconstitutional

Agrarian Economy – against tariffs

Southerners and Westerners, Farmers, Rural

Federalists Democrat-Republicans

WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS

Washington left office after two terms as President Upon leaving office, he published his farewell

address in the Newspapers In the address he warns the American people of

the dangers of: Sectional Rivalries (North v. South, East v. West) Political Parties and rivalries over political power The strains westward expansion would cause the new

nation Permanent (entangling) alliances in foreign affairs

These are all issues that he dealt with as President and issues that the Presidents that followed would have to deal with as well

GRADE THE PRESIDENT PROJECT For this project each group in the class will be required to put

together a presentation on one of the first four Presidents. The group will grade the President on his handling of Domestic

issues and on Foreign Affairs Groups must identify (for both domestic and foreign policies)

What the President’s goals were Actions, Laws, Programs, etc. he implemented in order the achieve the

goals How successful the President was in achieving the goals and handling

the challenges highlighted in Washington's Farewell Address The grade (A-F) given and a justification using historical evidence for

that grade (Claim and Evidence)

The Presidents that will be graded are:1. George Washington (Federalist – 1789-1797)2. John Adams (Federalist – 1797-1801)

- Revolution of 1800 -3. Thomas Jefferson (Democrat-Republican – 1801-1809) 4. James Madison (Democrat-Republican – 1809-1817)

THE MARSHALL COURT John Marshall was Chief Justice from 1801-1835. He

was a federalist and did much to further their vision of America. The decisions his court would make had huge implications for the future of the US. His court set precedents in two areas:

1. Increased the power of the federal government over the states

2. Helped commercial interests in the United StatesExamples:

Marbury v. Madison – Midnight Judges and Judiciary Act of 1787, Judicial Review

McCulloch v. Maryland – Elastic Clause, Bank of US is constitutional

Gibbons v. Ogden – Ferry service on the Hudson River, US Congress has power to regulate commerce not the states

LOUISIANA PURCHASE

THE WAR OF 1812 Causes of the War:

1. Trading Rights of a neutral nation

- 1805 – Napoleon’s Continental System

- 1806 – Britain’s Orders in Council

- Impressments – Chesapeake Leopard Incident – 1807

- Embargo of 1807, Macon’s Bill No. 2

2. Native Americans in the Northwest

- Tecumseh + The Prophet

- British Buffer State

- William Henry Harrison, Assimilation, Battle of Tippecanoe

3. War Hawks – Respect for the nation, expansion into Florida and Canada, new leaders

“Our ships all in motionOnce whiten’d the ocean

They sail’d and return’d with a cargoNow doom’d to decayThey are falling a prey

To Jefferson, worms and embargo”- New Hampshire Newspaper 1808

JAMES MONROE AND THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

The end of the war of 1812 was largely a result of the defeat of Napoleon in Europe and had little to do with American success in the war. Although they had some key battle victories, the war was very short of anything that could be labeled a military success. Despite this, the war would have profound effects on the new nation. Most importantly, it would spur a huge wave of nationalism that would greatly change the United States over the next ten years. This period is referred to as the Era of Good Feelings.

1. Political Nationalism

- Hartford Convention – 1815 – End of Federalist Party

- James Monroe and the Election of 1816 and 1820, Goodwill Tour

- Star Spangled Banner – Francis Scott Key

- New Leaders – Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Jackson, Harrison

2. Economic Nationalism

Protective Tariff – 1816 – 20-25%

Second Bank of the United States – 1816

Growth of Textile Industry and Manufacturing

Growth of Transportation-Internal Improvements- Roads and Canals- Henry Clay’s American System- Calhoun’s Bonus Bill ($1.5 mil) – Madison’s Veto

Westward Expansion (1/4 West of Appalachians by 1820) – Northwest – Battle of Thames – Southwest – Battle of Horseshoe Bend – Four New States – IN and IL, MI and AL

3. Nationalism in Foreign Policy 1815 and 1817 – Treaties with British 1819 – Jackson and the Seminole War - Adams-Onis Treaty 1823 – Monroe Doctrine

CONCERNS FOR THE FUTURE Despite all of this, there were also indicators of major problems that the US would

face in upcoming years. These also indicate a return to political and regional rivalries:

1. Panic of 1819 6 yrs of Depression caused by rise of prices and speculation Availability of credit? Role of the Bank of the United States? Periods of Boom and Bust for next 100 years

2. Missouri Compromise 1819 – Missouri applies for statehood 11 Slave States : 11 Free States

Compromise: Missouri and Maine, 36°30’ line in Louisiana Purchase

3. Corrupt Bargain: Election of 1824

Four Candidates: Democrat-Republicans

Henry Clay, John Q Adams, Andrew Jackson, Crawford

Jackson won popular vote, Adams won election in House