(##)TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM-

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TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

DIPLOMA

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BY

Under the guidance of ------------------------

2004-2005

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE


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Register number: _________________________

This is to certify that the project report titledTYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM

submitted by the following students for the award ofthe Diploma engineering is record of bonafide workcarried out by them.

Done by

Mr. /Ms._______________________________

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

Diploma in Mechanical EngineeringDuring the Year (2004-2005)

_________________ _______________

Head of Department Guide

Coimbatore641651.Date:

Submitted for the university examination held on ___________

_________________ ________________Internal Examiner ExternalExaminer


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing moment of having successfully

completed our project, we wish to convey our

sincere thanks and gratitude to the management

of our college and our beloved chairman

, who provided all

the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks toour principal , for

forwarding us to do our project and offering

adequate duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of

Department Prof. .., for

her constructive suggestions & encouragement

during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our

earnest & sincere thanks to our guide

.., Department

of Mechanical for her kind guidance &

encouragement during this project.

We also express our indebt thanks to our

TEACHING and NON TEACHING staffs of


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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,

.(COLLEGE NAME).

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TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM


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CONTENTS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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CONTENTS

CHAPTER PARTICULAR PAGE No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

SYNOPSIS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

3. PCB DESIGNING

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM

5. COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

6. WORKING PRINCIPLE

7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

8. APPLICATIONS

9. LIST OF MATERIAL

10. COST ESTIMATION

11. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PHOTOGRAPHY


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Chapter-1---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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SYNOPSIS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Chapter-2---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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INTRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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CHAPTER - 2

INTRODUCTION

This is an era of automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of manual

effort by electronics power in all degrees of automation. The operation remains an

essential part of the system although with changing demands on physical input as the

degree of mechanization is increased.

Degrees of automation are of two types, viz.

Full automation.

Semi automation.

In semi automation a combination of manual effort and mechanical power is required

whereas in full automation human participation is very negligible.


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Chapter-3---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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PCB DESIGNING--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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CHAPTER - 3

PCB DESIGNING

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)

Nowadays the printed circuit board hereafter mentioned as PCBs makes the

electronic circuit manufacturing as easy one. In olden days vast area was required to

implement a small circuit. To connect two leads of the components, separate connectors

are needed. But PCBs connect the two leads by copper coated lines on the PCB board.

PCBs are available in various types namely single sided and double sided boards.

In single sided PCBs the copper layer is one side.

MANUFACTURING:

First, the wanted circuit is drawn on a paper and it is modified or designed to

reduce the space this designed PCB layout is to be drawn on the plain copper coated

board. There boards are available in 2 types.

1. Phenolic

2. Glass epoxy


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Most computer PCBs are glass epoxy. To draw the circuit diagrams we can use

the black colour paint. Before that the required size of the plane PCB board is

determined from the roughly drawn PCB layout. Using black paint the desired circuit is

drawn on the board.

CAD IN PCB:

First the PCB layout is designed by CAD. The print out is taken from the

computer (of large size) for out clearance. This layer is given to the photography section

to get the layout in its actual size. From this we can have the positive and negative

images of the layout. This photographic image is exposed in the following three methods.

1) Polybluem

2) Chrombin

3) Five star

The exposed mesh is placed on plain copper coated board in correct alignment by

using wooden clamps. Special paints are used to spread over the mesh. Paint flow

through the board and the layout lines are made on the copper board. Finally, there are

fine layouts on the copper board.


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BLOCK DIAGRAM---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER - 4


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BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram consists of following main parts,

Sensor unit

Microcontroller unit

Battery

These components are explained the next chapter.

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PRESSURE

SENSORMICROCONTROLLER

UNIT

RELAY

ALARMBATTERY


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Chapter-5---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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COMPONENTS ANDDESCRIPTION

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LM

358

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

MICROCONTRO

LLER UNIT

The pressure sensor resistor is varying depends upon the alcohol contents of the

air. This will be mostly linear to the alcohol. During the normal condition the resistance

of sensor shoots up to Meg ohm ranges.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

1K

9V (ZENER) 10K

10K 2 - 4

1000F 3 + 1

10K 10K

2.2K

Alcohol SENSOR 1N4007

BC547 1K

LED 1K

AT NORMEL CONDITION:-


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In normal condition the Resistance of the Sensor is high. The voltages applied to

the non-inverting terminal (+ ive) is low when compared to the inverting terminal

voltages (- ive). In that time, the OP-AMP output is Vsat. (I.e -12 Volt). There is no

signal given to the microcontroller unit.

AT LOW PRESSURE CONDITION:-

In low pressure condition the Resistance of the sensor is low due to intensity of the

light or fire. The voltages applied to the non-inverting terminal (+ ive) is high when

compared to the inverting terminal voltages (- ive). In that time, the OP-AMP output is

+Vsat. (I.e +12 Volt). The transistor and in ON condition and this signal is given to the

microcontroller unit.

2. MICROCONTROLLER UNIT:-

The pressure sensor senses the alcohol contents of the particular room/vehicle.

This sensing signal is given to the microcontroller unit. When the current voltage is

bellow the setted voltage, the output from the microcontroller activates the relay to

function the alarm unit.

MICROCONTROLLER UNIT


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Microcontroller Core Features:

High performance RISC CPU

Only 35 single word instructions to learn

All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle

Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input, DC - 200 ns instruction cycle

Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data

Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory

Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)

Eight level deep hardware stack

Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes

Power-on Reset (POR)

Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)

Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation

Programmable code protection

Power saving SLEEP mode

Selectable oscillator options

Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology


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Each bank extends up to 7Fh (128 bytes). The lower locations of each bank are

reserved for the Special Function Registers. Above the Special Function Registers are

General Purpose Registers, implemented as static RAM. All implemented banks contain

Special Function Registers. Some frequently used Special Function Registers from one

bank may be mirrored in another bank for code reduction and quicker access.

GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER

FILE

The register file can be accessed either directly or indirectly through the File

Select Register (FSR).

SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS

The Special Function Registers are registers used by the CPU and peripheral

modules for controlling the desired operation of the device. These registers are

implemented as static RAM. A list of these registers is given in Table 2-1.

The Special Function Registers can be classified into two sets: core (CPU) and

peripheral. Those registers associated with the core functions are described in detail in

this section. Those related to the operation of the peripheral features are described in

detail in the peripheral features section.


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All other PORTA pins have TTL

input levels and full CMOS output drivers.

Other PORTA pins are multiplexed

with analog inputs and analog VREF

input. The operation of each pin is

selected by clearing/setting the

control bits in the ADCON1 register

(A/D Control Register1). The TRISA

register controls the direction of the

RA

pins, even when they are being used as

analog inputs. The user must ensure

the bits in the TRISA register are

maintained set when using them as

analog inputs.


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temperature rating. At 0F the available output is only 60 % of the ampere-hour battery

rating.

In cold weather, therefore, it is very important to have an automobile battery unto

full charge. In addition, the electrolyte freezes more easily when diluted by water in the

discharged condition.

2.6SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

Measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte generally checks the state of

discharge for a lead-acid cell. Specific gravity is a ratio comparing the weight of a

substance with the weight of a substance with the weight of water. For instance,

concentrated sulfuric acid is 1.835 times as heavy as water for the same volume.

Therefore, its specific gravity equals 1.835. The specific gravity of water is 1, since it is

the reference.

In a fully charged automotive cell, mixture of sulfuric acid and water results in a

specific gravity of 1.280 at room temperatures of 70 to 80F. as the cell discharges, more

water is formed, lowering the specific gravity. When it is down to about 1.150, the cell is

completely discharged.


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WORKING PRINCIPLE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER - 6

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The pressure sensor senses the pressure contents of the tubes of the air. This

sensing signal is given to the microcontroller unit. When there are in required pressure

level, there is no signal given to the microcontroller unit.

In our 12 volt battery power supply is used. The power supply output is given to

the control unit. Control unit having three relays, they are connected to the alarm unit.

Initially the reference voltage is set with the help of the variable resistance. The air

pressure contents is sensed by the sensor and this control signal is given to the

microcontroller unit


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Chapter-7---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES

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Thus we have made a TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM, Using this

arrangement we can control the drunken drive. There by a large amount of energy is

saved and it gives a smooth operation.

We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time successfully.

The TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM is working with satisfactory

conditions. We are able to understand the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and

also quality. We have done to our ability and skill making maximum use of available

facilities.

In conclusion remarks of our project work, let us add a few more lines about our

impression project work. Thus we have developed an TYRE PRESSURE

MONITORING SYSTEMwhich helps to know how to achieve low cost automation.

The application of pneumatics produces smooth operation. By using more techniques,

they can be modified and developed according to the applications.


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return dat;

}

void main()

{

TRISA=0x03;PORTA=0x00;

TRISC=0X00;PORTC=0X00;

ADCON1=0x84;

while(1)

{

adc1=sample1();

// adc2=sample2();

// result=adc2-adc1;

if(adc1

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