TYPES OF THEORIES

• BIOLOGICAL – UNIVERSAL PROPERTIES COMMON TO EVERYONE

• PSYCHOLOGICAL – PART OF INDIVIDUAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY, DIFFERENT ACROSS INDIVIDUALS

• SOCIAL – EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, DIFFERENT ACROSS CULTURES

THREE THEORIES

• CONCEPT OF MENTAL ILLNESS

• CAUSE OF MENTAL ILLNESS

• TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS

• STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

CONCEPT

• PSYCHOLOGICAL - M.I. PART OF INDIVIDUAL BIOGRAPHY

• BIOLOGICAL - M.I. IS DISCRETE GROUP OF SYMPTOMS THAT INDICATE DISEASE

• SOCIOLOGICAL - DISTRESS AS RESPONSE OF NORMAL PEOPLE

CAUSES

• PSYCHOLOGICAL - INTRA-INDIVIDUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL

• BIOLOGICAL - GENETIC AND NEUROCHEMICAL, BRAIN-BASED

• SOCIOLOGICAL - EXTERNAL STRESSORS, RELATIONSHIPS, ROLES, CURRENT

TREATMENTS

• PSYCHOLOGICAL - CHANGE PERSONALITY

• BIOLOGICAL - CHANGE BRAIN

• SOCIOLOGICAL - CHANGE CIRCUMSTANCES

MANY TYPES

• PETERSON CHAPTER

• PSYCHODYNAMIC - PSYCHOANALYTIC FOCUS HERE

HISTORY

• AROSE AT BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY

• DOMINANT FOR MOST OF CENTURY

• STILL INFLUENTIAL BUT NOW BIOLOGICAL THEORY DOMINANT

• COGNITIVE THEORY PROBABLY DOMINANT IN PSYCHOLOGY

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

• BEFORE FREUD• MENTAL ILLNESS =

INSANITY• BIOLOGICAL CAUSES• HOSPITAL

TREATMENT

• AFTER FREUD• MENTAL ILLNESS

BROAD• PSYCHOLOGICAL

CAUSES• OUTPATIENT

TREATMENT

DYNAMIC CONCEPT

• MENTAL ILLNESS CONTINUOUS WITH NORMALITY

• SAME MECHANISMS UNDERLIE BOTH – DREAMS, JOKES, SLIPS OF TONGUE

• SYMPTOMS AS ASPECT OF TOTAL BIOGRAPHY

DIAGNOSES UNIMPORTANT

• SAME SYMPTOMS HAVE DIFFERENT DYNAMIC

FRIGID

CLOSE DISTANT

PERSON 1 PERSON 2

DIAGNOSES UNIMPORTANT

• DIFFERENT SYMPTOMS HAVE SAME UNDERLYING DYNAMIC

DEP

ABUSE

ALC

PERSON 1 PERSON 2

CONCLUDE

• SYMPTOMS IN THEMSELVES ARE NOT FOCUS

• PARTICULAR DIAGNOSES NOT IMPORTANT

• MUST INTENSIVELY ANALYZE EACH INDIVIDUAL TO UNDERSTAND AND TREAT SYMPTOMS

CAUSES OF MENTAL ILLNESS

• ALL BEHAVIORS MOTIVATED

• MOTIVATIONS ARE UNCONSCIOUS

• UNCONSCIOUS ROOTED IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

• TRAUMAS (REAL OR PERCEIVED) ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT

CAUSES (CONT.)

• SYMPTOMS REPRESENT REGRESSIONS TO EARLIER STAGES - ORAL, ANAL, PHALLIC

• SEXUAL REPRESSIONS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT

• OEDIPUS COMPLEX - COMBINATION OF SEXUALITY AND AGGRESSION

INTRA-PSYCHIC CONFLICT

• ID – INSTINCTS ESPECIALLY AGGRESSION AND SEXUALITY

• SUPEREGO – MORALITY

• EGO – ATTEMPTS TO MEDIATE BETWEEN ID AND SUPEREGO

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

• UNCONSCIOUS - PROTECT VS. ANXIETY

• REPRESSION - MOST GENERAL

• PROJECTION - INTERNAL TO EXTERNAL

• INTROJECTION - EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL

• DISPLACEMENT - ONE EXTERNAL TO ANOTHER

SUMMARY

• SYMPTOMS CLUES TO INDIVIDUAL BIOGRAPHY

• NOT SO DIFFERENT FROM NORMAL

• CAUSES LEAD BACK TO EARLIEST PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT

• HOW TREAT?