Chapter 3: Plate Tectonics

Earth: Our Home 4 (Full Geography)

CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2

Types of Types of IndustriesIndustries

You Will Learn

• To classify industries according to the four different types: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

Oil refineryOil rig

What Is an Industry?

• Industry broadly refers to any form of economic activity that has the purpose of making money.

Have you worked in any kind of industry in the past? If so, share briefly about the jobs you have worked in.

Types of Industries

Primary industries Directly involved with natural resources. Examples includefishing, farming, etc.

Secondary industries Involves processing and transforming of raw materialsobtained from primary activities or that of packaging manufactured goods

Tertiary industries Involves selling and exchanging of goods and services

Quaternary industries Involves handling and processing of information and knowledge

Primary Industries

• Primary industries are directly involved with natural resources.

• The following are some examples of primary industries:

Fishing industryInvolves the catching of seaproduce from oceans, rivers, seas and lakes for sale. Some examples of produce are fish, prawns, crabs and mussels.

Primary Industries

Farming industryInvolves the cultivation of crops and rearing of animals for sale. Some examples include vegetable farming, cattle ranching and poultry rearing.

Primary Industries

Forestry industryInvolves the felling of trees in forests for resources, especially timber. Timber is used for shipbuilding, paper-making and construction work.

Primary Industries

Mining industryInvolves the extraction of minerals, such as iron and diamonds. Also involves the extraction of fossil fuels, such as petroleum and natural gas.

Secondary Industries

• Secondary industries involve the processing and transforming of raw materials obtained from primary activities or packaging of manufactured goods.

• They are also known as ‘manufacturing industries’.

Secondary Industries

Primary industry

Logging

Secondary industry

Processed into paper

Secondary industry

Shipbuilding

Secondary industry

Construction

Secondary Industries

• Primary and secondary industries are closely linked together because they depend on each other for future growth.

• Secondary industries can be described as light industries or heavy industries, mainly based on the amount of raw materials used and the nature of goods produced.

Light and Heavy Industries

• Light industries use few raw materials to produce relatively lightweight goods.

• Heavy industries use bulky machinery and large quantities of raw materials to produce large and heavy goods.

E.g. Manufacture of garments

E.g. Steel industries

Labour-intensive and Capital-intensive Industries

• Labour refers to people in an industry, while capital refers to money used to set up and maintain a business.

• Labour-intensive industries and capital-intensive industries are differentiated by the number of people employed and amount of capital used in the industry.

A shoe factory

(A labour-intensive industry)

Oil refinery

(A capital-intensive industry)

Tertiary Industries• Tertiary industries are also

known as ‘service industries’. Some examples include banking, education, tourism, entertainment, transportation, and sale or distribution of food.

• Tertiary industries may be classified as those providing basic services (e.g. medical services at a polyclinic) and those providing premium services (e.g. specialist clinics and private hospitals).

Quaternary Industries• Quaternary industries involve handling and

processing of information and knowledge (e.g. research and development (R&D), education or consultancy)

• Companies in the other types of industries may engage the services of quaternary industries (e.g. a manufacturing company may engage a consultancy firm to seek advice on cost cutting, market research, etc)

• Quaternary industries also work towards developing new products and services to meet the needs of consumers (e.g. R&D in a pharmaceutical company to develop new drugs and medicine)

Industrialisation of a Country

• Industrialisation is the process whereby the machine-assisted production of goods develops greater importance in an economy or a country.

• Industrialisation is often synonymous with the rapid growth of the secondary industries or manufacturing industries.

Industrialisation of a Country• Generally, industries move from:

Primary Secondary

Tertiary Quaternary

E.g. Farming E.g. Manufacturing

E.g. Education

E.g. R&D

What Have You Learnt in this Chapter?

Primary industries Secondary industries Tertiary industries Quaternary industries Concept of industrialisation