TYPESOF

DISPENSED PREPARATIONS

Dr. Dhaivat C. ParikhInstitute of Pharmacy, Nirma University

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

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Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

50

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Aerosols

Suspensions of Fine, Solids or Liquid in GAS

For Respiratory Track or Skin

Using Atomizers or Nebulizers

By applying Pressure to BULB – Ejects MIST suspended in Air

Guide Patient to Use – Not to Exhale

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Applications

Fluid or Semi-Fluid

Intended for SKIN

Topical Preparation

Suspension or Emulsion

E.g. – Majority Anti-parasitics

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Cachets

Preparation Like Capsules

For Nauseous or Disagreeable Powders in Tasteless Form

Moulded from Rice Paper as Upper & Lower

WET Seal – with Water Upper & Lower Same Size

DRY Seal – LOCKING Upper is Slightly Bigger

Like Current Capsules

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Cachets

Capacity : 0.2 to 2 gm of Powder

Softened by immersion in Water before Oral Administration

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Capsules

Generally Cylindrical Shape

For Unpleasant Medicaments

Hard Capsule Gelatin – Body & Cap – Locking System

Soft Capsule (Flexible Capsule) Solid, Liquid, Semi-solid

Gelatin with Glycerol for Flexibility

Variety of Shapes – Spherical like Perl, Ovoid, Hemi-Spherical

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Collodions

Fluid Preparation

External Use –Topical

Applied with Brush or Rod

Vehicle is Volatile – Ether / Alcohol

Flexibility in Film by Castor Oil

Forms Film – Pyroxylin (Nitrocellulose)

Unmedicated for Protective – Small Cuts

Medicated for Prolong Contact with Skin

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Creams

Very Popular in External Category Product

Semi-solid EMULSION

External Use –Topical

Aqueous –Oil in Water Emulsion

OR

Oily –Water in Oil Emulsion –GREASY

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Draughts

Liquid Oral – INTERNAL Preparation

Only ONE or TWO larger Dose – 50 mL

Unit Dose Preparation to be Supplied

Exception for Paediatric – 10 or 15 mL in Multiple-Dose Volume

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Dusting Powders

Free Flowing Powders

Very-Fine Powder

For External Use Only

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Ear Drops

Solution (Liquid Preparation)

For Cavity (Not Internal – Not External)

Drops to be instilled into Ear with Dropper

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Elixirs

CLEAR Liquid ORAL Preparation

Potent or Nauseous Drugs

Pleasant Flavour and Attractive Colour

Generally Stable Mixture

Exception Dry Granules to be Dissolved in Solvent by

Patient just before Use

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Emulsions

Oil in Water OR Water in Oil

Internal or External

Stabilized by Emulsifier / Gum

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Enemas

RECTAL Administration

For Cavity (Not Internal – Not External)

Solution / Suspension / Emulsion

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Gargles

Aqueous Solutions

For Cavity (Not Internal –Not External)

Throat Infection –Prevention or Treatment

Dispensed as Concentrated Preparation

To be Diluted with Warm Water before Use

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Gels

Aqueous Colloidal Suspension of Hydrated Forms of INSOLUBLE Medicament

Also Internal – Like ANTACID

Jellies are External Preparation

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Granules

Solid Oral Preparation

For Unpleasant Medicament

Small irregular shape particles (2 – 4 mm)

Generally, Unit Dose Supply

To be Dispersed in Water before Use

Drug + Sugar + Others are Moistened to Coherent Mass and Passed through Sieve and Dried

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Effervescent Granules

Granules of Acids with Bicarbonates Citric Acid & Tartaric Acid

Granule in Water – Reaction in Acid & Base

Generation of CARBON DIOXIDE Gas

Gas subsides Unpleasant Taste of Drug

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Inhalations

Liquid VOLATILE Preparation

To relieve Congestion & Inflammation of Respiratory Track

[A] Volatile at Room Temperature Use Handkerchief or Fabric Face Mask

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Inhalations

[B] To be added to Hot (Not Boiling) ~ 650C Vapour is inhaled for about 10 Minutes

Generally, Alcoholic Preparation

May have Light Magnesium Carbonate as Adsorbent of Volatile ingredient

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Insufflations

Medicated Dusting Powder

Blown by INSUFFLATOR (Like Atomizer) whereby Powder is Difficult to Apply

Nose, Throat, Body Cavity, Ear

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Irrigations

Medicated Solution for Treatment of Infection in Body Cavity

Like Bladder, Vagina & Less often Nose

Administered by Thin Rubber/Plastic Tube Catheter for Bladder

Vulcanite or Plastic Pipe for Vagina

Glass irrigator for Nose

Solution & Device must be Sterile

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Irrigations

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Jellies (Gels)

Transparent / Translucent, Non-Greasy, Semi-solid

Mainly For External Use

Gelatin, Starch, Sodium alginate

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Linctuses

Viscous Liquid ORAL preparation

Mainly for Cough Relief

More Syrup, Sometimes Glycerin

Small Dose, Prolong Action

To be Sipped Slowly

Swallowed Neat

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Liniments

Fluid / Semi-Fluid / Semi-Solid

For External Use only

Application on Skin –Topical

Alcoholic / Oily / Emulsion

Tobe Massaged (with Friction)

Pain Relief (Counter Irritant)

NOT for BROKEN Skin

Sometime with Warm Dressing or with Brush

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Lotions

Fluid – Skin Topical Application

Without Friction

Sometimes Covered to Prevent Evaporation

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Lozenges (Troches)

Solid Preparation

Drug for Mouth & Throat Infections

Drug for Mouth Freshness, Cough Remedies

Drug + Sugar + Gum

Gum = Hardness, Cohesiveness, Slow Release

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Lozenges (Troches)

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Mixtures

Liquid ORAL in Aqueous vehicle

Solution / Suspension

Not for Very Long Time duration

Freshly Prepared

Used Quickly (within a Month)

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Mouthwashes

Similar to Gargles

For Oral Hygiene

Treatment of Oral infections

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Nasal Drops

Solution to be instilled into Nose with Dropper

Usually Aqueous

Generally Not Oily – Inhibit Cilia Movement in Nasal mucosa and if used Long may reach to Lungs & cause Lipoidal pneumenia

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Ointments

Semi-solid, Greasy - For External Use Only

Skin, Rectus, Nasal mucosa, etc.

Base is usually Anhydrous

Drug in Solution / Suspension in Base

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Paediatric Drops

Liquid Preparation

Very Small Dose

Use Calibrated Dropper

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Paints

Liquid for Skin / Mucosa –Use Soft Brush

Skin Paint –Volatile solvent – Dry Film

Throat Paint –Viscous & Sticky (Glycerin) for Longer Action of Drug on Local Site

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Pastes

Semi-solid External –Topical

High Proportion of Finely Powdered (Solid)

Base may be Anhydrous (Parafin) or Hydrous (Glycerol and Mucilage)

Stiffness – useful for Protective Coating

Currently – Dental & Oral

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Pastilles

Like Lozenges / Troches

Softer than Lozenges / Troches

Solid –To be Dissolved Slowly in Mouth

Cough, Mouth/Throat Infection, Freshness

(Glycerol + Gelatin) OR (Acacia + Sugar)

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Pessaries

Solid Preparation for introduction in Vagina

Tobe Melt / Dissolve in Vagina – Local Effect

Anti-fungal, Anti-Bacterial, etc

1. Moulded –Cone Shape (like Suppositories)

2. Compressed –Any Shape Flat - Tablets

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Pills

Solid ORAL preparation

Generally, Hand-made

Spherical / Ovoid –Usually Sugar Coated

Now Replaced by Tablets & Capsules

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Poultices

Paste like – For External Use

Reduce INFLAMMATION by Retaining Heat

Heat the Poultice (Heat as Patient bear hot), and Spread on Thick Dressing & Apply

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Powders

Solid Preparation for INTERNAL use.

Bulk Powder for Non-Potent Drug

Individual Powder for Potent Drug

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Solutions

Generalized Term – Multiple purposes

Oral / Irrigation / Dermatological

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Solution Tablets

Tablets to be Dissolved in Water to prepare Solution (to be used immediately)

They are formulated to Quickly Dissolved

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Sprays

Like Aerosols

Drug in Aqueous or Alcoholic media

To be apply on Mucosa of Nose / Throat with Atomizer or Nebulizer

Generally OILY Sprays are Not used.

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Suppositories

Conical / Ovoid shaped Solid Preparation

For Rectal Use Only

Melt / Dissolve / Disperse for Local / Systemic

In Past Small Cone shaped – for Ear infection

Long & Very Narrow – BOUGIES – For Nasal or Urethral Infection

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Syrups

Liquid Oral Preparation

Vehicle is Conc. Sucrose Aqueous Solution

Medicated Syrups –used as Stock Solution

Flavouring Syrups –Vehicle with Flavour

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Tablets

Solid Preparation

Compression or Moulding Method

Not widely used in Past

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Vitrellae

Thin walled Glass Capsule containing VOLATILE ingredients

Supplied in Silk Bag / Covered in Cotton

Crush the Capsule and inhale the Vapours

PREPARATIONS FOR

EXTEMPORANEOUSDISPENSING

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Extracts

Concentrated Preparation containing Active ingredients of Vegetable or Animal Drugs.

Drugs are Extracted with Suitable Solvent

LIQUID –Concentrated Liquid

DRY – Solvent Removed After Extraction

SOFT – Semi-solid Mass after Evaporation

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Glycerins

Liquid Solution

Drug in Glycerol

With or Without addition of Water

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Infusions

Fresh Extracts of Vegetables

Extracted using Cold or Hot Boiling Water

Not for Longer Use (Because may have Microbial Contamination on Long Storage)

Generally, to be used within 12 Hours

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Oxymels

Vehicle is HONEY with ACID

Generally, ACID is Acetic Acid

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Spirits

Vehicle is Alcoholic or Aqueous-Alcoholic (Hydro-Alcoholic) Solution of VOLATILE Substances.

Very Few Medicinal Spirits

Generally, FlavouringAgents

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Tinctures

Alcoholic Preparations having Active Drug (Generally from Vegetable Source)

Relatively Weaker than Extract

Extract - More Concentrated than Tincture

Dr. Dhaivat Parikh

Waters

AROMATIC Waters

Dilute Preparation

Usually SATURATED Preparations

Solutions of Volatile Oils or Volatile Substances like Camphor or Chloroform

Generally, Flavoring Agents

THANKSDr. Dhaivat C. Parikh

Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University